|
|
| Line 498: |
Line 498: |
| | '''khínaŋ''' | | | '''khínaŋ''' |
| | don't to know | | | don't to know |
| | |} |
| | |
| | ====Non-finite verbs==== |
| | |
| | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |
| | ! Action noun |
| | | ṇ-...-tý |
| | | '''ṇŋávtý''' |
| | | vision, seeing |
| | |- |
| | ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |
| | |- |
| | ! Adjectival |
| | | -tu |
| | | '''-ŋávtu''' |
| | | seeing |
| | |- |
| | ! Adverbial |
| | | l(e)-...-tu |
| | | '''lŋávtu''' |
| | | seeing |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
Revision as of 12:46, 4 May 2014
Záren is an a priori language, created in 2014 by Artaxes.
Phonology
Consonants
|
|
Bilabial
|
Labiodental
|
Alveolar
|
Retroflex
|
Palatal
|
Velar
|
Uvular
|
| Nasal
|
m
|
|
n
|
ɳ
|
|
ŋ~ɴ
|
| Plosive
|
p
|
|
t
|
ʈ
|
|
k
|
q
|
| Affricate
|
|
p͡f
|
t͡s
|
ʈ͡ʂ
|
|
k͡x
|
q͡χ
|
| Fricative
|
|
f v
|
θ̠ ð̠
|
ʂ ʐ
|
|
x~χ ɣ~ʁ
|
| Trill
|
|
|
r
|
r͡ɽ
|
|
|
|
| Lateral approximant
|
|
|
l
|
ɭ
|
|
|
|
| Approximant
|
|
|
|
|
j
|
|
|
- p t ʈ k q /p t ṭ k q/
- p͡f t͡s ʈ͡ʂ k͡x q͡χ /pf ts ṭs kh qh/
- f θ̠ ʂ x~χ /f s ṣ h/
- v ð̠ ʐ ɣ~ʁ /v z ẓ ḥ/
- m n ɳ ŋ~ɴ /m n ṇ ŋ/
- l ɭ /l ḷ/
- r r͡ɽ /r ṛ/
- j /j/
Vowels
|
|
Front
|
Central
|
Back
|
| Short
|
Long
|
Short
|
Long
|
Short
|
Long
|
| Close
|
i
|
iː
|
ɨ
|
ɨː
|
u
|
uː
|
| Mid
|
|
|
ə
|
əː
|
|
|
| Open
|
|
|
ä
|
äː
|
|
|
- iː ɨː uː /í ý ú/
- əː /é/
- äː /á/
- i ɨ u /i y u/
- ə /e/
- ä /a/
Phonotactics
(C)(C)V(ː)(R)(C)
Accent
- penultimate primary acute accent
- ultimate secondary gravis accent
Grammar
Nouns
- noun class system (preffixal): Animate (Masculine vs Feminine), Inaminate (Abstractive vs Objective)
- nominative-genetive alignment
- 3-way agent secundative ditransitive alignment (S/A = Nominative, D = Pegative P/R = Genetive, T = Instrumental)
- cases (suffixal): Nominative, Pegative, Genitive, Instrumental, Vialis, Ablative, Lative, Locative, Benefactive
- number (suffixal): singular, plural
- definiteness (phrasal clitic): definite proper, definite distant, indefinite
Noun class + Root + Root extension(s) + Case + Number + Definiteness
Noun class
| Animate
|
Masculine
|
t- / te-
|
tamen
|
man
|
| Feminine
|
j- / je-
|
jamen
|
woman
|
| Inanimate
|
Abstractive
|
ṇ- / ṇe-
|
ṇamen
|
humanity
|
| Objective
|
-
|
qtem
|
stone
|
Declension
| Nominative
|
-
|
tkára
|
wolf
|
subject of intransitive clauses, agent of transitive clauses
|
| Pegative
|
-s / -es
|
tkáras
|
wolf
|
donor of a ditransitive clauses
|
| Genitive
|
-n / -en
|
tkáran
|
wolf, of wolf, to wolf
|
possessor, patient of transitive clauses, recipient of ditransitive clauses
|
| Instrumental
|
-li
|
tkárali
|
by / with wolf
|
instrument, method, accompaniament
|
| Vialis
|
-ema / -ma
|
tkárama
|
through wolf
|
way, vial direction
|
| Ablative
|
-t / -et
|
tkárat
|
from wolf
|
separation, starting point
|
| Lative
|
-ví
|
tkáraví
|
to / at wolf
|
purposive direction
|
| Locative
|
-uṣ / -ṣ
|
tkáraṣ
|
in / on / under wolf
|
spatial or temporal location
|
| Benefactive
|
-ur / -r
|
tkárar
|
for wolf
|
destination, destinative recipient
|
Number
| Singular
|
-
|
qtem
|
stone
|
| Plural
|
-k / -yk
|
qtemyk
|
stones
|
Definiteness
| Neutral
|
-
|
jamen
|
woman
|
| Indefinite
|
-me
|
jamenme
|
a woman
|
| Definite proper
|
-tsa
|
jamentsa
|
the woman
|
| Definite distant
|
-khy
|
jamenkhy
|
yonder woman
|
Verbs
- aspects (suffixal): Imperfective, Perfective (Punctual Perfective), Conclusive (Durative-Perfective), Habitual
- voices (infixal): Active vs Middle + Direct vs Causative
- noun class preffixes
- tense-moods (suffixal): Past visual, Past non-visual, Present, Future, Conditional, Jussive
- polarity (phrasal clitic): affirmative, negative
- subjective and objective persons
[Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Noun class + (Root + Voice) + Root extension(s) + Aspect + Tense / Mood + Subject + Object / Theme + Polarity]
Aspect
| Imperfective
|
-
|
vláq
|
to speak
|
| Habitual / Iterative
|
-ja-
|
vláqja
|
to speak many times / regularly
|
| Conclusive (Durative-Perfective)
|
-ny-
|
vláqny
|
to say (after long time of the action)
|
| Perfective (Punctual-Perfective)
|
-su-
|
vláqsu
|
to say (in short moment)
|
Voice
|
|
Direct
|
Causative
|
| Active
|
-
|
ŋáv
|
to see
|
-ra-
|
ŋárav
|
to show
|
| Middle
|
-sí-
|
ŋásív
|
to see self
|
-ḥú-
|
ŋáḥúv
|
to show self
|
Tense-moods
| Past visual
|
-ṛ-
|
át-ṛ-
|
to go (action in past, visible by subject)
|
| Past non-visual
|
-z-
|
át-z-
|
to go (action in past, non-visible by subject and unconfirmed to him)
|
| Present
|
-
|
át
|
to go (now)
|
| Future
|
-mu-
|
át-mu-
|
to go (future action)
|
| Conditional
|
-fý-
|
át-fý-
|
would to go
|
| Jussive
|
-ḷá-
|
át-ḷá-
|
should to go
|
Person
Subject
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1.
|
-al
|
qával
|
I am living
|
-avy
|
qávavy
|
we are living
|
| 2.
|
-if
|
qávif
|
thou art living
|
-ify
|
qávify
|
you are living
|
| 3.
|
-a
|
qáva
|
he / she / it is living
|
-ak
|
qávak
|
they are living
|
| 4.
|
-
|
qáv
|
someone / something is living
|
Object
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1.
|
-la
|
tsýlla
|
to let me
|
-va
|
tsýlva
|
to let us
|
| 2.
|
-fi
|
tsýlfi
|
to let thee
|
-fe
|
tsýlfe
|
to let you
|
| 3.
|
-t
|
tsýlt
|
to let him / her / it
|
-ta
|
tsýlta
|
to let them
|
| 4.
|
-
|
tsýl
|
to let someone / something
|
Theme
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1.
|
-je / -j
|
ṭṣáje
|
give to me
|
-ma / -m
|
ṭṣáma
|
give to us
|
| 2.
|
-he / -h
|
ṭṣáhe
|
give to thee
|
-ṣa / -ṣ
|
ṭṣáṣa
|
give to you
|
| 3.
|
-tsu
|
ṭṣátsu
|
give to him / her / it
|
-tsuk
|
ṭṣátsuk
|
give to them
|
| 4.
|
-ṇi
|
ṭṣáṇi
|
give to someone / something
|
Polarity
| Affirmative
|
-
|
khín
|
to know
|
| Negative
|
-aŋ / -ŋ
|
khínaŋ
|
don't to know
|
Non-finite verbs
| Action noun
|
ṇ-...-tý
|
ṇŋávtý
|
vision, seeing
|
| Participles
|
| Adjectival
|
-tu
|
-ŋávtu
|
seeing
|
| Adverbial
|
l(e)-...-tu
|
lŋávtu
|
seeing
|
Adjectives and adverbs
- three degrees: positive, comparative, superlative
Degrees of comparison
| Positive
|
Comparative
|
Superlative
|
| -
|
-ány
|
good
|
-khe / -ekhe
|
-ánykhe
|
better
|
-rta / -erta
|
-ányrta
|
best
|
| -pfaŋkh
|
strong
|
-pfaŋkhekhe
|
stronger
|
-pfaŋkherta
|
strongest
|
| -ḥarpfis
|
equine
|
-ḥarpfiskhe
|
more equine
|
-ḥarpfiserta
|
most equine
|
Formation of adverbs
| Basal adjective
|
Derived adverb
|
| -ány
|
good
|
l- / le-
|
lány
|
well
|
| -pfaŋkh
|
strong
|
lepfaŋkh
|
strongly
|
| -ḥarpfis
|
equine
|
leḥarpfis
|
like / as horse
|
Numerals
Cardinal numerals
| 1.
|
ájve
|
| 2.
|
paṛí
|
| 3.
|
tapat
|
| 4.
|
dyrja
|
| 5.
|
sopor
|
| 6.
|
páluq
|
| 7.
|
ptáte
|
| 8.
|
satka
|
| 9.
|
qlafa
|
| 10.
|
toṛq
|
| 11.
|
toṛqájve
|
| 12.
|
toṛqpaṛí
|
| 20.
|
paṛítoṛq
|
| 21.
|
paṛítoṛqájve
|
| 30
|
tapattoṛq
|
| 100.
|
nantor
|
| 101.
|
nantorájve
|
| 120.
|
nantorpaṛítoṛq
|
| 121.
|
nantorpaṛítoṛqájve
|
| 200.
|
paṛínantor
|
| 1.000.
|
toṛqnantor
|
| 10.000.
|
toṛqtoṛqnantor
|
Derived numerals
|
|
Ordinal
|
Multiplicative
|
Reproductive
|
Distributive
|
Fractional
|
| -ty
|
-táj
|
-sot
|
-lín
|
-mé
|
| 1.
|
ájvety
|
ájvetáj
|
ájvesot
|
ájvelín
|
ájvemé
|
| 10.
|
toṛqty
|
toṛqtáj
|
toṛqsot
|
toṛqlín
|
toṛqmé
|
| 11.
|
toṛqájvety
|
toṛqájvetáj
|
toṛqájvesot
|
toṛqájvelín
|
toṛqájvemé
|
| 20.
|
paṛítoṛqty
|
paṛítoṛqtáj
|
paṛítoṛqsot
|
paṛítoṛqlín
|
paṛítoṛqmé
|
| 21.
|
paṛítoṛqájvety
|
paṛítoṛqájvetáj
|
paṛítoṛqájvesot
|
paṛítoṛqájvelín
|
paṛítoṛqájvemé
|
| 100.
|
nantorty
|
nantortáj
|
nantorsot
|
nantorlín
|
nantormé
|
| 101.
|
nantorájvety
|
nantorájvetáj
|
nantorájvesot
|
nantorájvelín
|
nantorájvemé
|
| 120.
|
nantorpaṛítoṛqty
|
nantorpaṛítoṛqtáj
|
nantorpaṛítoṛqsot
|
nantorpaṛítoṛqlín
|
nantorpaṛítoṛqmé
|
| 121.
|
nantorpaṛítoṛqájvety
|
nantorpaṛítoṛqájvetáj
|
nantorpaṛítoṛqájvesot
|
nantorpaṛítoṛqájvelín
|
nantorpaṛítoṛqájvemé
|
| 200.
|
paṛínantorty
|
paṛínantortáj
|
paṛínantorsot
|
paṛínantorlín
|
paṛínantormé
|
| 1000.
|
toṛqnantorty
|
toṛqnantortáj
|
toṛqnantorsot
|
toṛqnantorlín
|
toṛqnantormé
|
| 10.000.
|
toṛqtoṛqnantorty
|
toṛqtoṛqnantortáj
|
toṛqtoṛqnantorsot
|
toṛqtoṛqnantorlín
|
toṛqtoṛqnantormé
|
Pronouns
- obviative
- subjugating hierarchy (suffixal)
- plural roots
Personal pronouns
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1.
|
lá
|
I
|
nán
|
we
|
| 2.
|
fú
|
thou
|
fýn
|
you
|
| 3.
|
tar
|
he
|
tary
|
they
|
| jar
|
she
|
jary
|
| ṇar
|
it (abstract)
|
ṇary
|
| ar
|
it (object)
|
ary
|
| 4.
|
é
|
someone / something
|
Subjugating hierarchy
|
|
Subordinating
|
Equal
|
Subordinated
|
| -na / -n
|
-
|
-ts
|
| I
|
lána
|
lá
|
láts
|
| thou
|
fúna
|
fú
|
fúts
|
| he
|
tarna
|
tar
|
tarts
|
| she
|
jarna
|
jar
|
jarts
|
| it
|
ṇarna
|
ṇar
|
ṇarts
|
| arna
|
ar
|
arts
|
| someone / something
|
éna
|
é
|
éts
|
|
|
| we
|
nánna
|
nán
|
nánts
|
| you
|
fýnna
|
fýn
|
fýnts
|
| they
|
taryn
|
tary
|
taryts
|
| jaryn
|
jary
|
jaryts
|
| ṇaryn
|
ṇary
|
ṇaryts
|
| aryn
|
ary
|
aryts
|
Possessive pronouns
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1.
|
-lás
|
my
|
-náns
|
our
|
| 2.
|
-fús
|
thy
|
-fýns
|
your
|
| 3.
|
-tars
|
his
|
-tarys
|
their
|
| -jars
|
her
|
-jarys
|
| -ṇars
|
its (abstract)
|
-ṇarys
|
| -ars
|
its (object)
|
-arys
|
| 4.
|
-és
|
someone / something else's
|
Demonstrative pronouns
|
|
Proper
|
Distant
|
Indefinite
|
| Place
|
taltsa
|
here
|
talkhy
|
there
|
talme
|
somewhere there
|
| Source
|
kitaltsa
|
from here
|
kitalkhy
|
from there
|
kitalme
|
from somewhere there
|
| Purpose direction
|
vítaltsa
|
to here
|
vítalkhy
|
to there, so far
|
vítalme
|
to somewhere there
|
| Path
|
výstsa
|
this way
|
výskhy
|
that way
|
výsme
|
some way
|
| Time
|
sjáŋtsa
|
now
|
sjáŋkhy
|
then
|
| Method
|
lyáktsa
|
in this way
|
lyákkhy
|
in that way
|
lyákme
|
in some way
|
| Quantity
|
xúltsa
|
so much
|
| Qualify
|
éṭṣtsa
|
like this here
|
éṭṣkhy
|
like that
|
éṭṣme
|
like something there
|
| Reason
|
kázartsa
|
for this reason
|
kázarkhy
|
for that reason
|
kázarme
|
for some reason
|
Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns
|
|
Interrogative / Relative
|
Indefinite
|
Unlimited
|
| Person / Object
|
-qha
|
who ? which ?
|
-éhe
|
someone
|
-qharý
|
anyone
|
| Place
|
qhatal
|
where ?
|
éhetal
|
somewhere
|
-qhatalry
|
anywhere
|
| Source
|
kiqhatal
|
whence ?
|
ki-éhetal
|
from somewhere
|
kiqhatalry
|
from anywhere
|
| Purpose direction
|
víqhatal
|
whither ?
|
ví-éhetal
|
to somewhere
|
víqhatalry
|
to anywhere
|
| Path
|
qhavýs
|
which way ?
|
éhevýs
|
via some way
|
qhavýsry
|
via any way
|
| Time
|
qhasjáŋ
|
when ?
|
éhesjáŋ
|
once
|
qhasjáŋry
|
ever
|
| Method
|
qhalyák
|
how ?
|
éhelyák
|
somehow
|
qhalyákry
|
anyhow
|
| Quantity
|
qhaxúl
|
how much ?
|
éhexúl
|
somehow much
|
qhaxúlry
|
anyhow much
|
| Qualify
|
qha-éṭṣ
|
which one ?
|
éhe-éṭṣ
|
some
|
qha-éṭṣry
|
any
|
| Reason
|
qhakázar
|
why ?
|
Negative, universal and alternative pronouns
|
|
Negative
|
Universal
|
Alternative
|
| Person / Object
|
qhaŋé
|
nobody, nothing
|
qhakúmy
|
every
|
qhafís
|
anyone else
|
| Place
|
talŋé
|
nowhere
|
talkúmy
|
everywhere
|
talfís
|
elswhere
|
| Source
|
kitalŋé
|
from nowhere
|
kitalkúmy
|
from everywhere
|
kitalfís
|
from elswhere
|
| Purpose direction
|
vítalŋé
|
to nowhere
|
vítalkúmy
|
to everywhere
|
vítalfís
|
to elswhere
|
| Path
|
výsŋé
|
through no way
|
výskúmy
|
through all ways
|
výsfís
|
which way else
|
| Time
|
sjáŋŋé
|
never
|
sjáŋkúmy
|
always
|
sjáŋfís
|
when else
|
| Method
|
lyákŋé
|
nohow
|
lyákkúmy
|
in all methods
|
lyákfís
|
otherwise
|
| Quantity
|
xúlŋé
|
nothing
|
xúlfís
|
otherwise than so many
|
| Quality
|
éṭṣŋé
|
neuter, indistinct
|
éṭṣkúmy
|
any
|
éṭṣfís
|
other
|
Numeral pronouns
| Interrogative / Relative
|
qhaxúl
|
how much ?
|
| Indefinite
|
éhexúl
|
write a number
|
| Unlimited
|
qhaxúlry
|
however many
|
| Negative
|
xúlŋé
|
nothing
|
| Alternative
|
xúlfís
|
otherwise than so many
|
Reflexive, reciprocal and cooperative pronouns
| Reflexive
|
hy
|
oneself
|
| Reciprocal
|
páṛhy
|
each other
|
| Cooperative
|
hysu
|
together cooperatively
|
Adpositions
- postpositions and prepositions (mixed system)
- conjugable by subjective person
Spatials and directionals
| ú
|
in, inside
|
Locative
|
| from inside
|
Ablative
|
| to inside
|
Lative
|
|
|
| uṇ
|
on
|
Locative
|
| from on
|
Ablative
|
| to on
|
Lative
|
|
|
| úqhuṛ
|
above
|
Locative
|
| from above
|
Ablative
|
| to above
|
Lative
|
|
|
| úqúḷ
|
under
|
Locative
|
| from under
|
Ablative
|
| to under
|
Lative
|
|
|
| khúl
|
beside
|
Locative
|
| from beside
|
Ablative
|
| to beside
|
Lative
|
|
|
| táŋ
|
away
|
Locative
|
| from away
|
Ablative
|
| to away
|
Lative
|
|
|
| úpeṛíṣ
|
between
|
Locative
|
| from between
|
Ablative
|
| to between
|
Lative
|
|
|
| uṇkipf
|
behind
|
Locative
|
| from behind
|
Ablative
|
| to behind
|
Lative
|
|
|
| zé
|
out
|
Locative
|
| from out
|
Ablative
|
| to out
|
Lative
|
|
|
| uṇpuḷ
|
around
|
Locative
|
| from around
|
Ablative
|
| to around
|
Lative
|
|
|
| ṭśáḥ
|
before, opposite to
|
Locative
|
| from before, from opposite to
|
Ablative
|
| to before, to opposite to
|
Lative
|
|
|
| úsjáŋ
|
during, in time of
|
Locative
|
| from time of
|
Ablative
|
| to time of
|
Lative
|
|
|
| ṭu
|
after
|
Locative
|
| from after
|
Ablative
|
| to after
|
Lative
|
Postpositions
| Companion, attributive object
|
su
|
with
|
Instrumental
|
| Material, substantion, origin
|
ki
|
from
|
Ablative
|
| Lack
|
has
|
without
|
Genitive
|
| Alternative
|
kital
|
instead
|
Genitive
|
| Contrary
|
úṭṣáḥ
|
against
|
Lative
|
| Resistance
|
latsi
|
despite, though
|
Genitive
|
| Stylization
|
tsíṇ
|
along to, according to
|
Instrumental
|
Particles
Conjunctions
| Paratactical conjunctions
|
| Copulative
|
ý
|
and
|
| Conjunctive
|
ýsa
|
also
|
| Disjunctive
|
bi
|
or
|
| Contrastive, exceptional
|
ýṭe
|
but
|
| Consequentive
|
sa
|
so
|
| Comparative
|
ku
|
than
|
|
|
| Hypotactical conjunctions
|
| kiŋe
|
to, for
|
| tjéṇ
|
althought
|
| kjéṛi
|
because
|
| unu
|
if
|
| nýn
|
that, providing
|
Modifiers
| Restrictive
|
lájve
|
only
|
| Additive
|
lím
|
yet
|
Polarity particles
| Affirmative
|
ha
|
yes
|
| Negative1
|
ŋé
|
no
|
1 Only in independent form.
Word formation
Compounding
Derivation
Noun
Noun to noun
| Diminutive
|
-
|
→
|
daughter → little daughter
|
| Augmentative
|
-
|
→
|
mountain → grand mountain
|
| Contradiction
|
-
|
→
|
human → non-human
|
| Similarity
|
-
|
→
|
tree → pseudo-tree
|
| Half
|
-
|
→
|
dog → half-dog
|
| Relational abstract
|
-
|
→
|
brother → brotherhood
|
| Related person
|
-
|
→
|
cow → cowman
|
| Collective
|
-
|
→
|
bird → birds (a a collective)
|
| Place
|
-
|
→
|
fire → campfire
|
| Art / Craft
|
-
|
→
|
war → craft of war
|
| Knowledge
|
-
|
→
|
herb → herbalism
|
| Expert
|
-
|
→
|
herbalism → herbalist
|
Noun to adjective
| Possessive
|
-
|
→
|
man → human
|
| Originative
|
-
|
→
|
sky → celestial
|
| Similaritive
|
-
|
→
|
cat → felid
|
| Feature
|
-
|
→
|
hair → hairy
|
| Affiliative
|
-
|
→
|
family → familiar
|
| Privative
|
-...-
|
→
|
tooth → toothless
|
Verb
Verb to noun
| Agentive
|
-
|
- →
|
(to) shoot → shooter
|
| Experiencer, adressee
|
-
|
- →
|
(to) teach → learner
|
| Result
|
-
|
- →
|
(to) fall → (a) fall
|
| Instance
|
-
|
- →
|
(to) speak → speech
|
| Instrument
|
-
|
- →
|
(to) beat → whip
|
| Place
|
-
|
- →
|
(to) kill → slaughterhouse
|
Verb to verb
Adjective
Adjective to noun
| Abstract
|
-
|
→
|
strong → strength
|
Adjective to adjective
| Tendency
|
-
|
→
|
good → bland
|
| Intensification
|
-
|
→
|
big → very big
|
| Excess
|
-
|
→
|
small → too small
|
Syntax
Copular verbs
| Translative
|
zá
|
became
|
| Essive
|
at
|
be
|
| Excessive
|
ktí
|
cease to be
|
