Proto-Austronesian Hebrew/Morphology: Difference between revisions
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== Nouns == | == Nouns == | ||
Like everything in PAH, nouns are generally derived from tri-consonantal roots. There are some one-letter-root words. They are all masculine. | |||
* グ/gu - noise | |||
* ヅ/du - this | |||
* ス/su - who | |||
* プ/pu - mouth | |||
* ス゚/cu - ship | |||
* ク゚/ŋu - mouse-deer | |||
In the singular-construct state, they are monoptotic and the vowel changes to -ey. | |||
<!-- | |||
There is no b, because of bi- | |||
There is no h, because of ha- | |||
There is no w, because of wi- | |||
There is no k, because of ki- | |||
There is no t, because of ta- | |||
y??? | |||
There is no l, because of li- | |||
There is no m | |||
There is no n | |||
q??? | |||
r??? | |||
//--> | |||
=== Masculine === | === Masculine === | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D | ! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D | ||
| rowspan="2" | 'aku | | rowspan="2" | アク <br /> 'aku | ||
! rowspan="2" | sing. | ! rowspan="2" | sing. | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D | ! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D | ||
| rowspan="2" | 'ani | | rowspan="2" | アニ <br /> 'ani | ||
! rowspan="2" | dual | ! rowspan="2" | dual | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D | ! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D | ||
| 'anīnū | | アニ̅ヌ̅ <br /> 'anīnū | ||
! rowspan="2" | pl. | ! rowspan="2" | pl. | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O | ! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O | ||
| 'anīnī | | アニ̅ニ̅ <br /> 'anīnī | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D | ! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D | ||
| rowspan="2" | 'āttā | | rowspan="2" | ア̅ッタ̅ <br /> 'āttā | ||
| rowspan="2" | 'ātti | | rowspan="2" | ア̅ッチ <br /> 'ātti | ||
! rowspan="2" | sing | ! rowspan="2" | sing | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D | ! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D | ||
| colspan="2" | 'attumā | | colspan="2" | アッツマ̅ <br /> 'attumā | ||
! rowspan="2" | dual | ! rowspan="2" | dual | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O | ! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O | ||
| colspan="2" | 'attumay | | colspan="2" | アッツマィ <br/> 'attumay | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D | ! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D | ||
| 'attumū | | アッツム̅ <br /> 'attumū | ||
| rowspan="2" | 'attinnā | | rowspan="2" | アッチッナ̅ <br /> 'attinnā | ||
! rowspan="2" | plural | ! rowspan="2" | plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O | ! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O | ||
| 'attumī | | アッツミ̅ <br /> 'attumī | ||
|} | |} | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left;" | {| class="wikitable" style="float:left;" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D | ! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D | ||
| huwa | | フワ <br /> huwa | ||
| hiya | | ヒヤ <br /> hiya | ||
! rowspan="2" | sing. | ! rowspan="2" | sing. | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O | ! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O | ||
| huwati | | フワチ <br /> huwati | ||
| hiyati | | ヒヤチ <br /> hiyati | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D | ! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D | ||
| colspan="2" | humā | | colspan="2" | フマ̅ <br /> humā | ||
! rowspan="2" | dual | ! rowspan="2" | dual | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O | ! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O | ||
| colspan="2" | humay | | colspan="2" | フマィ <br /> humay | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D | ! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D | ||
| humū | | フム̅ <br /> humū | ||
| rowspan="2" | hinnā | | rowspan="2" | ヒッナ̅ <br /> hinnā | ||
! rowspan="2" | plural | ! rowspan="2" | plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O | ! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O | ||
| humī | | フミ̅ <br /> humī | ||
|} | |} | ||
<br clear="both" /> | <br clear="both" /> | ||
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=== Relative === | === Relative === | ||
The relative pronoun in PAH seems to be derived from the Akkadian/Ugaritic pronoun *ðu-. The progress of the consonant seems to have been *ð > *z > *s. | The relative pronoun in PAH seems to be derived from the Akkadian/Ugaritic pronoun *ðu-. The progress of the consonant seems to have been *ð > *z > *s. For single-word relative clauses, the relative pronoun acts as a proclitic particle. Otherwise, it stands alone and receives stress on the penultimate/only syllable (as one would expect). | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| case | | case | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D | ! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D | ||
| | | ス<br />su | ||
| サ̅ツ<br />sātu | | サ̅ツ<br />sātu | ||
! rowspan="3" | sing. | ! rowspan="3" | sing. | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | G | ! style="vertical-align:middle;" | G | ||
| | | シ<br />si | ||
| サ̅チ<br />sāti | | サ̅チ<br />sāti | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | I | ! style="vertical-align:middle;" | I | ||
| | | サ<br />sa | ||
| サ̅タ<br />sāta | | サ̅タ<br />sāta | ||
|- | |- | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| case | | case | ||
! | ! Masc. | ||
! | ! Fem. | ||
| # | | # | ||
|- | |- | ||
! - | ! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D | ||
| | | ヅ <br />du | ||
| | | ド̅ツ <br />dōtu | ||
! sing. | ! rowspan="3" | sing. | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! style="vertical-align:middle;" | G | ||
| ヂ <br />di | |||
| ド̅チ <br />dōti | |||
|- | |- | ||
! - | ! style="vertical-align:middle;" | I | ||
| colspan="2" | ' | | ダ <br />da | ||
! plural | | ド̅タ <br />dōta | ||
|- | |||
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D | |||
| colspan="2" | イル̅゜ <br />'illū | |||
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;"| dual <br /> / <br /> plural | |||
|- | |||
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O | |||
| colspan="2" | イリ̅゜ <br />'illī | |||
|} | |} | ||
==== Far ==== | ==== Far ==== | ||
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=== Interrogative and Indefinite === | === Interrogative and Indefinite === | ||
Unlike all the other pronouns, these inflect for personal vs. impersonal, not gender | Unlike all the other pronouns, these inflect for personal vs. impersonal, not gender. Note, the dual and plural forms are sometimes used for emphasis against a single referent. | ||
==== Interrogative ==== | ==== Interrogative ==== | ||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
| case | |||
! Who? | |||
! What(ever)? | |||
| # | |||
|- | |||
! D | |||
| ミ̅ユ <br /> mīyu | |||
| rowspan="3" | マ̅ <br /> mā | |||
! rowspan="3" | sing. | |||
|- | |||
! G | |||
| ミ̅マ <br/> mīya | |||
|- | |||
! I | |||
| ミ̅乂 <br /> mīyi | |||
|- | |||
! D | |||
| ミ̅ヨ̅ミ <br /> mīyōmi | |||
| マ̅マ̅ <br /> māmā | |||
! rowspan="2" | dual | |||
|- | |||
! O | |||
| ミ̅マィミ <br /> mīyaymi | |||
| マ̅マィ <br /> māmay | |||
|- | |||
! D | |||
| ミ̅ユ̅マ <br /> mīyūma | |||
| マ̅ム̅ <br /> māmū | |||
! rowspan="2" | plural | |||
|- | |||
! O | |||
| ミ̅乂̅マ <br /> mīyīma | |||
| マ̅ミ̅ <br /> māmī | |||
|} | |||
==== Indefinite ==== | ==== Indefinite ==== | ||
These forms often take enclitic pronouns. Again, there are personal and impersonal forms, not genders. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ "Which(ever)" | |||
| case | |||
! personal | |||
! impersonal | |||
| # | |||
|- | |||
! D | |||
| マッヌ <br /> mannu | |||
| ミ̅ヌ <br /> mīnu | |||
! rowspan="3" | sing. | |||
|- | |||
! G | |||
| マッナ <br /> manna | |||
| ミ̅ナ <br /> mīna | |||
|- | |||
! I | |||
| マッニ <br /> manni | |||
| ミ̅ニ <br /> mīni | |||
|- | |||
! D | |||
| マッヌマ̅ <br /> mannumā | |||
| ミ̅ヌマ̅ <br /> mīnumā | |||
! rowspan="2" | dual | |||
|- | |||
! O | |||
| マッヌマィ <br /> mannumay | |||
| ミ̅ヌマィ <br /> mīnumay | |||
|- | |||
! D | |||
| マッヌム̅ <br /> mannumū | |||
| ミ̅ヌム̅ <br /> mīnumū | |||
! rowspan="2" | plural | |||
|- | |||
! O | |||
| マッヌミ̅ <br /> mannumī | |||
| ミ̅ヌミ̅ <br /> mīnumī | |||
|} | |||
The dual and plural of '''mannu''' can be used impersonally. The construct forms are '''man-''' and '''mīn-''' in the singular and '''mannum-''' and '''mīnum-''' in the dual/plural. | |||
== Adverbs == | |||
These attach to the indirect/oblique case of the singular noun. | |||
; -(a)h : This is similar to the Old English "-ward" suffix, as in 'earthward' or 'heavenward'. It can be used locally or temporally. Note, this can be identical to the 3rd person feminine singular possessive suffix. 'ahdh = together | |||
; -(a)m : This makes a noun into an adverb, like the English "-ly" suffix. | |||
; -yda : Like the English "times", this attaches to numbers. e.g. tinayda = twice | |||
Independent adverbs include | |||
; tm : there | |||
; hlm/hlny/hnny : here | |||
; `nt/`tn/ht : now | |||
; 'apnk/'idk : then, thereupon | |||
; 'axr : afterwards, after | |||
; 'al : surely with imperfect, not with jussives | |||
; kn : thus | |||
; mid : very much | |||
; 'ayka(m) : how? | |||
; 'iyyi/'i : where? | |||
; 'an : where? | |||
; lima : why? for what | |||
; md` : why? | |||
; lō : not | |||
; bal : no, without | |||
; halū/halā/hlk/hln : behold, is it not | |||
; hinnī? : behold, there | |||
; la/lū : O, vocative marker | |||
; yā + word + m : vocative marker | |||
; ying : there is/are | |||
; ayin : there is/are not | |||
== Particles == | |||
; he : question particle | |||
; wi : common conjunction | |||
; pē : clause conjunction | |||
; ap : also | |||
; 'ō : or, adversative | |||
; hlm : when, as soon as | |||
; hm : if, or | |||
; koy : since, because, if, when, which | |||
; da : until | |||
== Prepositions == | |||
; bi : with, in, from, to | |||
; le : to, on, from | |||
; ki : as, like | |||
; 'atr : after | |||
; beyna : between | |||
; bāda : behind | |||
; taqetay : under |
Revision as of 11:24, 20 January 2013
Nouns
Like everything in PAH, nouns are generally derived from tri-consonantal roots. There are some one-letter-root words. They are all masculine.
- グ/gu - noise
- ヅ/du - this
- ス/su - who
- プ/pu - mouth
- ス゚/cu - ship
- ク゚/ŋu - mouse-deer
In the singular-construct state, they are monoptotic and the vowel changes to -ey.
Masculine
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Direct | -u | -āmi | -ūma |
Genitive | -i | -aymi | -īma |
Indirect | -a |
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Direct | -Ø | -ā | -ū |
Genitive | -Ø | -ay | -ī |
Indirect | -Ø |
Feminine
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Direct | -atu | -atōmi | -ōtu |
Genitive | -ati | -ataymi | -ōti |
Indirect | -ata |
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Direct | -at | -atō | -atū |
Genitive | -at | -atay | -atī |
Indirect | -at |
Pronouns
Personal - Independent
Personal pronouns are often omitted, except in verbless clauses. There are two forms: one can exist independently and the other is a suffix attached to the construct/pronominal-state noun.
case | Common | # |
---|---|---|
D | アク 'aku |
sing. |
O | ||
D | アニ 'ani |
dual |
O | ||
D | アニ̅ヌ̅ 'anīnū |
pl. |
O | アニ̅ニ̅ 'anīnī |
case | Masc. | Fem. | # |
---|---|---|---|
D | ア̅ッタ̅ 'āttā |
ア̅ッチ 'ātti |
sing |
O | |||
D | アッツマ̅ 'attumā |
dual | |
O | アッツマィ 'attumay | ||
D | アッツム̅ 'attumū |
アッチッナ̅ 'attinnā |
plural |
O | アッツミ̅ 'attumī |
case | Masc. | Fem. | # |
---|---|---|---|
D | フワ huwa |
ヒヤ hiya |
sing. |
O | フワチ huwati |
ヒヤチ hiyati | |
D | フマ̅ humā |
dual | |
O | フマィ humay | ||
D | フム̅ humū |
ヒッナ̅ hinnā |
plural |
O | フミ̅ humī |
Personal - Suffix
Sing. | Dual | Pl. | |
---|---|---|---|
1c | -ī* -ya -nī |
-nayā | -nū |
2m | -ka | -kumā | -kum |
2f | -ki | -kun | |
3m | -ō/-hū | -humā | -(hu)m |
3f | -ha/-ah | -(hi)n |
-ī takes the place of the nominative ending -u
Relative
The relative pronoun in PAH seems to be derived from the Akkadian/Ugaritic pronoun *ðu-. The progress of the consonant seems to have been *ð > *z > *s. For single-word relative clauses, the relative pronoun acts as a proclitic particle. Otherwise, it stands alone and receives stress on the penultimate/only syllable (as one would expect).
case | Masc. | Fem. | # |
---|---|---|---|
D | ス su |
サ̅ツ sātu |
sing. |
G | シ si |
サ̅チ sāti | |
I | サ sa |
サ̅タ sāta | |
D | ス̅ツ̅ sūtū |
dual / plural | |
O | ス̅チ̅ sūtī |
Demonstrative
Near
case | Masc. | Fem. | # |
---|---|---|---|
D | ヅ du |
ド̅ツ dōtu |
sing. |
G | ヂ di |
ド̅チ dōti | |
I | ダ da |
ド̅タ dōta | |
D | イル̅゜ 'illū |
dual / plural | |
O | イリ̅゜ 'illī |
Far
The 3rd person personal pronoun is used as if it were a far-deitic pronoun/adjective.
Interrogative and Indefinite
Unlike all the other pronouns, these inflect for personal vs. impersonal, not gender. Note, the dual and plural forms are sometimes used for emphasis against a single referent.
Interrogative
case | Who? | What(ever)? | # |
---|---|---|---|
D | ミ̅ユ mīyu |
マ̅ mā |
sing. |
G | ミ̅マ mīya | ||
I | ミ̅乂 mīyi | ||
D | ミ̅ヨ̅ミ mīyōmi |
マ̅マ̅ māmā |
dual |
O | ミ̅マィミ mīyaymi |
マ̅マィ māmay | |
D | ミ̅ユ̅マ mīyūma |
マ̅ム̅ māmū |
plural |
O | ミ̅乂̅マ mīyīma |
マ̅ミ̅ māmī |
Indefinite
These forms often take enclitic pronouns. Again, there are personal and impersonal forms, not genders.
case | personal | impersonal | # |
---|---|---|---|
D | マッヌ mannu |
ミ̅ヌ mīnu |
sing. |
G | マッナ manna |
ミ̅ナ mīna | |
I | マッニ manni |
ミ̅ニ mīni | |
D | マッヌマ̅ mannumā |
ミ̅ヌマ̅ mīnumā |
dual |
O | マッヌマィ mannumay |
ミ̅ヌマィ mīnumay | |
D | マッヌム̅ mannumū |
ミ̅ヌム̅ mīnumū |
plural |
O | マッヌミ̅ mannumī |
ミ̅ヌミ̅ mīnumī |
The dual and plural of mannu can be used impersonally. The construct forms are man- and mīn- in the singular and mannum- and mīnum- in the dual/plural.
Adverbs
These attach to the indirect/oblique case of the singular noun.
- -(a)h
- This is similar to the Old English "-ward" suffix, as in 'earthward' or 'heavenward'. It can be used locally or temporally. Note, this can be identical to the 3rd person feminine singular possessive suffix. 'ahdh = together
- -(a)m
- This makes a noun into an adverb, like the English "-ly" suffix.
- -yda
- Like the English "times", this attaches to numbers. e.g. tinayda = twice
Independent adverbs include
- tm
- there
- hlm/hlny/hnny
- here
- `nt/`tn/ht
- now
- 'apnk/'idk
- then, thereupon
- 'axr
- afterwards, after
- 'al
- surely with imperfect, not with jussives
- kn
- thus
- mid
- very much
- 'ayka(m)
- how?
- 'iyyi/'i
- where?
- 'an
- where?
- lima
- why? for what
- md`
- why?
- lō
- not
- bal
- no, without
- halū/halā/hlk/hln
- behold, is it not
- hinnī?
- behold, there
- la/lū
- O, vocative marker
- yā + word + m
- vocative marker
- ying
- there is/are
- ayin
- there is/are not
Particles
- he
- question particle
- wi
- common conjunction
- pē
- clause conjunction
- ap
- also
- 'ō
- or, adversative
- hlm
- when, as soon as
- hm
- if, or
- koy
- since, because, if, when, which
- da
- until
Prepositions
- bi
- with, in, from, to
- le
- to, on, from
- ki
- as, like
- 'atr
- after
- beyna
- between
- bāda
- behind
- taqetay
- under