Calcoradish

This page is edited by a Japanese-native-speaker. Please forgive me for that there may be incorrect English use.

Calcoradish is a language which is spoken in Calcoradenadúr as its official language. This language is called "Calcoradetár[kalkoradeta:r]" in Calcoradish.

Phonology

Consonants

Calcoradish has about twenty consonants.

	Bilabial	Labio-dental	Dental	Alveolar	Velar	Glottal
Stop	p [p] / b [b]			t [t] / d [d]	c [k] / g[g]
Affricative				ts [ts]
Nasal	m [m]			n [n]
Fricative		f [f] / v [v]	th [θ] / dh [ð]	s [s] / z [z]	ch [x] / gh [ɣ]	h [h]
Approximant				r [r]
Lateral				l [l]

In latin transcription, "c" is always pronounced [k], and "k" is never used.

Vowel

Calcoradish has nine vowels. The vowel length is distinctive. But /ɔ/ always appear as a long vowel. And the distinction between the long vowel /i:/ and /e:/ is not clear in many dialect.

Long vowels are spelled with acute accent(For example, the spell "á" is pronounced [a:]).

Short vowel

	Front		Central	Back
	Unrounded	Rounded
Close	i [i]	y [y]		u [u]
Close-mid	e [e]			o [o]
Open-mid	æ [ε]	ø [œ]
Open			a [a]

Long vowel

	Front		Central	Back
	Unrounded	Rounded
Close	( í [i:] )	ý [y:]		ú [u:]
Close-mid	é [e:]			ó [o:]
Open-mid	ǽ [ε:]	ǿ [œ:]		â [ɔ:]
Open			á [a:]

Some combination of two vowels are pronounced as diphthong.

• ei, ai, æi [εi]
• øi [œi]
• yi [ɥi]
• oi [ɔi]
• ui [ui]
• ae [aε]
• oe [ɔε]
• ue [uε]
• æu, ǽu [εu]
• øu, ǿu [œu]

Writing system

Calcoradish is written in segmental script called Ádian. In Calcoradish, 29 letters are used.

Grammar

Nouns

Noun classes(Grammatical gender)

Any nouns in Calcoradish are classified into two noun classes. There are "material noun" and "non-material noun" in Calcoradish. These distinction is needed when you use article, personal pronoun, or make plural form of noun.

• Examples of material noun: nór (a person), vór (a car), vedh (water), geth (a house)
• Examples of non-material noun: vønge (spirit, heart), vadúr (law), chradhem (goodness)

Cases

Calcoradish noun has five cases, first-nominative, second-nominative, first-objective(accusative), second-objective(genitive), and third-objective(dative).

Nominative will be the subject in the sentence. Accusative, genitive, and dative will be the object in the sentence. You must remember which case will be used as object to the verb. For example, the verb "odǽl"(to eat) needs accusative object. The verb "vethnǿl"(to love) needs genitive object.

Articles

In Calcoradish, there is no distinction between definite articles and indefinite articles. Calcoradish articles are "chol", "o", and "na".

• chol+(material noun)
• o+(noun that indicates animal or person)
• na+(non-material noun)

Verbs

Form of verbs

Infinitives of verb have ending "-ǽl", "-ǿl" or "-úl". A verb which ends with -ǽl is called "Class I verb". A verb which ends with -ǿl is called "Class II verb". A verb which ends with -úl is called "Class III verb".

	Infinitive ending	Examples
Class I	-ǽl	cadǽl (to open), stǽl (to write)
Class II	-ǿl	grǿl (to obtain), dragǿl (to bring)
Class III	-úl	gardúl (to walk), corúl (to read)

Verbs are conjugated to indicate tense, aspect, and mood. But there is no conjugation for grammatical person(like most of Indo-European languages).

Tenses and Aspects

There are two tenses, past tense and non-past tense(present tense). And there are three aspects, perfective and non-perfective.

They are indicated by conjugation of verb.

Present(non-past) tense

	Perfective	Non-perfective
Class I	-æs	-ǽm
Class II	-øis	-ǿm
Class III	-yis	-ým

When the verb is past tense, at first, you make "past stem" by changing verb's ending.

	Infinitive	Past Stem I	Past Stem II
Class I	-ǽl	-ad-	-ed-
Class II	-ǿl	-od-
Class III	-úl	-ud-

After making past stem, you will add suffix that indicates aspects.

past tense

	Perfective	Non-perfective
Class I	I + -er	II + -ǽm
Class II	I + -er	II + -ǿm
Class III	I + -er	II + -ým

In this table, "I" represents "past stem I", and "II" represents "past stem II".

Adjectives

Attributive adjectives are put after nouns. The word order is [Noun + Adjective].

• Example: vór adyl (means “fast car”. “vór”=”car”(noun), “adyl”=”fast”(adjective))

But when the combination of noun and adjective is treated as a proper noun, adjectives precede nouns and the word order is [Adjective + Noun].

Word Examples

Noun

Calcoradish	English	Japanese
bár	room	heya(部屋)
cegor	train	ressha(列車)
chapor	bread	pan(パン)
cois	foot	ashi(足)
crǿge	bridge	hashi(橋)
dǽr	mountain	yama(山)
dém	tree	ki(木)
deste	table, desk	tēburu(テーブル), tsukue(机)
devol	book	hon(本)
døn	hill	oka(丘)
fys	milk	gyūnyū(牛乳)
galde	castle	shiro(城)
geth	house	ie(家)
grém	forest	mori(森)
heldo	island	shima(島)
lǽnodh	sea	umi(海)
lúr	way, road	michi(道), dōro(道路)
lýge	cloud	kumo(雲)
nór	human, person	hito(人)
pamor	window	mado(窓)
prǿge	lake	mizuumi(湖)
sáde	hand	te(手)
spegh	door	doa(ドア), tobira(扉)
tár	language	kotoba(言葉), gengo(言語)
vedh	water	mizu(水)
vór	car	kuruma(車), jidōsha(自動車)
vǿm	river	kawa(川)

External link

[1](Written in Japanese)