Calcoradish

This page is edited by a Japanese-native-speaker. Please forgive me for that there may be incorrect English use.

Calcoradish is a language which is spoken in Calcoradenadúr as its official language. This language is called "Calcoradetár[kalkoradeta:r]" in Calcoradish.

Phonology

Consonants

Calcoradish has about twenty consonants.

	Bilabial	Labio-dental	Dental	Alveolar	Velar	Glottal
Stop	p [p] / b [b]			t [t] / d [d]	c [k] / g[g]
Affricative				ts [ts]
Nasal	m [m]			n [n]
Fricative		f [f] / v [v]	th [θ] / dh [ð]	s [s] / z [z]	ch [x] / gh [ɣ]	h [h]
Approximant				r [r]
Lateral				l [l]

In latin transcription, "c" is always pronounced [k], and "k" is never used.

Vowel

Calcoradish has nine vowels. The vowel length is distinctive. But /ɔ/ always appear as a long vowel. And the distinction between the long vowel /i:/ and /e:/ is not clear in many dialect.

Long vowels are spelled with acute accent(For example, the spell "á" is pronounced [a:]).

Short vowel

	Front		Central	Back
	Unrounded	Rounded
Close	i [i]	y [y]		u [u]
Close-mid	e [e]			o [o]
Open-mid	æ [ε]	ø [œ]
Open			a [a]

Long vowel

	Front		Central	Back
	Unrounded	Rounded
Close	( í [i:] )	ý [y:]		ú [u:]
Close-mid	é [e:]			ó [o:]
Open-mid	ǽ [ε:]	ǿ [œ:]		â [ɔ:]
Open			á [a:]

Some combination of two vowels are pronounced as diphthong.

• ei, ai, æi [εi]
• øi [œi]
• yi [ɥi]
• oi [ɔi]
• ui [ui]
• ae [aε]
• oe [ɔε]
• ue [uε]

Writing system

Calcoradish is written in segmental script called Ádian. In Calcoradish, 29 letters are used.

Grammar

Nouns

Noun classes(Grammatical gender)

Any nouns in Calcoradish are classified into two noun classes. There are "material noun" and "non-material noun" in Calcoradish.

• Examples of material noun: nór (a person), vór (a car), vedh (water), geth (a house)
• Examples of non-material noun: vønge (spirit, heart), vadúr (law), chradhem (goodness), vorde (power)

Cases

Calcoradish noun has four cases, nominative, accusative, genitive, and dative. Nominative is unmarked. The other cases are marked with case proposition. The form of genitive is [e + noun], dative is [vem + noun], accusative is [Ø(zero case-proposition) + noun]. Actually, accusative is the same form of nominative.

Nominative will be the subject in the sentence. Accusative, genitive, and dative will be the object in the sentence. You must remember which case will be used as object to the verb. For example, the verb "odǽl"(to eat) needs accusative object. The verb "vethnǿl"(to love) needs genitive object.

Articles

In Calcoradish, there is no distinction between definite articles and indefinite articles. Calcoradish articles are "chol" and "na". "Chol" is used in front of a material noun. "Na" is used in front of a non-material noun.

• Example: chol constadum (a/the building), na cambrál (an/the accident)

Verbs

Form of verbs

Infinitives of verb have ending "-ǽl", "-ǿl" or "-úl". A verb which ends with -ǽl is called "Class I verb". A verb which ends with -ǿl is called "Class II verb". A verb which ends with -úl is called "Class III verb".

	Infinitive ending	Examples
Class I	-ǽl	cadǽl (to open), stǽl (to write)
Class II	-ǿl	grǿl (to obtain), dragǿl (to bring)
Class III	-úl	gardúl (to walk), corúl (to read)

Verbs are conjugated to indicate tense, aspect, and mood. But there is no conjugation for grammatical person(like most of Indo-European languages).

Tenses and Aspects

There are two tenses, past tense and non-past tense(present tense). And there are three aspects, perfective, non-perfective, and future.

They are indicated by conjugation of verb.

Present(non-past) tense

	Perfective	Non-perfective	Future
Class I	-æs	-aer	-ǽm
Class II	-øis	-oer	-ǿm
Class III	-yis	-uer	-ým

When the verb is past tense, at first, you make "past stem" by changing verb's ending.

	Infinitive	Past Stem I	Past Stem II
Class I	-ǽl	-ad-	-ed-
Class II	-ǿl	-od-
Class III	-úl	-ud-

After making past stem, you will add suffix that indicates aspects.

past tense

	Perfective	Non-perfective	Future
Class I	I + -er	II + -aer	II + -ǽm
Class II	I + -er	II + -oer	II + -ǿm
Class III	I + -er	II + -uer	II + -ým

In this table, "I" represents "past stem I", and "II" represents "past stem II".

External link

[1](Written in Japanese)