Kiswona: Difference between revisions

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= Anaphora =
= Anaphora =
== Personal Pronouns ==
== Personal Pronouns ==
Personal pronouns are used exclusively to refer to animate referents.
{| cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
! || Singular ||colspan="2"| Dual ||colspan="2"| Plural
|-
! || || Inclusive || Exclusive || Inclusive || Exclusive
|-
| 1st Person || style="background-color: #ddd; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-left: 1px solid #aaa;"| u || style="background-color: #ddd; border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"| iku || style="background-color: #ddd; border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"| igu || style="background-color: #ddd; border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"| (i)di || style="background-color: #ddd; border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"| isdi
|-
| 2nd Person || style="border-left: 1px solid #aaa;"| (i)ne ||colspan="2"| (i)ndwe ||colspan="2"| (i)nle
|-
| 3rd Person || style="background-color: #ddd; border-left: 1px solid #aaa;"| o || style="background-color: #ddd;" colspan="2"| e || style="background-color: #ddd;" colspan="2"| a
|}
== Classifiers ==
== Classifiers ==



Revision as of 08:23, 26 August 2012




Kiswóna
Pronounced: [kiˈzwo˦na]
Species: Ondasi
Typology
Morphological type: Agglutinating
Morphosyntactic alignment: Fluid-S
Basic word order: SOV
Credits
Creator: User:Babelfish

About

Kiswona is the lingua franca and literary/liturgical language of the Ondasi nation.

Terms and Legend

1 1st person COM comitative case INCH inchoative aspect OPT optative mood
2 2nd person COND conditional mood INCL inclusive P patientive case
3 3rd person DFUT distant future tense IND indicative mood PER perlative case
A agentive case DPST distant past tense INE inessive case PFV perfective aspect
ABL ablative case DU dual INH inhortative mood PL plural
ADE adessive case DUB dubitative mood INST instrumental case POT potential mood
ALL allative case ELA elative case INT intensive PRS present tense
ASS assumptive mood EXCL exclusive IPFV imperfective aspect REC reciprocal voice
ATT attenuative EXH exhortative mood NEC necessitative mood REL relativizer
BENE benefactive case GEN genitive case NEG negation SG singular
CAUSV causative voice GNO gnomic aspect NFUT near future tense SUB subessive case
CAUS causative case HAB habitual aspect NPST near past tense SUBJ subjunctive mood
CESS cessative aspect ILL illative case OBL oblique case SUP superessive case
CLS classifier IMP imperative mood OBV obviative mood VOC vocative case

Phonology

Phoneme Inventory

Consonants

Consonants
Labio-velar Dental Alveolar Post-alv. Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal n /n/
Plosive t /t/ d /d/ k /k/ g /g/ q /ʔ/
Fricative s /s/ ŝ /ʃ/ ŷ /ç/ h /x/
Affricate ts /ts/ c /t͡ʃ/
Approximants ŵ /ʍ/ w /w/ y /j/
Lateral Fricative tl /ɬ/
Lateral Approximant l /l/


Vowels

Vowels
Front Near-front Central Near-back Back
High i u
Near-high
High-mid e o
Mid
Low-mid
Near-low
Low a


There is a phonemic distinction between short and long vowels, long vowels are indicated in the orthography by doubling.

Phonotactics

Syllables in Kiswóna have the shape (C)(C)V(n/l/ŝ). Coda l is very rare and tends to be subject to subject to sound changes if the following syllable has an onset. Coda ŝ only occurs as a result of the agentive marker -ŝ. All consonants can be geminate in medial position.

Legal onsets
Initial Medial Initial Medial Initial Medial Initial Medial Initial Medial Initial Medial
nd nd dw dw ks ks gw gw sw sw
nk nk dy dy gy gy
ng ng gl gl
nq kl kl
ns
nh
nts
nc
ns
nw nw
ny ny
nl nl


Hiatus is restricted, a glottal stop is inserted wherever it would occur due to morphological processes.

Orthography

Allophony

Stress

Kiswóna has lexical pitch accent indicated by an acute accent on vowels, realized as a raised pitch. Words without raised pitch in the root receive stress on the first syllable.

Animacy Hierarchy

Verbs, Adjectives and Adverbs

Verb Morphology

Tense

Kiswóna possesses five tense distinctions: the present, near and distant future and near and distant past. The near tenses are generally used to describe things that took place at a specific, known time within the past season. The distant tenses are used for actions that either took place more than a season ago or whose exact time is unknown or irrelevant. The present (PRS) is unmarked. The near future (NFUT) is marked by [ -nd ] while the distant future (DFUT) is marked by [ -nw ]. The near past (NPST) is marked by [ -tl ] and the distant past (DPST) is marked by [ -t ].

Aspect

A number of aspectual distinctions are made by Kiswóna's verb system. Aspect is the only verb modifier required under all circumstances. The intensive and attenuative markers reduplicate the vowel from the preceding aspect marker after their own marker. Aspects used include the following:

Perfective (PFV): [ -a ] Describes a discrete, completed action, e.g. I ate yesterday.
Imperfective (IPFV): [ -e ] Describes an ongoing action, e.g. I was eating.
Habitual (HAB): [ -i ] Describes an action performed regularly, e.g. I used to eat.
Gnomic (GNO): [ -o ] Describes basic truths, e.g. People eat.
Inchoative (INCH): [ -u ] Describes the beginning of an action, e.g. I started eating.
Cessative (CESS): [ -ul ] Describes the ending of an action, e.g. I stopped eating.

Mood

Kiswóna also distinguishes between a variety of moods.

Indicative (IND): [ -∅ ] Used for statements of fact, e.g. I eat.
Conditional (COND): [ -nu ] Describes an action contingent on another condition, e.g. I would eat.
Potential (POT): [ -ne ] Declares the possibility of an action’s occurrence, e.g. I can eat.
Subjunctive (SUBJ): [ -gwe ] Covers hypothetical and contrafactual statements not covered by other moods.
Assumptive (ASS): [ -ya ] The statement is assumed to be true based on past experience.
Obviative (OBV): [ -swa ] The statement is considered self-evidently true. Often used sarcastically, considered rude in most circumstances.
Dubitative (DUB): [ -tse ] Expresses doubt as to the veracity of the statement.
Optative (OPT): [ -du ] The speaker hopes that the statement is true.
Necessitative (NEC): [ -di ] The agent must undertake the indicated action.
Exhortative (EXH): [ -ke ] The agent is strongly encouraged to take the indicated action.
Inhortative (INH): [ -ge ] The agent is strongly discouraged from taking the indicated action.
Imperative (IMP): [ -so ] The agent is commanded to take the indicated action.

Voice

Because verb arguments are marked for agency, certain distinctions of grammatical voice are meaningless in Kiswona, e.g. the passive or antipassive voice. Kiswona does possess a reciprocal voice in which two or more arguments are marked as agentive and it expresses the fact that the marked arguments are performing the action upon each other. The reciprocal voice is marked by –(a)n. It also possesses a causative voice, marked by –wa, which expresses that the patient has performed the action due to force, coercion or encouragement from the agent. In the case of transitive verbs, the actor being impelled takes the causative case while the remaining argument takes its normal case (patientive or oblique).

Ditransitive Constructions

Adjectives

Adverbs

Nouns

Case System

Agentive (A): [ -ŝ ] The actor performing the action.
Patientive (P): [ -n ] The patient subject to the action.
Oblique (OBL): [ -tl ] Used in ditransitive constructions to mark the argument not receiving the patientive case.
Causative (CAU): [ -we ] In causative constructions, used to mark the actor being impelled to perform the action.
Benefactive (BEN): [ -le ] The action is performed for the marked referent.
Instrumental (INS): [ -te ] The object used to carry out the specified action.
Adessive (ADE): [ -ye ] The action occurs on/around the marked object.
Inessive (INE): [ -ya ] The action occurs within the marked object.
Subessive (SUB): [ -yu ] The action occurs beneath the marked object.
Superessive (SUP): [ -yo ] The action occurs above the marked object.
Ablative (ABL): [ -ka ] Action directed away from the marked object.
Elative (ELA): [ -ga ] Action directed out of the marked object.
Allative (ALL): [ -ku ] Action directed to the marked object.
Illative (ILL): [ -gu ] Action directed into the marked object.
Perlative (PER): [ -so ] Action directed through the marked object.
Comitative (COM): [ -gka ] The marked object is grouped with the preceding element.
Genitive (GEN): [ -ko ] The marked object owns/possesses/is related to the preceding element.
Vocative (VOC): [ -ki ] Marks the person being addressed.

Postpositions

Interrogatives

Polar Questions

Tag Questions

Wh-questions

Anaphora

Personal Pronouns

Personal pronouns are used exclusively to refer to animate referents.

Singular Dual Plural
Inclusive Exclusive Inclusive Exclusive
1st Person u iku igu (i)di isdi
2nd Person (i)ne (i)ndwe (i)nle
3rd Person o e a

Classifiers

Deixis

Place

Discourse

Social

Connectives

Syntax

Derivational Morphology

Derivations from Verbs

Verb to Verb

  • Intensification: e.g. eat > devour
The suffix -s(v) intensifies the verb, (v) is a reduplication of the final vowel in the verb root.
Ex. gattlá (eat) > gattlása (devour)
  • Attenuation: e.g. eat > barely eat, snack
The suffix -ts(v) diminishes the verb, (v) is a reduplication of the final vowel in the verb root.
Ex. gattlá (eat) > gattlátsa (devour)

Verb to Noun

  • Person who is performing an action: e.g. run > runner
The infix -un- is used to indicate the performer of a verb. It is inserted before the final syllable.
Ex. iŵano (discover) > iŵaqunno (discoverer)
  • Someone who does something along with someone else: e.g. run > running partner
The infix -gun- is used to indicate someone who performs a verb along with another. It is
inserted before the final syllable.
Ex. iŵano (discover) > iŵagunno (co-discoverer)

Verb to Adjective

Verb to Adverb

Derivations from Nouns

Noun to Noun

  • Opposite (quality): e.g. happy > sad
The prefix l(i)- is often used to indicate the opposite of a noun.
Ex. inŝa (dignity) > linŝa (shame)

Noun to Verb

  • To be like NOUN:
The first syllable of the noun is reduplicated.
Ex. nguqaya (truth) > ngunguqaya (to be true or honest)

Noun to Adjective

Noun to Adverb

Derivations from Adjectives

Adjective to Adjective

Adjective to Verb

Adjective to Noun

Adjective to Adverb

Derivations from Adverbs

Adverb to Adverb

Adverb to Verb

Adverb to Noun

Adverb to Adjective

Numbers

Example Texts