Ibran sound changes

Sound changes from Latin to Ibran.

Common changes

(Changes to Ibran-flavored Vulgar Latin.)

№	Phonetic Rule	Orthographic Rule	Example
1	m > ∅ / __#	m > ∅ / __#	causam	ˈkau.sam	>	causa	ˈkau.sa
	m > n / __#	m > n / __#	jam	ˈjam	>	jan	ˈjan
	The latter change applies in some function words and probably all monosyllables.
2	{ m, ŋ } > n / __n	{ m, g } > n / __n	cognoscere	koŋ.nosˈkeːre	>	connoscere	kon.nosˈkeːre
3	{ t, k, d } > ∅ / __#	{ t, c, d } > ∅ / __#	potit	ˈpo.tit	>	poti	ˈpo.ti
4	h > ∅	h > ∅	habere	haˈbeːre	>	abere	aˈbeːre
5	{ e, i }[-stress][+penult] > j / __V	{ e, i }[-stress][+penult] > j / __V	perdiu	ˈper.di.uː	>	perdju	ˈper.djuː
6	V[-stress][+penult] > ∅	V[-stress][+penult] > ∅	genere	ˈɡe.ne.re	>	genre	ˈɡen.re
7	tk > tʃ	tc > z[confirm]	portcu	ˈport.ku	>	porzu	ˈpor.tʃu
	*|ch| might or might not make more sense as an outcome
8	{ a, aː }[+stress] > ɑ	no change	parte	ˈpar.te	>	parte	ˈpɑr.te
	{ e, aj }[+stress] > ɛ	ae[+stress] > e	gente caecu	ˈɡen.te ˈkaj.ku	> >	gente cecu	ˈɡɛn.te ˈkɛ.ku
	{ i, eː, oj }[+stress] > e	{ i, e, oe }[+stress] > é	spissu jacere foedu	ˈspis.su jaˈkeːre ˈfoj.du	> > >	spéssu jacére fédu	ˈspes.su jaˈke.re ˈfe.du
	iː[+stress] > i	no change	audire	auˈdiːre	>	audire	auˈdi.re
	o[+stress] > ɔ	no change	ovu	ˈo.vu	>	ovu	ˈɔ.vu
	{ u, oː, au }[+stress] > o	{ u, o, au }[+stress] > ó	muttu totu paucu	ˈmut.tu ˈtoːtu ˈpau.ku	> > >	móttu tótu pócu	ˈmot.tu ˈto.tu ˈpo.ku
	uː[+stress] > u	no change	unu	ˈuːnu	>	unu	ˈu.nu
9	{ a, aː }[-stress] > ɑ	no change	marritu	marˈri.tu	>	marrito	mɑrˈri.tɔ
	{ i, eː, e, oj, aj }[-stress] > ɛ	{ i, oe, ae }[-stress] > e	bibére	biˈbe.re	>	bebére	bɛˈbe.rɛ
	iː[-stress] > i	no change	ficatu	fiːˈkɑ.tu	>	ficato	fiˈkɑ.tɔ
	{ u, oː, o, au }[-stress] > ɔ	{ u, au }[-stress] > o	audire	auˈdi.re	>	odire	ɔˈdi.rɛ
	uː[-stress] > u	no change	tutare	tuːˈtɑ.re	>	tutare	tuˈtɑ.rɛ

Verb endings

Latin verbs in -ere generally merge with those in -ēre. The following are the ancestral forms of the Ibran verb endings.

Verbs in -āre (-áre)

• Present: -o, -as, -a, -ámos, -átes, -an.
• Imperfect: -á, -ás, -á, -ámos, -átes, -án.
• Preterite: -ái, -ásti, -áe, -ámos, -ástes, -áron.
• Present subjunctive: -e, -es, -e, -ẹ́mos, -ẹ́tes, -en.
• Imperfect subjunctive: -ásse, -ásses, -ásse, -assẹ́mos, -assẹ́tes, -ássen.

Verbs in -ēre and -ĕre (-ẹ́re)

• Pres. -jo/-o, -es, -e, -ẹ́mos, -ẹ́tes, -en.
• Impf. -ẹ́a, -ẹ́as, -ẹ́a, -eámos, -eátes, -ẹ́an.
• Pret. -i, -ẹ́sti, -e, -ímos, -ístes, -ẹ́ron.
• Pr.subj. -a, -as, -a, -ámos, -átes, -an.
• Impf.subj. -ẹ́sse, -ẹ́sses, -ẹ́sse, -essẹ́mos, -essẹ́tes, --ẹ́ssen.

Verbs in -īre (-íre)

• Pres. -jo, -is, -e, -ímos, -ítes, -jon.
• Impf. -jẹ́a, -jẹ́as, -jẹ́a, -jeámos, -jeátes, -jẹ́an.
• Pret. -í, -ísti, -íe, -ímos, -ístes, -iẹ́ron.
• Pr.subj. -ja, -jas, -ja, -jámos, -játes, -jan.
• Impf.subj. -ísse, -ísses, -ísse, -issẹ́mos, -issẹ́tes, -íssen.

Early changes

№	Phonetic Rule	Orthographic Rule	Example
1	{ [+stop], [+fric] }[+voice]j > dʒ	{ [+stop], [+fric] }[+voice]j > j	perdju	ˈpɛr.dju	>	perju	ˈper.dʒu
2	{ [+stop], [+fric] }[-voice]j > tʃ	{ [+stop], [+fric] }[-voice]j > z[confirm]	propjo	ˈprɔ.pjɔ	>	prozo	ˈprɔ.tʃɔ
	* Should be spelled the same way as the outcome of VL#7 above.
3	j > dʒ / { #, V }__V	no change	jocare	jɔˈkɑ.rɛ	>	jocare	dʒɔˈkɑ.rɛ
	* Sometimes #1 or #3 may result in |y| /j/ instead.
4	{ nn, nj } > ɲ	{ nn, nj } > nh	connoscére	kɔn.nɔsˈke.rɛ	>	conhoscére	kɔ.ɲɔsˈke.rɛ
5	{ ll, lj } > ʎ	{ ll, lj } > ll[confirm]	stella	ˈstɛl.lɑ	>	stella	ˈstɛ.ʎɑ
	* Why isn't this |lh|, parallel with |nh| from #4?
6	{ d, ɡ } > ∅ / V__V	{ d, g } > ∅ / V__V	vedére	vɛˈde.rɛ	>	veére	vɛˈe.rɛ
7	b > v / V__V	b > v / V__V	abére	ɑˈbe.rɛ	>	avére	ɑˈve.rɛ
8	{ ɑ, ɛ }{ i, ɛ }[-stress] > ɛj	{ a, e }{ i, e }[-stress] > ei	pee	ˈpɛ.ɛ	>	pei	ˈpɛj
9	{ ɛ, i }[-stress] > j / e__	e[-stress] > i / é__	fée	ˈfe.ɛ	>	féi	ˈfej
10	{ i }[-stress] > j / { ɔ, o }__	no change	ói	ˈo.i	>	ói	ˈoj
11	k > tʃ / __V[+front]	no change	dicére	diˈke.rɛ	>	dicére	diˈtʃe.rɛ
	ɡ > dʒ / __V[+front]	no change	gente	ˈɡɛn.tɛ	>	gente	ˈdʒɛn.tɛ
	kʷ > kʲ / __V[+front]	no change	porque	pɔrˈkʷɛ	>	porque	pɔrˈkʲɛ
	ɡʷ > ɡʲ / __V[+front]	no change	anguélla	ɑnˈɡʷe.ʎɑ	>	anguélla	ɑnˈɡʲe.ʎɑ
12	k > kʲ / __ɑ	no change	locale	lɔˈkɑ.lɛ	>	locale	lɔˈkʲɑ.lɛ
	ɡ > ɡʲ / __ɑ	no change	galbino	ɡɑlˈbi.nɔ	>	galbino	ɡʲɑlˈbi.nɔ
	kʷ > k / __ɑ	no change	qualqué	ˈkʷɑl.ke	>	qualqué	ˈkɑl.ke
	ɡʷ > ɡ / __ɑ	no change	léngua	ˈlen.ɡʷɑ	>	léngua	ˈlen.ɡɑ
13	kʷ > k̠ / __V[+back]	no change	quómdo	ˈkʷom.dɔ	>	quómdo	ˈk̠om.dɔ
	ɡʷ > ɡ̠ / __V[+back]	no change	exténguo	ɛksˈten.ɡʷɔ	>	exténguo	ɛksˈten.ɡ̠ɔ
14	p > b / V__V	p > b / V__V	sapére	sɑˈpe.rɛ	>	sabére	sɑˈbe.rɛ
	f > v / V__V	f > v / V__V	proféta	prɔˈfe.tɑ	>	provéla	prɔˈve.lɑ
	l > d / V__VtV	l > d / V__VtV	oblitare	ɔb.liˈtɑ.rɛ	>	obdilare	ɔb.diˈlɑ.rɛ
	t > d / VtV__V	t > d / VtV__V	veretate	vɛ.rɛˈtɑ.tɛ	>	verelade	vɛ.rɛˈlɑ.dɛ
	t > l / V__V	t > l / V__V	pote	ˈpɔ.tɛ	>	pole	ˈpɔ.lɛ
	s > z / V__V	no change	cósa	ˈko.sɑ	>	cósa	ˈko.zɑ
	k > ɡ / V__V	{ c, q } > g / V__V	veraco	vɛˈrɑ.ko	>	verago	vɛˈrɑ.ɡɔ
	kʲ > ɡʲ / V__V	{ c, q } > g / V__V	locale	lɔˈkʲɑ.lɛ	>	logale	lɔˈɡʲɑ.lɛ
	k̠ > ɡ̠ / V__V	qu > gu / V__V	sequo	ˈsɛ.k̠ɔ	>	seguo	ˈsɛ.ɡ̠ɔ
15	p > b / V__{ r, l }	p > b / V__{ r, l }	Aprile	ɑˈpri.lɛ	>	Abrile	ɑˈbri.lɛ
	t > d / V__{ r, l }	t > d / V__{ r, l }	matre	ˈmɑ.trɛ	>	madre	ˈmɑ.drɛ
	k > ɡ / V__{ r, l }	c > g / V__{ r, l }	oclo	ˈɔk.lɔ	>	oglo	ˈɔɡ.lo

1. /f/ → /v/ |V| _[r,l]
2. /tt kk ss rr/ → /t k s r/ |T C SS R|
3. /ɑ[velar] e[velar] i[velar] o[velar] u[velar] → /ɑɛ̯ ɛj ej ɔɛ̯ oj/ |AE EI EI OE OI/ (|ae ęj ẹj oe ọj|) [stressedV]_[dental,nasal]
   • the [velar] may be a lateral
4. /ɑ[velar,dental] e[velar,dental] i[velar,dental] o[velar,dental] u[velar,dental] → /ɑɛ̯ ɛj ej ɔɛ̯ oj/ |AE EI EI OE OI/ (|ae ęj ẹj oe ọj|) [stressedV]_[sibilant]

   But /i[velar,dental][sibilant] u[velar,dental][sibilant]/ → /i[sibilant+long] u[sibilant+long]/

   (complicated... but basically:

   aKT aKN aKS/aTS → aeT aeN aeS

   eKT eKN eKS/eTS → eiT eiN eiS

   iKT iKN iKS/iTS → éiT éiN iSS

   oKT oKN oKS/oTS → oeT oeN oeS

   uKT uKN uKS/uTS → óiT óiN uSS)

   The eKT... ond oKT... rules go into effect whichever quality of E vowel is involved. In unstressed syllables—I won't bother writing the rule here—the element assimilates:

   aKT aKN aKS/aTS → aTT aNN aSS

   eKT eKN eKS/eTS → eTT eNN eSS

   iKT iKN iKS/iTS → iTT iNN iSS

   oKT oKN oKS/oTS → oTT oNN oSS

   uKT uKN uKS/uTS → uTT uNN uSS

5. /ɔ u/[-stress] → /a œ/ |A EV| (|à eu|) _C[V+front]
6. /ɑ e o/ → /a i œ/ |A I EV| (|à i eu|) _/ɲ,ʎ/
7. /ɑrj erj orj/ → /aːr ɛːr œːr/ |AIR EIR EUR|
8. /ɑ/ → /a/ r_ (unless _r or _[velar])
9. /ɛ e ɔ o/ → /jɛ je ɔj/wɛ uː/o/ |IE IE OI/UE UO/O| when stressed.

   ɔj/wɛ — wɛ in syllables closed by sonorants, ɔj elsewhere

   uː/o — uː in open syllables, o in closed ones. (The spelling |uo| comes from an intermediate /wo/ stage)

   e/ɛ — do not palatalize after shibilants

10. /f/ → /h/ |h| _[V+round]
11. final V (including /a/ but not /ɑ/), and V before final /s/ ← ∅ (unless restored by analogy)
12. final /ɑ/ → /ə/ |e|
13. /ɑ/ between the initial syllable and the stressed syllable reduces to /ə/ |a|
14. other vowels between the initial syllable and the stressed syllable drop if the syllable structure allows it, or reduce to /ə/ |e| if not
15. plural /ɔs ɑs/ reduce to /əs/ |es| (plural /ɛs/ just becomes /s/ by a previous rule)
16. initial unstressed /ɛ/ or /i/ disappear.
17. /m/ → /w̃/ |ũ| _C
18. [labial,lateral] → /w/ |u| _C
19. /aw ɑw əw ʌw/ → /oː/
20. /ɛw ew iw/ → /œː øː yː/
21. /ɔw ow uw/ → /oː oː uː/

About this point (the beginning of the Old Ibran period) the orthography stabilizes, including the introduction of some accent marks to alleviate homography.

Later changes

1. Nasalized vowels denasalize
2. /Vn/ → /V~/ finally and before consonants
3. Neutralization of voicing in fricatives (which assimilate in voicing to the following phoneme, or voiceless when final)
4. /u/ → /y/
5. /ʎ/ → /j/ (/iʎ/ → /iː/ finally or before consonants)
6. /ɡl/ → /lː/
7. /tʃ tʃː dʒ dʒː/ → /ç tʃ ʝ dʒ/
8. /i/ after a hiatus → /ji/

Roesan changes

1. /õ ã/ → /ũ ɐ̃/
2. syllable-initial /j/ → /ʝ/; /dj tj sj/ → /ɟʝ cç ç/
3. /s/ assimilates to following consonants
4. /je(ː) wo(ː) wø(ː)/ → /ji(ː) u(ː) y(ː)/ in closed syllables
5. /w/ → ∅ _[V+rounded]
6. /kʲ ɡʲ/ → /tʃ dʒ/
7. /k ɡ/ → /kʲ ɡʲ/
8. /k̠ ɡ̠/ → /k ɡ/
9. final stops devoice
10. loss of schwa in final syllables
11. loss of /h/
12. /ɔɛ ɑɛ/ → /ɔː aː/
13. /ej ɛj/ → /ɛj/
14. /oj ɔj/ → /œj/

Paysan changes

1. /ĩ õ ỹ/ → /ɛ̃ ɔ̃ œ̃/
2. /a (ã)/ → /æ (æ̃)/
3. /s/ → ∅ before following consonants (/esC osC/ → /ɛC ɔC/)
4. /je(ː) wo(ː) wø(ː)/ → /i(ː) u(ː) y(ː)/ in closed syllables
5. Unstressed short vowels → /ə/ (even in diphthonɡs, thus /əj/)
6. /kʲ ɡʲ/ → /tʃ dʒ/
7. /k̠ ɡ̠/ → /k ɡ/
8. /ɔɛ̃ ɑɛ̃/ /ɔ̃ː æ̃ː/
9. /ɔɛ oj ɑɛ/ → /ɔj ɔj ɑj/
10. /ɡ/ → /x/