Proto-Uralic/E: Difference between revisions

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(→‎Std. PU *e_a: sortin')
Line 238: Line 238:
|-
|-
| "ear"
| "ear"
| - || *pealjē || *piĺɜ || ''*pələš'' || '''*peĺ''' || '''fül''' || *päĺ<br/>(*pälj?) || *peL || -
| - || *pealjē || *piĺə || ''*pĭləš'' || '''*peĺ''' || '''fül''' || *päĺ<br/>(*pälj?) || *peL || -
|-
|-
| "uncle"
| "uncle"
| style="color:red"| *setä || style="color:red"| *čeacē || Er. čiče || ''*čʏčə'' || *čoož || - || CMs *šäša || - || *čečä
| style="color:red"| *setä || style="color:red"| *čeacē || Er. čiče || ''*čü̆čə'' || *čoož || - || CMs *šäša || - || *čečä
| Sibilant assimilation east of F/S? K. also ćož
| Sibilant assimilation east of F/S? K. also ćož
|-
|-
Line 248: Line 248:
|-
|-
| "to serch"
| "to serch"
| - || - || - || ''*kə/ɪčälä-'' || *kooč-k/j- || - || *känš- || *kenč- || -
| - || - || - || ''*kĭčälä-'' || *kooč-k/j- || - || *känš- || *kenč- || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *e_ä type 2: similar except Ms *i (in PMs CVC stems?)
! colspan="10" | *e_ä type 2: similar except Ms *i (in PMs CVC stems?)
Line 259: Line 259:
| "neck"
| "neck"
| *sepä || *čeapē || *śivɜ || ''*šüj'' || '''*śil''' || - || style="color:green"| CMs *šip || '''*sääpəL''' || -
| *sepä || *čeapē || *śivɜ || ''*šüj'' || '''*śil''' || - || style="color:green"| CMs *šip || '''*sääpəL''' || -
| Ma. *-epV > *-ɪw > *-ü ??
| Ma. *-epV > *-ĭw > *-ü ??
|-
|-
| "nest"
| "nest"
| *pesä || *peasē || *pizə || ''*pəžäš'' || *pooz ||style="color:red"| feesek || *pit || *peL || *petä
| *pesä || *peasē || *pizə || ''*pĭžäš'' || *pooz ||style="color:red"| feesek || *pit || *peL || *petä
|-
|-
| "catfish,<br/>burbot"
| "catfish,<br/>burbot"
| '''*säkä''' || - || *śijɜ || ''*šij'' || - || - || style="color:green"| *šiɣ  || *seɣ  || -
| '''*säkä''' || - || *śijɜ || ''*ši'' || - || - || style="color:green"| *šiɣ  || *seɣ  || -
| Ma. *-ekV > *-ɪɣ > *-i ??
| Ma. CV ⇒ *i
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | indistinct between *e₁_ä and *e₂_ä
! colspan="10" | indistinct between *e₁_ä and *e₂_ä
|-
|-
| "4"
| "4"
| *neljä || *ńealjē || *ńiĺɜ || ''*nəl'' || *ńooĺ || neeɟ || ''*ńilə'' ~<br/>''*n/ńäl-'' || *ńeLää || -
| *neljä || *ńealjē || *ńiĺɜ || ''*nĭl'' || *ńooĺ || neeɟ || ''*ńilə'' ~<br/>''*n/ńäl-'' || *ńeLää || -
| Ms *ä in n/ńälmən "40" (*nelə-jä vs. *nelə-mon "40"?)
| Ms *ä in n/ńälmən "40" (*nelə-jä vs. *nelə-mon "40"?)
|-
|-
| "to liv"
| "to liv"
| *elä- || *ealē- || - || '''*ɪle-''' || *ool- || eel- || ''*jäl-'' || *jeL- || *elä-
| *elä- || *ealē- || - || '''*ĭle-''' || *ool- || eel- || ''*jäl-'' || *jeL- || *elä-
| Ms > *i- > *jä-? Mo. '''*era-'''?
| Ms > *i- > *jä-? Mo. '''*era-'''?
|-
|-
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| "skillful"
| "skillful"
| *seppä || *čeappē || - || - || - || seep || - || - || -
| *seppä || *čeappē || - || - || - || seep || - || - || -
|-
| "blade"
| *terä || *tearē || - || ''*tʏr'' || - || töör || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "dog"
| "dog"
| *penVj || ''*peanɤk'' || *pińɜ || ''*pij'' ~ '''*pʊni''' || *poon(ɨ)<!---ɯ in U.--> || (fene) || - || - || -
| *penVj || ''*peanɤk'' || *pińə || ''*pij'' ~ '''*pŭni''' || *poon(ɨ)<!---ɯ in U.--> || (fene) || - || - || -
| Ma. *ɪ/əj > *ij? H. "wild" may not belong
| Ma. *ɪ/əj > *ij? H. "wild" may not belong
|-
|-
| "pine"
| "pine"
| *petäkä || *peacē || *pičɜ || style="color:red"| ''*pʏnće'' || *poožɨm || - || - || - || -
| *petäkä || *peacē || *pičə || style="color:red"| ''*pü̆nće'' || *poožɨm || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "ring"
| "ring"
| E. kets || - || - || - || - || - || - || *kösə || -
| *keccV || - || - || - || - || - || - || *kösə || -
| Cf. *kesrä
| Cf. *kecrä
|-
|-
| "brook"
| "brook"
| - || - || - || - || *šoo₁r || eer || - || - || -
| - || - || - || - || *šoo₁r || eer || - || - || -
|-
| "back"
| *selkä ~<br/>'''*sälkä''' || '''*čēlkē''' || - || '''*šɪle''' || - || - || - || - || -
| …*säälkä ??
|-
|-
| "to get free"
| "to get free"
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| *kenttä || - || - || - || '''*gid''' || - || - || - || -
| *kenttä || - || - || - || '''*gid''' || - || - || - || -
| Rather F. ← S. *kēntē-->
| Rather F. ← S. *kēntē-->
|-
| "tip"
| '''*kasa''' || *keačē || || || - || style="color:red"| hëɟ || - || - || -
| F. "pile" may not belong
|-
|-
| "a fish"
| "a fish"
Line 327: Line 316:
|-
|-
| "to scrape"
| "to scrape"
| - || *neaskē- || - || ''*nʏžä-'' || - || - || - || - || -
| - || *neaskē- || - || ''*nü̆žä-'' || - || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| ""
| ""
Line 385: Line 374:
| ""
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| "oar"
| *mela || *mealē || *miĺɜ || - || K. '''maĺ'''? || - || - || - || -
| Looks newer per F. -a,
|-
|-
| ""
| ""
Line 431: Line 416:
| "bay, moor"
| "bay, moor"
| - || - || - || - || '''*kääl-''' || || *keeləɣ || *kääɭəɣ ? || Sk. keeĺ, köl
| - || - || - || - || '''*kääl-''' || || *keeləɣ || *kääɭəɣ ? || Sk. keeĺ, köl
|-
| "chin"
| - || - || - || - || '''*aŋ''' || - || *eeŋən,<br/>Ko. '''iɣən''' || *ääŋ/ɣəɳ || '''*aŋå'''
| ← Turk. *ēŋ, Smy via Oghur? (Chuv: ana).
|-
|-
| "to bind"
| "to bind"
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| - || *eaccē || - || - || - || - || - || ''*(j)ii₂čəɣ'' || -
| - || *eaccē || - || - || - || - || - || ''*(j)ii₂čəɣ'' || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | IE loans
! colspan="10" | IE loans etc.
|-
|-
| "age"
| "age"
| ''*ikä'' || ''*ɤkē'' || *ij(ə) || *ij || - || style="color:brown"| eev || - || - || -
| ''*ikä'' || ''*ɤkē'' || *ij(ə) || *i || - || style="color:brown"| eev || - || - || -
| ← IE *jegʷaa, FS *je > *ji? PreH *ewə rather than *eɣə? S also *jɤkē "year"
| ← IE *jegʷaa, FS *je > *ji? PreH *ewə rather than *eɣə? S also *jɤkē "year"
|-
|-
| "fox"
| "fox"
| *repä || *rēp- || Er. ŕiveś || ''*rəwəž'' || '''*ruć(i)''' || '''ravas''' || || ||
| *repä || *rēp- || Er. ŕiveś || ''*rĭwəž'' || '''*ruć(i)''' || '''ravas''' || || ||
| ← II, Ma. thru Hu. separately?
| ← II, Ma. thru Hu. separately?
|-
| "blade"
| *terä || *tearē || - || ''*tü̆r'' || - || '''töör''' || - || - || -
| Cf. II *dʰārā
|-
| "tip"
| '''*kasa''' || *keačē || || || - || style="color:red"| hëɟ || - || - || -
| ← IE *h₂aḱ-. Probably *a, S. → *ea / _Ć? Distinct from F. "pile" (← Gmc)
|-
|-
| "side, rib"
| "side, rib"
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|-
|-
| "summer"
| "summer"
| *kesä || *keasē || *kizɜ || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *kesä || *keasē || *kizə || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE *h₁es-en/r-?
| ← IE *h₁es-en/r-?
|-
|-
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|-
|-
| "times"
| "times"
| *kerta || *keartē || *kird'''a''' || Hi. -kerðə || || || || ||
| *'''kërta''' || *keartē || *kird'''a''' || Hi. -kerðə || || || || ||
| ← B. *kertā / II *kṛt-, later than Mo. -a > -ə?
| ← B. *kertā / II *kṛt-, later than Mo. -a > -ə?
|-
|-
Line 496: Line 485:
| ''*jüvä'' || - || '''juv''' || - || U. ju ~ K. jɨki || - || - || - || -
| ''*jüvä'' || - || '''juv''' || - || U. ju ~ K. jɨki || - || - || - || -
| ← IE *jewa/*jowa (Avestan ''yava'' etc.), F *je > *ji?
| ← IE *jewa/*jowa (Avestan ''yava'' etc.), F *je > *ji?
|-
| "grouse"
| *tetri || - || - || - || U. tur ~<br/>K. '''tar''' || - || - || - || -
| ← B. *tetVrV
|-
|-
| "ghost"
| "ghost"
| - || style="color:red"| ''*šeartɤ'' || - || *šərt || U. šurd- || ördög || - || - || -
| - || style="color:red"| ''*šeartɤ'' || - || *šĭrt || U. šurd- || ördög || - || - || -
| ~ Russian ''čert'', Iranian?
| ~ Russian ''čert'', Iranian?
|-
| "chin"
| - || - || - || - || '''*aŋ''' || - || *eeŋən,<br/>Ko. '''iɣən''' || *ääŋ/ɣəɳ || '''*aŋå'''
| ← Turk. *ēŋ, Smy via Oghur? (Chuv: ana). OU #eeɣän better ~ *jekən(ə)
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | Substrate loans? (Mari ''*i''; note phonotax)
! colspan="10" | Substrate loans? (Mari ''*i''; note phonotax)
Line 507: Line 504:
|-
|-
| "cow ~ horse"
| "cow ~ horse"
| *lehmä || - || *ĺišmɜ || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *lehmä || - || *ĺišmə || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "rope"
| "rope"
| - || *reašmē || *riśmɜ || - || - || - || - || - || -
| - || *reašmē || *ŕiśmə || - || - || - || - || - || -
| No plzn. in Mo? Cf. B. *rišima "thred" (→ F. *rihma)
| Cf. II *raćmV; B. *rišima "thred" (→ F. *rihma)
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | Junk
! colspan="10" | TBS 1: Widespread
|-
| "us"
| *mek || || || || || || || ||
|-
| "you"
| *tek || #tīj || *ťiń || '''*tää''' || '''*ti''' || ti || - || - || '''#täŋ'''
|-
|-
| "bundle"
| "bundle"
Line 520: Line 523:
|-
|-
| "to prick"
| "to prick"
| - || *peaðē- || style="color:red"| *päĺɜ- || - || - || - || *peel- || *peeL- || -
| - || *peaðē- || style="color:red"| *päĺə- || - || - || - || *peel- || *peeL- || -
| No regularity really. E/ä? l/ð?
| No regularity really. E/ä? l/ð?
|-
|-
| "warm"
| "clear day"
| - || - || - || - || *rög || reeg, rög || *riɣ ~<br>N reeɣ || *reɣ || -
| - || *jealɤkkɤs || - || - || - || - || - || *jiiL || '''*jälä'''
| *-ŋ- ~ *-ɣ-?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | TBS 2: FP/West only
|-
|-
| "color; dawn"
| "oar"
| - || - || - || *rʏm(b)alɣə || *romɨt || - || - || - || -
| '''*mëla''' || *mealē || *miĺə || - || K. '''maĺ'''? || - || - || - || -
| Looks newer per F. -a
|-
|-
| "good"
| "back"
| - || - || - || Hi. rəž || U. dźeć || - || - || - || -
| *selkä ~<br/>'''*sälkä''' || '''*čēlkē''' || - || '''*šĭle''' || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| …*säälkä ??
| "face"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || - || *weenč || Sk. wandV
|-
| "thin"
| - || - || - || - || *vek- || veek- || - || - || -
|-
| "time"
| - || - || - || - || K. kad || kedig || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "spring, summer"
| "spring, summer"
| *kevät || - || - || '''*keŋəž''' ||style="color:brown"| *goož(em) || - || - || - || -
| *kevät || - || - || '''*keŋəž''' ||style="color:brown"| *goož(em) || - || - || - || -
| P. metathesis or *ŋ-loss? Or ~ Kh *kaač "warm"
| P. metathesis or *ŋ-loss? Or ~ Kh *kaač "warm"
|-
| "moss"
| - || - || - || '''*reɣənćə''' || *roojɨ || - || - || - || -
|-
| "alder"
| - || - || - || *lööl || *lool || - || - || - || -
|-
| "grey"
| - || - || - || - || *dźåår || sir || CMs *šir || - || -
| Cf. Mong. *sira "yellow"?!
|-
| "wet"
| - || - || - || - || ''*uuĺ'' || - || CMs *iĺ || - || -
| Ma. iĺe ← U. Or Ms other (cf. StarLing)
|-
|-
| "dust; ash"
| "dust; ash"
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| F. pelkkä || - || - || *pelkə || K. peĺk || - || - || - || -
| F. pelkkä || - || - || *pelkə || K. peĺk || - || - || - || -
| Semantics bad. NB *ĺ
| Semantics bad. NB *ĺ
|-
| "road"
| *tee || - || - || - || K '''tuj''',<br/>Jz '''tʉj''' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "ear of grain"
| '''*tähkä''' || - ||style="color:red"| *ťikšɜ || *tü̆ška || *too₂šk<br/>"beard" || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to feed"
| - || - || *ťiŕ'''a'''- || - || K. '''tɤrśɨ-''' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "drape"
| '''*vërho''' || - || '''#orčta''' || - || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | TBS 3: East only
|-
|-
| "to narro"
| "to narro"
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| Check Kh, O /ä/
| Check Kh, O /ä/
|-
|-
| ""
| "to darken"
| || || || || || || || ||
| - || - || - || - || - || šetët || *šät-- || W četimə- ||
|-
|-
| "perch"
| "to sink"
| - || - || - || - || *joo(kɨ)š || - || - || *jööɣ || Ne. ńiix-
| - || - || - || - || - || †šeped- ||style="color:green"| šeep- || - || -
|-
| "to dance"
| - || - || - || - || U ektɨ- ~<br/>K jɤktɨ- || - || style="color:red"| *jeekʷ- || '''*jœœk-''' || -
|-
| "clear day"
| - || *jealɤkkɤs || - || - || - || - || - || *jiiL || '''*jälä'''
|-
|-
| "root"
| "root"
| - || - || - || - || - || ɟökeer || T jükäär ~<br>*jeekʷar || - || -
| - || - || - || - || - || ɟökeer || T jükäär ~<br>*jeekʷar || - || -
| better *ü??
|-
| "kidney; penis" (?!)
| - || - || - || - || - || veše || *wäćəɣ || - || -
|-
|-
| "limb"
| "limb"
Line 591: Line 586:
| alt etym for H: *jäsə-
| alt etym for H: *jäsə-
|-
|-
| "road"
| "face"
| *tee || - || - || - || K '''tuj''',<br/>Jz '''tʉj''' || - || - || - || -
| - || - || - || - || - || - || - || *weenč || Sk. wandV
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | TBS 4: Ma~P, P~H
|-
|-
| "ear of grain"
| "color; dawn"
| '''*tähkä''' || - ||style="color:red"| *ťikšɜ || *tʏška || *too₂šk<br/>"beard" || - || - || - || -
| - || - || - || *rü̆m(b)alɣə || *romɨt || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "to err"
| "good"
| - || - || - || - || - || teeved- || CMs *tip- || *tep- || -
| - || - || - || Hi. rəž || U. dźeć || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to feed"
| - || - || *ťiŕ'''a'''- || - || K. '''tɤrśɨ-''' || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "edge"
| "edge"
| - || - || - || *tʏr || *doo₁r || - || - || - || -
| - || - || - || *tü̆r || *doo₁r || - || - || - || -
| cf. "blade"?
| cf. "blade"?
|-
|-
| "grouse"
| "moss"
| *tetrə || - || - || - || U. tur ~<br/>K. '''tar''' || - || - || - || -
| - || - || - || '''*reɣənćə''' || *roojɨ || - || - || - || -
| Onomatopoetic?
|-
| "alder"
| - || - || - || *lööl || *lool || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "us"
| "thin"
| *mek || || || || || || || ||
| - || - || - || - || *vek- || veek- || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "you"
| "time"
| *tek || #tīj || *ťiń || '''*tää''' || '''*ti''' || ti || - || - || '''#täŋ'''
| - || - || - || - || K. kad || kedig || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "deer"
| "block"
| F. teva || - || - || - || - || teheen || - || - || #täə
| - || - || - || - || U džɤk ~<br/>K džek || '''čök''' || - || - || -
| better *ä?
|-
|-
| "thick; more"
| "thick; more"
| - || - || - || - || *too₁p(ɨt) ||style="color:red"| '''több''' || - || - || -
| - || - || - || - || *too₁p(ɨt) ||style="color:red"| '''több''' || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | TBS 5
|-
| "warm"
| - || - || - || - || *rög || reeg, rög || *riɣ ~<br>N reeɣ || *reɣ || -
| *-ŋ- ~ *-ɣ-?
|-
| "grey"
| - || - || - || - || *dźåår || sir || CMs *šir || - || -
| Cf. Mong. *sira "yellow"?!
|-
| "wet"
| - || - || - || - || ''*uuĺ'' || - || CMs *iĺ || - || -
| Ma. iĺe ← U. Or Ms other (cf. StarLing)
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| "perch"
| - || - || - || - || *joo(kɨ)š || - || - || *jööɣ || Ne. ńiix-
|-
| "to dance"
| - || - || - || - || U ektɨ- ~<br/>K jɤktɨ- || - || style="color:red"| *jeekʷ- || '''*jœœk-''' || -
|-
| "to err"
| - || - || - || - || - || teeved- || CMs *tip- || *tep- || -
|-
| "deer"
| F. teva || - || - || - || - || teheen || - || - || #täə
|-
|-
| "full, to fill"
| "full, to fill"
Line 636: Line 662:
| "to run; to hurry"
| "to run; to hurry"
| - || - || Er. čije- || - || - || šiet- || - || - || -
| - || - || Er. čije- || - || - || šiet- || - || - || -
|-
| "block"
| - || - || - || U džɤk ~<br/>K džek || čök || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to darken"
| - || - || - || - || - || šetët || *šät-- || W četimə- ||
|-
| "to sink"
| - || - || - || - || - || †šeped- ||style="color:green"| šeep- || - || -
|-
|-
| "to refine; flour"
| "to refine; flour"
Line 655: Line 672:
| "to sow"
| "to sow"
| - || - || *viďə- || *wüðe- || - || ve(e)t- || - || - || -
| - || - || *viďə- || *wüðe- || - || ve(e)t- || - || - || -
|-
| "drape"
| '''*võrho''' || - || '''#orčta''' || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "kidney; penis" (?!)
| - || - || - || - || - || veše || *wäćəɣ || - || -
|-
|-
| ""
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
| || || || || || || || ||
|}
|}

Revision as of 11:07, 18 April 2014

Std. PU *e_ə

Finnic *e_i, Permic *oo, Khanty *e

Lexeme Finnic Samic Mordv. Mari Permic Hung. Mansi Khanty Samoy. Comments
*ê_ə (S. *ɤ_ɤ, Mo. *e, Ms. *i, Smy *ê → Ng. /ɨ/, *i elsewhere) Old cases mostly open syllables
"to fear" *pel-kä- *pɤlɤ- *peĺə- - *pool- feel- *pil- *peL- *pêj-
"blood" *veri *vɤrɤ *veŕ *wʏr *vir veer *wiɣər *wer -
"water" *veci - *veď *wʏt *voo viiz
~ vize-		 *wit - *wêt ← IE?
"to go" *mene- *mɤnɤ- - *mije- *munɨ- mën- *min- *men- *mên- Ma. cf. Kar. mäne-
"to do" *teke- *tɤkɤ- Er. ťeje- - - tëv- *tij- *tej- - ← IE. Mk. ťijə-. Source for OU??
"lip" - *pɤŋsɤm - - - - CMs *piťem *peLem *peptän -ms- ?
"to take" *vee- *vīkɤ- *vijə- - *vajɨ- vë-, vi- *wiɣ-/*wäj- *we- *ü- *êx > *ix in S/Mo?? H "take"/""carry"
"owl" *hüüp- *ɤpɤkē - - - - *jipəɣ *jepəɣ - Onomatopoetics in F.? Compatible with WU *je → *ji
"warm" E. eha NS áccagas *ežə- - - - *iš- - -
"bee" *mehi- - *mekš *mükš *mooš meex - - - ← preII
"honey" *meci - meď *müj *moo meez - - - ← preII. Ma. cf. Kh. *määɣ
"skin" *keri *kɤrɤ keŕ *kʏr *koor keerëg *keer *käär - ObU *kEr. Cf. IE *(s)ker-
"skin" *keci *kɤtɤ keď - - - - - *kêt Cf. prev; also *käðʲə → P. *kiĺ, Ms. *kääĺən
"to must" - *kɤlkɤ- keĺge- Me. küle- ~
Hi. kele-		 *kool- kell- - - - Cf. IE. Check if not *i?
"to shake" - - - *rʏze- - rësk *risɣ- ~
N rasɣ-		 *reńć- -
"young tree, twig" - - - *nörɣə *ńɤr ńiir *ńir *nér - Smy. #nËrkə "willow" may not belong - or is this *ë?
"to search" - - - *kəčälä- *koošC- - *kinš- *kenč- - MaP *keččə- ~ OU *kenčə-?
"to fly" - - - - K šɨlgɨ- - *tiɣl- *ɬeɣəL- #tiC-
"exchange" *vero - veŕe-nc *werć- U. vur - - *weer -
"handle" - *nɤvtɤ - - *nud - - - - *-ŋt-. Check if not *i
"middle" *keski *kɤskɤ keska - *koos - - - -
"throat" *kero *kɤrɤs - - *goor - - - -
"elder" - - *čev-- - U. šu ~
K. žo		 - - - - -
"to wash" *pese- *pɤsɤ- pezo- - - - - - - ← IE
"to stretch" *venü- *vɤnɤ- veńeme- - - - - - *wênä Smy "rope"
"boat" *veneh *vɤnɤs veńeš - - - - - -
"to be in time" *ehti- *ɤstɤ- - *əšte- K. eštɨ- - - - - K. ← F?
"leaf" *lehti *lɤstɤ - *ləštaš - - - - - ← IE
"work" *töö - ťev - - - - - - *têwə; cf. *têkə-
"lime, bast" *lehmus - ĺevos - - - - - -
"dove" F metti-- ~
E meikas		 - *mečə - - - - - -
"pestle" *petkel - peťkeĺ - - - - - -
"feather" *hewhen *sɤvsɤm - - - - - - - NB difthong! Newer loan? -n ~ -m doesn't match
"to tear" *repe- *rɤpɤ- - - - - - - -
"next" *enti *ɤvtɤ - - - - - - - *-ŋt-
"berry" - - - - *mooĺɨ mëɟɟ - *-məĹ - preP → Ma *mooðə?
*e_ə (S. *ē_ɤ, Mo. *i, Smy. *i; cf. *äx) all old cases long or difthongal?
"to cook" - - *pijə- - K. pu- (föö-) *pääj- - *pi- *pexə-; cf. *pEsa- !
"matter" - *sējɤ sij *šü *śiś eev *säj *ɬöj *tiəj *se(x)jə
"to sell" *möö- *mēkɤ- *mijə- - *med - *miɣ- *me- *mi- *mexə. P. "loan"
"to boil" *kee-, *kei- *kī- - *küa- - köve- - - -
"7" *sejcem
Võ. säice		 *čēčɤm *śiśəm *səm *śiźɨm - - - - ← IE?
"meat" - - *sivəĺ *šəl *sil - - - - *sewə-lɜ?
"round" *kehkerä - *kičkərə *kəškär - - - -
"brother" *velji *vēljɤ - - - - - - - Short! ← IE?
"clear" *selke- *čēlkɤ - - - - - - - Liv. sieldɤ. Cf. F. *selvä "ibid."
""
*E_ə (as per *e_ə but Ms *ee, Kh *ii) generally coda glides, but note *Eði, *kEri
"mushroom" *seeni *čānā - *šeen U. śeńki - *šeenəɣ *säänəɣ - *śE(x)nə? Maybe better *ä? H. seen ~ sene- "coal, fire"
"to eat" *söö- - *śevə- - *śooj ëv- *tee-,
*tääj-		 *ɬii₂- *ti-mä Smy. "tooth". U. *oo₂ → i between palatals? Sibilant & medial mismatch!
"soul, breath, steam" *lewlü *lēvlɤ - - *lool leelëk
~ lëlk-		 #li/el *ɬii₁L - Wrt. S, cf. difthong
"soul" *iccek *jēčɤ *eś *əške K aćim iis *jis *ii₁s - *jEćə, F. *je → *i? Kh *je → *ii??
"night" - - - *jʏt - - *jeet *äät, *ii₂tən S #(ń)ütə cf. F. *ilta; *lt → *t outside West?!
"front" *eti - - - - elöö *eel *ii₂L *ê/ir- Smy. "row"
"rope" - - *piks - - fiu - *pii₁ɣəL -
"smoke; fog" - - - - *čɨŋ - *šeeŋkʷ- *čii₁ɣ
"(to) swear" *irvɜ- - - - *joo₂r-- - *jeer- - - F. *je- → *(j)i-
"edge" - - - - - seel *seel *sii₁L -
"short; to cut" - - - - - rövid - Trj riiɣ- -

Std. PU *e_a

Finnic *e_ä, Samic *ea_ē, Mordvinic *i_ɜ, Permic *oo, Samoyedic *e (not **i!)

Lexeme Finnic Samic Mordv. Mari Permic Hung. Mansi Khanty Samoy. Comments
*e_ä type 1: Ms *ä, Kh *e/*öɣ (in PMs CVCV, CVCC stems?)
"ear" - *pealjē *piĺə *pĭləš *peĺ fül *päĺ
(*pälj?)		 *peL -
"uncle" *setä *čeacē Er. čiče *čü̆čə *čoož - CMs *šäša - *čečä Sibilant assimilation east of F/S? K. also ćož
"uncle" - *eakē - - - - CMs *äkii *ii₁kii Ne. ńeekka?
"to serch" - - - *kĭčälä- *kooč-k/j- - *känš- *kenč- -
*e_ä type 2: similar except Ms *i (in PMs CVC stems?) more common than "regular" *ê_ä
"ring" *kehä *kēsɤ (či) *keče *kɨč keeɟ Tv küš ~
CMs *kiš		 *köč *keččä. S, Ma *ä? Mo. "sun" may not belong
"neck" *sepä *čeapē *śivɜ *šüj *śil - CMs *šip *sääpəL - Ma. *-epV > *-ĭw > *-ü ??
"nest" *pesä *peasē *pizə *pĭžäš *pooz feesek *pit *peL *petä
"catfish,
burbot" 		*säkä - *śijɜ *ši - - *šiɣ *seɣ - Ma. CV ⇒ *i
indistinct between *e₁_ä and *e₂_ä
"4" *neljä *ńealjē *ńiĺɜ *nĭl *ńooĺ neeɟ *ńilə ~
*n/ńäl-		 *ńeLää - Ms *ä in n/ńälmən "40" (*nelə-jä vs. *nelə-mon "40"?)
"to liv" *elä- *ealē- - *ĭle- *ool- eel- *jäl- *jeL- *elä- Ms > *i- > *jä-? Mo. *era-?
"big, uncle" *enä *eanē *ińɜ - *uuna - *jänə *enə *enä Ms > *i > *jä-?
"to beg" *kerjät- - - - *koor- keer- - - - ~ F. *kerät- "to collect"
"skillful" *seppä *čeappē - - - seep - - -
"dog" *penVj *peanɤk *pińə *pij ~ *pŭni *poon(ɨ) (fene) - - - Ma. *ɪ/əj > *ij? H. "wild" may not belong
"pine" *petäkä *peacē *pičə *pü̆nće *poožɨm - - - -
"ring" *keccV - - - - - - *kösə - Cf. *kecrä
"brook" - - - - *šoo₁r eer - - -
"to get free" - *meanō- mäńe- K. mɨn- ment- - - Ne. mina- Cf. *menə-
"a fish" *keso L. kääčuk - - K. gɨć keseg *kääsəŋ *kosə - or F. < kesä
"to scrape" - *neaskē- - *nü̆žä- - - - - -
""
""
*ê_a & such (FSM per *ü, Ma. *ü?, Ms *i; see also *ü_a)
"heart" *sütäm *čɤðēm *śeďeŋ *šüm U. śulem
~ K. śɤlɤm		 siiv(e-) *šim *sem *säjə
"night" *öö *ījɤ *vej - *ooj eej *jiɣ *jej - *(j)êjä, F. *üjä > *öö?
"brother-in-law" *kütü - - - - - CMs *kil *küüLi ? - or ~ *kälü?
"to be born" *süntü- - - - K. sod- †edl- - - - ← preIr *dzen- + *tä-
"to plow" *küntä- - - *künče- - - - - - F. could be a later derivation from *künčə
"tail" *häntä S. câcka ~ P. ciskes - - - - *šiš *čenč ~
V. čönč		 -
"to hit" *peksä- - *piksə- - *pös- - - - *petV- 2ndary length in F. pieksä-
"thumb" - *pealkē *päĺka - U. pɤlɨ
~ K. pel		 - - - *pej F. *pewka- ← Gmc.
""
"light" *kep-edä *keappē - - U. kapći keveeš - - *käjpɜ
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*E_a (Ms. *ee, Kh. *ää)
"2" (*kakti) (*kōktē) (kavta) (kok) *kɨkt keet *kit *käät *ketä Ms. *i before a cluster? Kh also *kii₁tənti "both". FV *kakta
"price" - - - - *doon - CMs *tin *tään,
*tii₁n		 - (no evidence for a cluster)
"duck" - - - - *goordaa - *kirtəɣ N. kaartaŋ - Ms. *i before a cluster?
"to dodge" - *kɤrvē- - - - kerül- CMs *kir- *käärəɣ- - Ms. *i before a cluster?
"to cook" - *pɤsē- - - *pɤɤž- - *peet- *pääL- - P also cf. F paah-ta- / OU *ponča-? Cf. *pexi-
"to separate" - *peacē-
(S only)		 - - - fesl- *peešt- V pääčii- ~
Vj pečää--
"(to) thin" - *keancē - - - keškëń - *käänć- - Ms. *kAAnś- ← Kh.
"to miss" - *meantē- - - - - - Vj. miintəɣtə- - Or *men-tä-?? Cf. F. mene-ttä-
"bay, moor" - - - - *kääl- *keeləɣ *kääɭəɣ ? Sk. keeĺ, köl
"to bind" - - - - - ńeek- *neeɣ- "Kr" neewəj- - Cf. Mong. *neke- "to weave"?
"room" - - - - - teer (tere-) - E. täär
, tiir		 -
similar except Kh. *(j)ii₂- (initially?)
"weather" *ilma *ɤlmē - - U. in ~ K. jen - *jeeləm *(j)ii₂Ləm - FS *je > *(j)i?
"to carve" - - *inzəďə- - - - *jeen(s)- *(j)ii₂nL- -
"to love" - *eaccē - - - - - *(j)ii₂čəɣ -
IE loans etc.
"age" *ikä *ɤkē *ij(ə) *i - eev - - - ← IE *jegʷaa, FS *je > *ji? PreH *ewə rather than *eɣə? S also *jɤkē "year"
"fox" *repä *rēp- Er. ŕiveś *rĭwəž *ruć(i) ravas ← II, Ma. thru Hu. separately?
"blade" *terä *tearē - *tü̆r - töör - - - Cf. II *dʰārā
"tip" *kasa *keačē - hëɟ - - - ← IE *h₂aḱ-. Probably *a, S. → *ea / _Ć? Distinct from F. "pile" (← Gmc)
"side, rib" - *earttē *irdɜ *örðəž *oord- - - - - ← II *erdʰa-
"summer" *kesä *keasē *kizə - - - - - - ← IE *h₁es-en/r-?
"human" *inhimi- - *inžə(j) - - - - - - ← IE *ǵnh₁-V-, with *je > F. ji?
"alder" *leppä *leapē *ĺepɜ - - - - - - ← B; Mo. separately
"times" *kërta *keartē *kirda Hi. -kerðə ← B. *kertā / II *kṛt-, later than Mo. -a > -ə?
"man" - - *mirďɜ - *moort - - - - ← II *mṛt-
"ring" *kecrä *kearsē Er. *ščeŕe
~ Mk. kšťiŕ		 - - - - - - ← preII *kētstra?
"corn" *jüvä - juv - U. ju ~ K. jɨki - - - - ← IE *jewa/*jowa (Avestan yava etc.), F *je > *ji?
"grouse" *tetri - - - U. tur ~
K. tar		 - - - - ← B. *tetVrV
"ghost" - *šeartɤ - *šĭrt U. šurd- ördög - - - ~ Russian čert, Iranian?
"chin" - - - - *aŋ - *eeŋən,
Ko. iɣən		 *ääŋ/ɣəɳ *aŋå ← Turk. *ēŋ, Smy via Oghur? (Chuv: ana). OU #eeɣän better ~ *jekən(ə)
Substrate loans? (Mari *i; note phonotax)
"wheat" *vehnä - *viš(ɜ) *wiśte - - - - -
"cow ~ horse" *lehmä - *ĺišmə - - - - - -
"rope" - *reašmē *ŕiśmə - - - - - - Cf. II *raćmV; B. *rišima "thred" (→ F. *rihma)
TBS 1: Widespread
"us" *mek
"you" *tek #tīj *ťiń *tää *ti ti - - #täŋ
"bundle" *kerä - *kiŕɜ - - - *käärək *keer West *e ~ East *ä?
"to prick" - *peaðē- *päĺə- - - - *peel- *peeL- - No regularity really. E/ä? l/ð?
"clear day" - *jealɤkkɤs - - - - - *jiiL *jälä
TBS 2: FP/West only
"oar" *mëla *mealē *miĺə - K. maĺ? - - - - Looks newer per F. -a
"back" *selkä ~
*sälkä		 *čēlkē - *šĭle - - - - - …*säälkä ??
"spring, summer" *kevät - - *keŋəž *goož(em) - - - - P. metathesis or *ŋ-loss? Or ~ Kh *kaač "warm"
"dust; ash" F. pelmV- - - - U. peńm- ~ K. pɤjim - - - - F → P? NB *ĺ
"bare; good; clean" F. pelkkä - - *pelkə K. peĺk - - - - Semantics bad. NB *ĺ
"road" *tee - - - K tuj,
Jz tʉj		 - - - -
"ear of grain" *tähkä - *ťikšɜ *tü̆ška *too₂šk
"beard"		 - - - -
"to feed" - - *ťiŕa- - K. tɤrśɨ- - - - -
"drape" *vërho - #orčta - - - - - -
TBS 3: East only
"to narro" - - - - - mere- CMs *mär- *mer- - Check Kh, O /ä/
"to darken" - - - - - šetët *šät-- W četimə-
"to sink" - - - - - †šeped- šeep- - -
"root" - - - - - ɟökeer T jükäär ~
*jeekʷar		 - - better *ü??
"kidney; penis" (?!) - - - - - veše *wäćəɣ - -
"limb" - - - - - iiz - *jöt - alt etym for H: *jäsə-
"face" - - - - - - - *weenč Sk. wandV
TBS 4: Ma~P, P~H
"color; dawn" - - - *rü̆m(b)alɣə *romɨt - - - -
"good" - - - Hi. rəž U. dźeć - - - -
"edge" - - - *tü̆r *doo₁r - - - - cf. "blade"?
"moss" - - - *reɣənćə *roojɨ - - - -
"alder" - - - *lööl *lool - - - -
"thin" - - - - *vek- veek- - - -
"time" - - - - K. kad kedig - - -
"block" - - - - U džɤk ~
K džek		 čök - - - better *ä?
"thick; more" - - - - *too₁p(ɨt) több - - -
TBS 5
"warm" - - - - *rög reeg, rög *riɣ ~
N reeɣ		 *reɣ - *-ŋ- ~ *-ɣ-?
"grey" - - - - *dźåår sir CMs *šir - - Cf. Mong. *sira "yellow"?!
"wet" - - - - *uuĺ - CMs *iĺ - - Ma. iĺe ← U. Or Ms other (cf. StarLing)
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"perch" - - - - *joo(kɨ)š - - *jööɣ Ne. ńiix-
"to dance" - - - - U ektɨ- ~
K jɤktɨ-		 - *jeekʷ- *jœœk- -
"to err" - - - - - teeved- CMs *tip- *tep- -
"deer" F. teva - - - - teheen - - #täə
"full, to fill" - - - *temə,
*teme-,
*tema-		 - †tëm, temet- - - -
"to stick in" NF *työ-ntä- - - - *too₂j- töv-- *täɣ- *töökən- - Medials messy, F. cf. "work"
"breath; heat" *heŋki - - - U. džog - - *čeŋk - Ms #sääNk "hot weather" doesn't fit. U. cf. "to choke"!
"to run; to hurry" - - Er. čije- - - šiet- - - -
"to refine; flour" *lese- - - - - list - - -
"all, whole" - - *veśəj - *vååć †ösve - - #wAnsA U. also viś, vɨć
"to sow" - - *viďə- *wüðe- - ve(e)t- - - -
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