Proto-Yarkhic: Difference between revisions
From FrathWiki
Jump to navigationJump to search
Line 79: | Line 79: | ||
====Spelling==== | ====Spelling==== | ||
* p t c k q /p t c k q | * /p t c k q/ '''p t c k q''' | ||
* pʰ tʰ cʰ kʰ qʰ /ph th ch kh qh | * /pʰ tʰ cʰ kʰ qʰ/ '''ph th ch kh qh''' | ||
* pʼ tʼ cʼ kʼ qʼ /p̕ t̕ c̕ k̕ q̕ | * /pʼ tʼ cʼ kʼ qʼ/ '''p̕ t̕ c̕ k̕ q̕''' | ||
* b d ɟ g ɢ /b d j g ġ | * /b d ɟ g ɢ/ '''b d j g ġ''' | ||
* bʰ dʰ ɟʰ gʰ ɢʰ /bh dh jh gh ġh | * /bʰ dʰ ɟʰ gʰ ɢʰ/ '''bh dh jh gh ġh''' | ||
* ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ /b̕ d̕ j̕ g̕ ġ̕ | * /ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ/ '''b̕ d̕ j̕ g̕ ġ̕''' | ||
* s /s | * /s/ '''s''' | ||
* m n ɲ ŋ~ɴ /m n ṇ ŋ | * /m n ɲ ŋ~ɴ/ '''m n ṇ ŋ''' | ||
* r~ʀ l /r l | * /r~ʀ l/ '''r l''' | ||
* j w /y w | * /j w/ '''y w''' | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
Line 134: | Line 134: | ||
====Spelling==== | ====Spelling==== | ||
* iː uː /í ú | * /iː uː/ '''í ú''' | ||
* eː oː /é ó | * /eː oː/ '''é ó''' | ||
* ɛː ɔː /ê ô | * /ɛː ɔː/ '''ê ô''' | ||
* äː /a | * /äː/ '''a''' | ||
* ɪ ʊ /i u | * /ɪ ʊ/ '''i u''' | ||
* ɘ ɵ /e o | * /ɘ ɵ/ '''e o''' | ||
* ɜ ɞ /è ò | * /ɜ ɞ/ '''è ò''' | ||
* ä /a | * /ä/ '''a''' | ||
===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== |
Revision as of 14:20, 8 May 2014
Phonology
Consonants
Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Labio-velar | Uvular | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | (ɴ) | |
Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | k | q | |
Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | g | ɢ | |
Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | kʼ | qʼ | |
Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ɠ | ʛ | |
Fricative | s | |||||
Trill | r | (ʀ) | ||||
Approximant | l | j | w |
Spelling
- /p t c k q/ p t c k q
- /pʰ tʰ cʰ kʰ qʰ/ ph th ch kh qh
- /pʼ tʼ cʼ kʼ qʼ/ p̕ t̕ c̕ k̕ q̕
- /b d ɟ g ɢ/ b d j g ġ
- /bʰ dʰ ɟʰ gʰ ɢʰ/ bh dh jh gh ġh
- /ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ/ b̕ d̕ j̕ g̕ ġ̕
- /s/ s
- /m n ɲ ŋ~ɴ/ m n ṇ ŋ
- /r~ʀ l/ r l
- /j w/ y w
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Unrounded | Rounded | |||
Close | iː | uː | ||
Near-Close | ɪ | ʊ | ||
Mid-Close | eː | ɘ | ɵ | oː |
Mid-Open | ɛː | ɜ | ɞ | ɔː |
Open | ä äː |
Spelling
- /iː uː/ í ú
- /eː oː/ é ó
- /ɛː ɔː/ ê ô
- /äː/ a
- /ɪ ʊ/ i u
- /ɘ ɵ/ e o
- /ɜ ɞ/ è ò
- /ä/ a
Phonotactics
(C)(C)V(ː)(R/s)(C)
Accent
- Acute accent on initial syllable.
Grammar
Nouns
- nominative-accusative alignment with marked nominative
- 3A secundative alignment (S/A = Nominative, D = Pegative, P/R = Accusative, T = Instrumental)
- 8 cases (suffixal): Nominative, Pegative, Accusative, Instrumental, Genitive, Ablative, Allative, Benefactive
- noun class system (suffixal): Animate, Inanimate
- number combined with noun class: singular, paucal, plural
- definiteness (articles): Gnomic, Indefinite, Definite proper, Definite distant
- nominal tense (suffixal): past, present, future
Verbs
- aspects (suffixal): Perfective-Imperfective + Frequentative, Momentane
- voices (infixal): Active, Reflexive vs Causative
- three subjective and objective persons (suffixal)
- three moods (cliticized): Indicative, Conditional, Subjunctive
- negative verb
Adjectives
- adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and describing nouns.
- degrees of intensify are instead degrees of comparison.
Pronouns
- clusivity in 1. person
- obviative
Adpositions
- prepositions
Syntax
- SOV
- head-final