Proto-Yarkhic: Difference between revisions
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=====Subject / Agent===== | =====Subject / Agent===== | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" | ||
| | | | ||
! colspan=2 | Singular | ! colspan=2 | Singular | ||
| Line 359: | Line 359: | ||
| rowspan=2 | I | | rowspan=2 | I | ||
| '''-erò / -rò''' | | '''-erò / -rò''' | ||
| | | We, but not you | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''-emò / -mò''' | | '''-emò / -mò''' | ||
| | | We, together with you | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2. | ! 2. | ||
| Line 377: | Line 377: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 4. | ! 4. | ||
| '''- | | '''-et / -t''' | ||
| Someone / something | | Someone / something | ||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 383: | Line 383: | ||
=====Object / Recipient===== | =====Object / Recipient===== | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" | |||
| | |||
! colspan=2 | Singular | |||
! colspan=2 |Plural | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2 | 1. | |||
| rowspan=2 | '''-na''' | |||
| rowspan=2 | me | |||
| '''-ra''' | |||
| us, but not you | |||
|- | |||
| '''-me''' | |||
| us, together with you | |||
|- | |||
! 2. | |||
| '''-sa''' | |||
| thee | |||
| '''-ta''' | |||
| you all | |||
|- | |||
! 3. | |||
| '''-ya''' | |||
| him / her / it | |||
| '''-yak''' | |||
| them all | |||
|- | |||
! 4. | |||
| '''-ta''' | |||
| Someone / something | |||
|} | |||
=====Theme===== | =====Theme===== | ||
Revision as of 11:23, 11 May 2014
Phonology
Consonants
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Labio-velar | Uvular | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | (ɴ) | |
| "Clear" plosive | p b | t d | c ɟ | k g | q ɢ | |
| Aspirated plosive | pʰ bʰ | tʰ dʰ | cʰ ɟʰ | kʰ gʰ | qʰ ɢʰ | |
| Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | kʼ | qʼ | |
| Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ɠ | ʛ | |
| Fricative | s | |||||
| Trill | r | (ʀ) | ||||
| Approximant | l | j | w |
Spelling
- /p t c k q/ p t c k q
- /pʰ tʰ cʰ kʰ qʰ/ ph th ch kh qh
- /pʼ tʼ cʼ kʼ qʼ/ p̕ t̕ c̕ k̕ q̕
- /b d ɟ g ɢ/ b d j g ġ
- /bʰ dʰ ɟʰ gʰ ɢʰ/ bh dh jh gh ġh
- /ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ/ b̕ d̕ j̕ g̕ ġ̕
- /s/ s
- /m n ɲ ŋ~ɴ/ m n ṇ ŋ
- /r~ʀ l/ r l
- /j w/ y w
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unrounded | Rounded | |||
| Close | iː | uː | ||
| Near-Close | ɪ | ʊ | ||
| Mid-Close | eː | ɘ | ɵ | oː |
| Mid-Open | ɛː | ɜ | ɞ | ɔː |
| Open | ä äː | |||
Spelling
- /iː uː/ í ú
- /eː oː/ é ó
- /ɛː ɔː/ ê ô
- /äː/ a
- /ɪ ʊ/ i u
- /ɘ ɵ/ e o
- /ɜ ɞ/ è ò
- /ä/ a
Phonotactics
(C)(C)V(ː)(R/s)(C)
Accent
- Acute accent on initial syllable.
Grammar
Nouns
- nominative-accusative alignment with marked nominative
- 3A secundative alignment (S/A = Nominative, D = Pegative, P/R = Accusative, T = Instrumental)
- 8 cases (suffixal): Nominative, Pegative, Accusative, Instrumental, Genitive, Ablative, Allative, Benefactive
- noun class system (suffixal): Animate, Inanimate
- number combined with noun class: singular, paucal, plural
- definiteness (articles): Gnomic, Indefinite, Definite proper, Definite distant
- nominal tense (suffixal): past, present, future
Definiteness + [Root + Root extension(s) + (Noun class + Number) + Case + Nominal tense]
Noun class and number
| Animate | Inanimate | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | -ar- / -r- | banura | man | - | tkacʼa | stone |
| Paucal | -akʼ- / -kʼ- | banuakʼa | few men | -akʼ- / -kʼ- | tkacʼakʼa | few stones |
| Plural | -it- / -t- | banuita | men | -es- / -s- | tkacʼesa | stones |
Declension
| Nominative | -a | wolqhara | wolf |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pegative | -e | wolqhare | |
| Accusative | - | wolqhar | |
| Instrumental | -ní | wolqharní | by/with wolf |
| Genitive | -yò | wolqharyò | of wolf |
| Ablative | -tʼo | wolqhartʼo | from wolf |
| Allative | -ôs | wolqharôs | to wolf |
| Benefactive | -dʼa | wolqhardʼa | for wolf |
Nominal tense
| Past | -li | kʼámarali | ex-wife |
|---|---|---|---|
| Present | - | kʼámara | wife |
| Future | -sú | kʼámarasú | future wife |
Definiteness
| Gnomic | - | banu | man |
|---|---|---|---|
| Indefinite | ês | ês banu | a man |
| Definite proper | da | da banu | the man |
| Definite distant | qhá | qhá banu | yonder man |
Verbs
- aspects (suffixal): Perfective-Imperfective + Frequentative, Momentane
- voices (infixal): Active, Reflexive vs Causative
- three subjective and objective persons (suffixal)
- three moods (cliticized): Indicative, Conditional, Subjunctive
- negative verb
(Root + Voice) + Root extension(s) + Aspect + Subject + Object + Mood
Aspect
| Main form | Frequentative | Momentane | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Imperfective | - | swél- | to shine | -né- | swélné- | to glisten | - | ||
| Perfective | -ri- | swélri- | to lighten | -yu- | swélyu- | to glisten (as fully executed, ended series) | -tò- | swéltò- | to glint (as momentaneous event) |
Voice
| Performative | Causative | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active | - | yôdh- | to see | -ra- | yôradh- | to show |
| Reflexive | -si- | yôsidh- | to see self | -ṇi- | yôṇidh- | to show self |
Person
Subject / Agent
| Singular | Plural | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | -en / -n | I | -erò / -rò | We, but not you |
| -emò / -mò | We, together with you | |||
| 2. | -es / -s | Thou | -etò / -tò | You all |
| 3. | -ey / -y | He / she / it | -eyò / -yò | They all |
| 4. | -et / -t | Someone / something | ||
Object / Recipient
| Singular | Plural | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | -na | me | -ra | us, but not you |
| -me | us, together with you | |||
| 2. | -sa | thee | -ta | you all |
| 3. | -ya | him / her / it | -yak | them all |
| 4. | -ta | Someone / something | ||
Theme
Adjectives
- adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and describing nouns.
- degrees of intensify are instead degrees of comparison.
Pronouns
- clusivity in 1. person
- obviative
Adpositions
- prepositions
Syntax
- SOV
- head-final
