Proto-Uralic/E

Std. PU *e_i

Finnic *e_i, Permic *oo, Khanty *e

Lexeme	Finnic	Samic	Mordv.	Mari	Permic	Hung.	Mansi	Khanty	Samoy.	Comments
*ê_i (S. *ɤ_ɤ, Mo. *e, Ms. *i, Smy *ê → Ng. /ɨ/, *i elsewhere)										Old cases mostly open syllables
"to fear"	*pel-kä-	*pɤlɤ-	peĺe-	-	*pool-	feel-	*pil-	*pel-	*pêj-
"blood"	*veri	*vɤrɤ	veŕ	*wʏr	*vir	veer	*wiɣər	*wer	-
"water"	*veci	-	veď	*wʏt	*voo	viiz	*wit	-	*wêt	← IE?
"to go"	*mene-	*mɤnɤ-	-	*mije-	*mun(ɨ)-	mën-	*min-	*men-	*mên-	Ma. cf. Kar. mäne-
"to do"	*teke-	*tɤkɤ-	teje~tije-	-	-	tëv-	*tij-	*tej-	-	← IE
"lip"	-	*pɤŋsɤm	-	-	-	-	*piťem	*peɬem	*peptän	-ms- ?
"to take"	*vee-	*vīkɤ-	vije-	-	*vaj(ɨ)-	vi-	*wi-	*we-	*ü-	*êx > *ix in S/Mo??
"owl"	*hüüp-	*ɤpɤkē	-	-	-	-	*jipəɣ	*jepəɣ	-	Onomatopoetics in F.?
"warm"	E. eha	NS áccagas	eže-	-	-	-	*iš-	-	-
"bee"	*mehi-	-	mekš	*mükš	*mooš	meex	-	-	-	← II
"honey"	*meci	-	meď	*müj	*moo	meez	-	-	-	← II
"skin"	*keri	*kɤrɤ	keŕ	*kʏr	*koor	keerëg	*kiir	*käär	-	ObU *kEr
"skin"	*keci	*kɤtɤ	keď	-	-	-	-	-	*kêt	Cf. prev; also *käðʲi → P. *kiĺ, Ms. *kääĺən
"to must"	-	*kɤlkɤ-	keĺge-	Me. küle- ~ Hi. kele-	*kool-	kell-	-	-	-	Cf. IE. Check if not *i?
"young tree, twig"	-	-	-	*nörɣə	*ńɤr	ńiir	*ńir ~ TJ ńär	*nér	-	Smy. #nËrkə "willow" may not belong - or is this *ë?
"exchange"	*vero	-	veŕe-nc	*werć-	U. vur	-	-	*weer	-
"handle"	-	*nɤvtɤ	-	-	*nud	-	-	-	-	*-ŋt-. Check if not *i
"middle"	*keski	*kɤskɤ	keska	-	*koos	-	-	-	-
"throat"	*kero	*kɤrɤs	-	-	*goor	-	-	-	-
"to wash"	*pese-	*pɤsɤ-	pezo-	-	-	-	-	-	-	← IE
"to stretch"	*venü-	*vɤnɤ-	veńeme-	-	-	-	-	-	*wênä	Smy "rope"
"boat"	*veneh	*vɤnɤs	veńeš	-	-	-	-	-	-
"to be in time"	*ehti-	*ɤstɤ-	-	*əšte-	K. eštɨ-	-	-	-	-	K. ← F?
"leaf"	*lehti	*lɤstɤ	-	*ləštaš	-	-	-	-	-	← IE
"work"	*töö	-	ťev	-	-	-	-	-	-	*têwi; cf. *têki
"lime, bast"	*lehmus	-	ĺevos	-	-	-	-	-	-
"dove"	F metti- ~ E meikka-	-	meče	-	-	-	-	-	-
"pestle"	*petkel	-	peťkeĺ	-	-	-	-	-	-
"feather"	*hewhen	*sɤvsɤm	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	NB difthong! Newer loan? -n ~ -m doesn't match
"to tear"	*repe-	*rɤpɤ-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
"next"	*enti	*ɤvtɤ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	*-ŋt-
"stalk, axle"	-	-	E. sad	*šüðər	*zoo	-	-	-	-
*e_i (S. *ē_ɤ, Mo. *i, Smy. *i; cf. *äx)										all old cases long or difthongal?
"to cook"	-	-	pije-	-	K. pu-	(föö-)	*pääj-	-	*pi-	*pexi-; cf. *pEsa- !
"matter"	-	*sējɤ	sij	*šü	*śiś	eev	*säj	*ɬöj	*tiəj	*sexji
"7"	*sejcem	*čēčɤm	śiśem	*səm	*śiźɨm	-	-	-	-	← IE?
"lichen on trees"	-	*jēvjɤmē	-	-	-	-	-	*jej	*jüjə	Pre-Smy *ew → *ü ?
"to sell"	*möö-	*mēkɤ-	mije-	-	*med	-	*miɣ-	*me-	*mi-	*mexi
"round"	*kehkerä	-	kičkere	*kəškär	-	-	-	-
"to drink"	*seemV-	-	śime-	-	-	-	-	-	-	(check if a loan)
"brother"	*velji	*vēljɤ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Short! ← IE?
"clear"	*selke-	*čēlkɤ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Liv. sieldɤ. Cf. F. *selvä "ibid."
"to boil"	*kee-, *kei-	*kí-	-	*küa-	-	köve-	-	-	-
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*E_i (as per *e_i but Ms, Kh *ii)										generally coda glides, but note *Eði, *kEri
"mushroom"	*seeni	*čānā	-	*šeen	U. śeńki	-	*šiinəɣ	*säänəɣ	-	*śExni ?
"to cut"	*vejci	-	-	-	K. vɤź-	vees-	-	*wäänť-	-	K. delabzn / loss of *ŋ? F. "knife"
"girl"	*nejtVj	*nējtɤ	ni	-	*nɨl	-	*nii	*niiŋ	*nê	Wrt. S (& Mo?) cf. difthong
"to eat"	*söö-	-	śeve-	-	*śooj	ëv-	*tii-, *tääj-	*ɬii-	*ti-mä	Smy. "tooth". U. *oo₂ → i between palatals? Sibilant & medial mismatch!
"soul, breath, steam"	*lewlü	*lēvlɤ	-	-	*lool	leelek	*liil	*ɬiiɬ	-	Wrt. S, cf. difthong
"front"	*eti	-	-	-	-	elöö	*iil	*iiɬ	*ê/ir-	Smy. "row"
"edge"	-	-	-	-	-	seel	*siil	*siiɬ	-
Finnic *öö is confusing
"to hit"	*löö-	-	-	*lüje-	K. lɨj-	löv-	*li-	-	*jöw-	*lêxi? *lêwi?

Std. PU *e_a

Finnic *e_ä, Samic *ea_ē, Mordvinic *i_ɜ, Permic *oo, Mansi *ä, Khanty *e (/*ö next to a velar), Samoyedic *ê (not *i!)

Lexeme	Finnic	Samic	Mordv.	Mari	Permic	Hung.	Mansi	Khanty	Samoy.	Comments
*e_a → Ms *ä, Kh *e/*öɣ, Smy *ê (not *i!)
"to liv"	*elä-	*ealē-	-	*ɪle-	*ool-	eel-	*jäl-	*jeɬ-	*êlä-	Is ObU *j- original? Mo. *era-?
"to beg"	*kerjät-	-	-	-	*koor-	keer-	-	-	-	~ F. *kerät- "to collect"
"skillful"	*seppä	*čeappē	-	-	-	seep	-	-	-
"ear"	-	*pealjē	*piĺɜ	*pələš	*peĺ	fül	*päĺ	*peɬ	-
"big, uncle"	*enä	*eanē	*ińɜ	-	*uuna	-	*jänə	*enə	*ênä
"to shake"	-	-	-	*rʏze-	-	rësk	*räsɣ-	*reńť-	-
"blade"	*terä	*tearē	-	*tʏr	-	töör	-	-	-
"dog"	*penVj	*peanɤk	*pińɜ	*pij ~ *pʊni	*poon(ɨ)	(fene)	-	-	-	Ma. *ɪ/əj > *ij? H. "wild" may not belong
"pine"	*petäkä	*peacē	*pičɜ	*pʏnće	*poožɨm	-	-	-	-
"uncle"	*setä	*čeacē	Er. čiče	*čʏčö	*čoož	-	*šäša	-	*čêčä'	Sibilant assimilation east of F/S? K. also ćož
"uncle"	-	*eakē	-				*äkii	*iikii	Ne. ńeekka?
"to love"	-	*eaccē	-	-	-	-	-	*ješəɣ	-	Weak.
"ring"	E. kets	-	-	-	-	-	-	*kösə	-	Cf. *kesrä
"back"	*selkä ~ *sälkä	*čēlkē	-	*šɪle	-	-	-	-	-	…*säälkä ??
"ring"	*kesrä	*kearsē	Er. *ščeŕe ~ Mk. kšťiŕ	-	-	-	-	-	-	← IE
"to get free"	-	*meanō-	mäńe-		K. mɨn-	ment-	-	-	Ne. mina-	Cf. *mêni-
"summer"	*kesä	*keasē	*kizɜ	-	-	-	-	-	-	← IE?
"fox"	*repä	*rēp-	Er. ŕiveś	*rəwəž	*ruć(i)	ravas				← II, Ma. thru Hu. separately?
"tip"	*kasa	*keačē			-	hëɟ	-	-	-	F. "pile" may not belong
"a fish"	*keso	L. kääčuk	-	-	K. gɨć	keseg	*kääsəŋ	*kosə	-
"to fly"	-	-	-	-	K. šɨlgɨ-	-	*täɣl-	*ɬeɣəɬ-	-
"to serch"	-	-	-	*kə/ɪčälä-	*kooč-k/j-	-	*känš-	*kenč-	-
"side, rib"	-	*earttē	*irdɜ	*örðəž	*oord-	-	-	-	-	← II *erdʰa-
"man"	-	-	*mirďɜ	-	*moort	-	-	-	-	← II *mṛt-
"to scrape"	-	*neaskē-	-	*nʏžä-	-	-	-	-	-
"ghost"	-	*šeartɤ	-	*šərt	U. šurd-	ördög	-	-	-	~ Russian čert, Iranian?
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*ê_a & such (FSM per *ü, Ma. *ü?, Ms *i; see also *ü_a)
"corn"	*jüvä	-	juv	-	U. ju ~ K. jɨki	-	-	-	-	← IE *jewa (Avestan yava etc.) Also explained as "sporadic labialization" in F.
"brother-in-law"	*kütü	-	-	-	-	-	*kil	*küɬi ?	-
"heart"	*sütäm	*čɤðēm	*śeďeŋ	*šüm	U. śulem ~ K. śɤlɤm	siiv	*šim	*sem	*sejə
"night"	*öö	*ījɤ	*vej	-	*ooj	eej	*jii	*jej	-	F. *üjä → *öö? Ms *ij → *ii?
"to plow"	*küntä-	-	-	*künče-	-	-	-	-	-	F. could be a later derivation from *künči
West *e; East *ê
"ring"	*kehä	*kēsɤ	(či)	*keče	*kɨč	keeɟ	*kiš	*köč		*keččä. S, Ma *ä? Mo. "sun" may not belong
"neck"	*sepä	*čeapē	*śivɜ	*šüj	*śil	-	*šip	*sääpəɬ	-
"nest"	*pesä	*peasē	*pizə	*pəžäš	*pooz	feesek	*pit	*peɬ	*pêtä
"4"	*neljä	*ńealjē	*ńiĺɜ	*nəl	*ńooĺ	neeɟ	*nilə	*ńeɬää	-	U. *oo₂ → i between palatals?
"to hit"	*peksä-	-	*piksə-	-	*pös-	-	-	-	*pêtV-	2ndary length in F. pieksä-
"thumb"	-	*pealkē	*päĺka	-	U. pɤlɨ ~ K. pel	-	-	-	*pêj	F. *pewka- ← Gmc.
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"light"	*kep-edä	*keappē	-	-	U. kapći	keveeš	-	-	#šEpä
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"oar"	*mela	*mealē	*miĺɜ	-	K. maĺ?	-	-	-	-	Looks newer per F. -a,
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*E_a (S. *ɤ, Ms. *ii, Kh. *ää)
"2"	(*kakti)	(*kōktē)	(kavta)	(kok)	*kɨk	keet	*kit	*kiit, käät	*kêtä	Ms. *i before a cluster? FV *kakta
"price"	-	-	-	-	*doon	-	*tin	*tään	-	(no evidence for a cluster)
"to dodge"	-	*kɤrvē-	-	-	-	kerül-	*kir-	*käärəɣ-	-	Ms. *i before a cluster?
"to cook"	-	*pɤsē-	-	-	*pɤɤž-	-	*piit-	*pääɬ-	-	P. delabzn!? Cf. *pexi-
"(to) thin"	-	*keancē	-	-	-	keskëń	-	*käänť-	-	Ms. *kAAnś- ← Kh.
"bay, moor"	-	-	-	-	*kääl-		*kiiləɣ	*kääɭəɣ ?	Sk. keeĺ, köl
Substrate loans? (Mari *i; note phonotax)
"wheat"	*vehnä	-	viš	*wište	-	-	-	-	-
"cow ~ horse"	*lehmä	-	*ĺišmɜ	-	-	-	-	-	-
"rope"	-	*reašmē	*riśmɜ	-	-	-	-	-	-	No plzn. in Mo? Cf. B. *rišima "thred" (→ F. *rihma)
IE loans
"alder"	*leppä	*leapē	*ĺepɜ	-	-	-	-	-	-	← B.
Junk
"bundle"	*kerä	-	*kiŕɜ	-	-	-	*käärək	*keer		West *e ~ East *ä?
"to prick"	-	*peaðē-	Er. pele-	-	-	-	*piil-	*peeɬ-	-	No regularity really
"warm"	-	-	-	-	*rög	reeg, rög	*räɣ	*reɣ	-	*-ŋ- ~ *-ɣ-?
"face"	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	*weenč	Sk. wandV
"thin"	-	-	-	-	*vek-	veek-	-	-	-
"time"	-	-	-	-	K. kad	kedig	-	-	-
"spring, summer"	*kevät	-	-	*keŋəž	-	-	-	-	-
"times"	*kerta	*keartē	*kirda	Hi. -kerðə						← B. *kertā / II *kṛt-
"alder"	-	-	-	*lööl	*lool	-	-	-	-
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