Khangaþyagon Verbs

Verbs

Khangaþyagon is an agglutinating language, and its grammatical affixes are suffixes - the native term is segunakar, "follow-parts".

Stem, Person, Infinitive and Participles

The stem of a verb always ends in a consonant. This is obligatorily followed by either one of the person suffixes

a

1p

e

2p

i

3p

which refer to the person of the subject of the verb, or the infinitive ending

o

infinitive

or by a participle suffix

on/ont

present participle

osht

past participle

A participle may refer to a person characterised by the action, rather than the action itself. Which sense a participle has is entirely lexical, as is whether the verb has the "on" or "ont" form of the present participle. These do not correlate.

These may then be followed by the following segunakar, in order of occurrence

Reflexiveness

d+reduplication of person ending

Reflexive. Indicates that the direct object of the verb is identical with the subject.

Continuous aspect

ha

Continuous. Indicates an ongoing or habitual, as in "be doing" or "keep doing".

yagaha ya

I am speaking

Perfect aspect

fœ

Perfect. Indicates a completed action. The English equivalent is "have done"

yagafœ ya

I have spoken

yagahafœ ya

I have been speaking

Tense

ng

past tense

kh

future tense

Present is unmarked

Voice

uf

passive

Active is unmarked.

A reflexive passive indicates that the subject is the indirect cause of an action that affects himself.

gwenda ya

I hide (would normally require an object)

gwendada ya

I hide myself

gwenda'uf ya

I am hidden

gwendada'uf ya

I get myself hidden

Mood

azh

Conditional

lt

Imperative

dau

Interrogative

Indicative is unmarked

Negation

she

not

Number

This refers to the number of the subject of the verb.

(a)r

plural

The a appears epenthetically when this segunak follows a consonant.

Paradigm Summary

The form of the verb can thus be summarised as
{set of alternatives, separated by commas}
[optional segunak]
stem+{person,infinitive,participle}+[Reflexiveness]+[continuous]+[perfect]+[tense]+[voice]+[mood]+[negation]+[number]

The Existential Verb

The equivalent of "there is" is indicated by using the verb dah- (be) in the passive voice, eg

dahiuf rik

there is a man

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