Proto-Yarkhic: Difference between revisions

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Line 491: Line 491:
* adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and describing nouns.
* adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and describing nouns.
* degrees of intensify are instead degrees of comparison.
* degrees of intensify are instead degrees of comparison.
===Numerals===
====Cardinal numerals====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;"
! 1.
| bhyêr
|-
! 2.
| dow
|-
! 3.
| térs
|-
! 4.
| cereth
|-
! 5.
| pèc
|-
! 6.
| sèth
|-
! 7.
| sèdír
|-
! 8.
| athôr
|-
! 9.
| dembhi
|-
! 10.
| déth
|-
! 11.
| déthirbhyêr
|-
! 12.
| déthirdow
|-
! 20.
| dowirdéth
|-
! 21.
| dowirdéth bhyêr
|-
! 30
| térsirdéth
|-
! 100.
| thiti
|-
! 101.
| thiti bhyêr
|-
! 120.
| thiti dowirdéth
|-
! 121.
| thiti dowirdéth bhyêr
|-
! 200.
| dowthit
|-
! 1.000.
| túskhat
|-
! 10.000.
| déth túskhat
|}
====Derived numerals====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
| rowspan=2 |
! Ordinal
! Multiplicative
! Reproductive
! Distributive
! Fractional
|-
! ''-''
! ''-''
! ''-''
! ''-''
! ''-''
|-
! 1.
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 10.
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 11.
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 20.
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 21.
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 100.
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 101.
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 120.
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 121.
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 200.
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 1000.
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 10.000.
|
|
|
|
|
|}


===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===

Revision as of 06:30, 12 May 2014

Phonology

Consonants

Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Labio-velar Uvular
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ (ɴ)
"Clear" plosive p b t d c ɟ k g q ɢ
Aspirated plosive pʰ bʰ tʰ dʰ cʰ ɟʰ kʰ gʰ qʰ ɢʰ
Ejective plosive pʼ tʼ cʼ kʼ qʼ
Implosive ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ
Fricative s
Trill r (ʀ)
Approximant l j w

Spelling

  • /p t c k q/ p t c k q
  • /pʰ tʰ cʰ kʰ qʰ/ ph th ch kh qh
  • /pʼ tʼ cʼ kʼ qʼ/ p̕ t̕ c̕ k̕ q̕
  • /b d ɟ g ɢ/ b d j g ġ
  • /bʰ dʰ ɟʰ gʰ ɢʰ/ bh dh jh gh ġh
  • /ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ/ b̕ d̕ j̕ g̕ ġ̕
  • /s/ s
  • /m n ɲ ŋ~ɴ/ m n ṇ ŋ
  • /r~ʀ l/ r l
  • /j w/ y w

Vowels

Front Central Back
Unrounded Rounded
Close iː uː
Near-Close ɪ ʊ
Mid-Close eː ɘ ɵ oː
Mid-Open ɛː ɜ ɞ ɔː
Open ä äː

Spelling

  • /iː uː/ í ú
  • /eː oː/ é ó
  • /ɛː ɔː/ ê ô
  • /äː/ a
  • /ɪ ʊ/ i u
  • /ɘ ɵ/ e o
  • /ɜ ɞ/ è ò
  • /ä/ a

Phonotactics

(C)(C)V(ː)(R/s)(C)

Accent

  • Acute accent on initial syllable.

Grammar

Nouns

  • nominative-accusative alignment with marked nominative
  • 3A secundative alignment (S/A = Nominative, D = Pegative, P/R = Accusative, T = Instrumental)
  • 8 cases (suffixal): Nominative, Pegative, Accusative, Instrumental, Genitive, Ablative, Allative, Benefactive
  • noun class system (suffixal): Animate, Inanimate
  • number combined with noun class: singular, paucal, plural
  • definiteness (articles): Gnomic, Indefinite, Definite proper, Definite distant
  • nominal tense (suffixal): past, present, future

Definiteness + [Root + Root extension(s) + (Noun class + Number) + Case + Nominal tense]

Noun class and number

Animate Inanimate
Singular -ar- / -r- banura man - tkacʼa stone
Paucal -akʼ- / -kʼ- banuakʼa few men -akʼ- / -kʼ- tkacʼakʼa few stones
Plural -it- / -t- banuita men -es- / -s- tkacʼesa stones

Declension

Nominative -a wolqhara wolf
Pegative -e wolqhare
Accusative - wolqhar
Instrumental -ní wolqharní by/with wolf
Genitive -yò wolqharyò of wolf
Ablative -tʼo wolqhartʼo from wolf
Allative -ôs wolqharôs to wolf
Benefactive -dʼa wolqhardʼa for wolf

Nominal tense

Past -li kʼámarali ex-wife
Present - kʼámara wife
Future -sú kʼámarasú future wife

Definiteness

Gnomic - banu man
Indefinite ês ês banu a man
Definite proper da da banu the man
Definite distant qhá qhá banu yonder man

Verbs

  • aspects (suffixal): Perfective-Imperfective + Frequentative, Momentane
  • voices (infixal): Active, Reflexive vs Causative
  • three subjective and objective persons (suffixal)
  • three moods (cliticized): Indicative, Conditional, Subjunctive
  • negative verb

(Root + Voice) + Root extension(s) + Aspect + Subject + Object + Mood

Aspect

Main form Frequentative Momentane
Imperfective - swél- to shine -né- swélné- to glisten -
Perfective -ri- swélri- to lighten -yu- swélyu- to glisten (as fully executed, ended series) -tò- swéltò- to glint (as momentaneous event)

Voice

Performative Causative
Active - yôdh- to see -ra- yôradh- to show
Reflexive -si- yôsidh- to see self -ṇi- yôṇidh- to show self

Person

Subject / Agent / Donor
Singular Plural
1. -en / -n I -erò / -rò We, but not you
-emò / -mò We, together with you
2. -es / -s Thou -etò / -tò You all
3. -ey / -y He / she / it -eyò / -yò They all
4. -ek / -k Someone / something
Object / Recipient
Singular Plural
1. -na me -ra us, but not you
-me us, together with you
2. -sa thee -ta you all
3. -ya him / her / it -yak them all
4. -ka Someone / something
Theme
Singular Plural
1. -n I -l we, but not you
-w we, together with you
2. -s Thou -th You all
3. -j He / she / it -j They all
4. -kh Someone / something

Mood

Indicative - êd to go
Conditional -dô êddô would to go
Subjunctive -phú êdphú may to go

Non-finite verbs

Action noun -ló yôdhló vision, seeing
Participles
Adjectival -l- yôdhl- seeing
Adverbial -l-oŋ yôdhloŋ seeing

Adjectives

  • adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and describing nouns.
  • degrees of intensify are instead degrees of comparison.

Numerals

Cardinal numerals

1. bhyêr
2. dow
3. térs
4. cereth
5. pèc
6. sèth
7. sèdír
8. athôr
9. dembhi
10. déth
11. déthirbhyêr
12. déthirdow
20. dowirdéth
21. dowirdéth bhyêr
30 térsirdéth
100. thiti
101. thiti bhyêr
120. thiti dowirdéth
121. thiti dowirdéth bhyêr
200. dowthit
1.000. túskhat
10.000. déth túskhat

Derived numerals

Ordinal Multiplicative Reproductive Distributive Fractional
- - - - -
1.
10.
11.
20.
21.
100.
101.
120.
121.
200.
1000.
10.000.

Pronouns

  • clusivity in 1. person
  • obviative

Adpositions

  • prepositions

Syntax

  • SOV
  • head-final
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