Proto-Uralic/E: Difference between revisions

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(E_a, ê_a here)
(→‎Std. PU *e_a: e_i now here too)
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==Std. PU *e_i==
Finnic ''*e_i'', Permic ''*oo'', Khanty ''*e''
{| cellpadding="0"|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme !! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *ê_i (S. ''*ɤ_ɤ'', Mo. ''*e'', Ms. ''*i'', Smy ''*ê'' → Ng. /ɨ/, ''*i'' elsewhere)
|-
| "to fear"
| *pel-kä- || *pɤlɤ- || peĺe- || - || *pool- || feel- || *pil- || *pel- || *pêj-
|-
| "blood"
| *veri || *vɤrɤ || veŕ || ''*wʏr'' <!--Hi @ ~ Me ü-->|| '''*vir''' || veer || *wiɣər || *wer || -
|-
| "water"
| *veci || - || veď || ''*wʏt'' || *voo<!--Komi *oo# > a--> || '''viiz''' || *wit || - || *wêt
| ← IE?
|-
| "to go"
| *mene- || *mɤnɤ- || - || style="color:red"| '''*mije-''' || ''*mun(ɨ)-'' || ''mën-'' || *min- || *men- || *mên-
| Ma. cf. Kar. '''mäne-'''
|-
| "to do"
| *teke- || *tɤkɤ- || teje~tije- || - || - || ''tëv-'' || *tij- || *tej- || -
| ← IE
|-
| "lip"
| - || ''*pɤŋsɤm'' || - || - || - || - || *piťem || *peɬem || '''*peptän'''
| -ms- ?
|-
| "to take"
| *vee- || ''*vīkɤ-'' <!--*i/uxi > *í/úki is regular-->|| ''vije-'' || - || ''*vaj(ɨ)-'' <!-- i\ in Udmurt-->|| '''vi-''' || *wi- || *we- || '''*ü-'''
| *êx > *ix in S/Mo??
|-
| "owl"
| style="color:red"| '''*hüüp-''' || *ɤpɤkē || - || - || - || - || *jipəɣ || *jepəɣ || -
| Onomatopoetics in F.?
|-
| "warm"
| E. eh'''a''' || NS <font color=red>'''áccagas''' || eže- || - || - || - || *iš- || - || -
|-
| "bee"
| *mehi- || - || mekš || ''*mükš'' || *mooš || meex || - || - || -
| ← II
|-
| "honey"
| *meci || - || meď || ''*müj'' || *moo<!--Komi *oo# > a--> || meez || - || - || -
| ← II
|-
| "skin"
| *keri || *kɤrɤ || keŕ || ''*kʏr'' || *koor || keerëg || '''*kiir''' || '''*käär''' || -
| ObU *kEr
|-
| "skin"
| *keci || *kɤtɤ || keď || - || - || - || - || - || *kêt
| Cf. prev; also *käðʲi → P. *kiĺ, Ms. *kääĺən
|-
| "to must"
| - || *kɤlkɤ- || keĺge- || Me. küle- ~ Hi. '''kele-''' || *kool- || kell- || - || - || -
| Cf. IE. Check if not *i?
|-
| "young tree, twig"
| - || - || - || '''*nörɣə''' || '''*ńɤr''' || ''ńiir'' || *ńir ~<br/>TJ '''ńär''' || *nér || -
| Smy. #nËrkə "willow" may not belong - or is this *ë?
|-
| "exchange"
| *vero || - || veŕe-nc || '''*werć-''' || U. vur || - || - || '''*weer''' || -
|-
| "handle"
| - || *nɤvtɤ || - || - || ''*nud'' || - || - || - || -
| *-ŋt-. Check if not *i
|-
| "middle"
| *keski || *kɤskɤ || keska || - || *koos || - || - || - || -
|-
| "throat"
| *kero || *kɤrɤs || - || - || *goor || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to wash"
| *pese- || *pɤsɤ- || pezo- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE
|-
| "to stretch"
| *venü- || *vɤnɤ- || veńeme- || - || - || - || - || - || ''*wênä''
| Smy "rope"
|-
| "boat"
| *veneh || *vɤnɤs || veńeš || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to be in time"
| *ehti- || *ɤstɤ- || - || *əšte- <!-- Hi ə ~ Me ɤ--> || K. '''eštɨ-''' || - || - || - || -
| K. ← F?
|-
| "leaf"
| *lehti || *lɤstɤ || - || *ləštaš || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE
|-
| "work"
| *töö || - || ťev || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *têwi; cf. *têki
|-
| "lime, bast"
| *lehmus || - || ĺevos || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "dove"
| F metti- ~ E meikka- || - || meče || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "pestle"
| *petkel || - || peťkeĺ || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "feather"
| *hewhen || *sɤvsɤm || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| NB difthong! Newer loan? -n ~ -m doesn't match
|-
| "to tear"
| *repe- || *rɤpɤ- || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "next"
| *enti || *ɤvtɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *-ŋt-
|-
| "stalk, axle"
| - || - || E. '''sad''' || *šüðər || style="color:red"| *zoo<!--Komi *oo# > a--> || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *e_i (S. ''*ē_ɤ'', Mo. ''*i'', Smy. ''*i'') || all old cases long or difthongal? see also [[Proto-Uralic/Ä|*äx]]
|-
| "to cook"
| - || - || pije- || - || K. pu- || (föö-) || '''*pääj-''' || - || *pi-
| *pexi-; cf. *pEsa- !
|-
| "matter"
| - || *sējɤ || sij || *šü || *śiś <!--U. śis ~ K. siś-->|| eev || style="color:red"| *säj || *ɬöj || *tiəj
| *sexji
|-
| "7"
| *sejcem || *čēčɤm || śiśem || *səm || *śiźɨm || - || - || - || -
| ← IE?
|-
| "lichen on trees"
| - || *jēvjɤmē || - || - || - || - || - || *jej || ''*jüjə''
| Pre-Smy *ew → *ü ?
|-
| "to sell"
| ''*möö-'' || *mēkɤ- || mije- || - || *med || - || '''*miɣ-''' || *me- || *mi-
| *mexi
<!--|-
| "to find"
| *lewtä- || - || - || - || - || leel || - || - || -
| Plain *e? Cf. "to hit" -->
|-
| "round"
| *kehkerä || - || style="color:red"| kičkere || *kəškär || - || - || - || - ||
|-
| "to drink"
| *seemV- || - || śime- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| (check if a loan)
|-
| "brother"
| *velji || *vēljɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Short! ← IE?
|-
| "clear"
| *selke- || *čēlkɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Liv. <font color="red">sieldɤ</font>. Cf. F. *selvä "ibid."
|-
| "to boil"
| *kee-, *kei- || *kí- || - || ''*küa-'' || - || köve- || - || - || -
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *E_i (as per *e_i but Ms, Kh ''*ii'')
| generally coda glides, but note *Eði, *kEri
|-
| "mushroom"
| *seeni || ''*čānā'' || - || *šeen || U. śeńki|| - || style="color:green"| *šiinəɣ || '''*säänəɣ''' || -
| *śExni ?
|-
| "to cut"
| *vejci || - || - || - || K. vɤź- || vees- || - || '''*wäänť-''' || -
| K. delabzn / loss of *ŋ? F. "knife"
|-
| "girl"
| *nejtVj || ''*nējtɤ'' || ''ni'' || - || *nɨl || - || *nii || *niiŋ || ''*nê''
| Wrt. S (& Mo?) cf. difthong
|-
| "to eat"
| ''*söö-'' || - || ''śeve-'' || - || ''*śooj'' || ëv- || *tii-, '''*tääj-''' || *ɬii- || ''*ti-mä''
| Smy. "tooth". U. *oo₂ → i between palatals? Sibilant & medial mismatch!
|-
| "soul, breath, steam"
| *lewlü || ''*lēvlɤ'' || - || - || *lool || leelek || *liil || *ɬiiɬ || -
| Wrt. S, cf. difthong
|-
| "front"
| *eti || - || - || - || - || elöö || *iil || *iiɬ || ''*ê/ir-''
| Smy. "row"
|-
| "edge"
| - || - || - || - || - || seel || *siil || *siiɬ || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | Finnic *öö is confusing
|-
| "to hit"
| ''*löö-'' || - || - || ''*lüje-'' <!--Hi. lüe, Me. lüje--> || K. ''lɨj-'' || '''löv-''' || *li- || - || *jöw-
| *lêxi? *lêwi?
|}
==Std. PU *e_a==
==Std. PU *e_a==
 
Finnic ''*e_ä'', Samic ''*ea_ē'', Mordvinic ''*i_ɜ'', Mari '''*ə/*ʏ''', Permic ''*oo'', Mansi ''*ä'', Khanty ''*e'' (/''*ö'' next to a velar), Samoyedic ''*ê'' (not ''*i!'')
*e_a → Finnic ''*e_ä'', Samic ''*ea_é'', Mordvinic ''*i_ɜ'', Mari '''*ə/*ʏ''', Permic ''*oo'', Mansi ''*ä'', Khanty ''*e'' (/''*ö'' next to a velar), Samoyedic ''*ê'' (not ''*i!'')
For *e_i, see comparision over at [[Proto-Uralic/new|*ê]].
{| cellpadding="0"|
{| cellpadding="0"|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
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|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *ê_a & such (FSM per ''*ü'', Ma. ''*ü''?, Ms ''*i''; see also [[Proto-Uralic/Ü|*ü_a]])
! colspan="10" | *ê_a & such (FSM per ''*ü'', Ma. ''*ü''?, Ms ''*i''; see also [[Proto-Uralic/Ü|*ü_a]])
|- style="background:#DDDDDD"
| "alder"
| *leppä || *leapē || *ĺepɜ || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← B.
|- style="background:#DDDDDD"
|- style="background:#DDDDDD"
| "corn"
| "corn"
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| - || - || - || - || '''*kääl-''' || || *kiiləɣ || *kääɭəɣ ? || Sk. keeĺ, köl
| - || - || - || - || '''*kääl-''' || || *kiiləɣ || *kääɭəɣ ? || Sk. keeĺ, köl
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | Substrate loans (Mari ''*i''; note phonotax)
! colspan="10" | Substrate loans? (Mari ''*i''; note phonotax)
|-
|-
| "wheat"
| "wheat"
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| - || *reašmē || *riśmɜ || - || - || - || - || - || -
| - || *reašmē || *riśmɜ || - || - || - || - || - || -
| No plzn. in Mo? Cf. B. *rišima "thred" (→ F. *rihma)
| No plzn. in Mo? Cf. B. *rišima "thred" (→ F. *rihma)
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | IE loans
|-
| "alder"
| *leppä || *leapē || '''*ĺepɜ''' || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← B.
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | Junk
! colspan="10" | Junk
Line 236: Line 446:
| "warm"
| "warm"
| - || - || - || - || *rög || reeg, rög || *räɣ || *reɣ || -
| - || - || - || - || *rög || reeg, rög || *räɣ || *reɣ || -
| *-ŋ- ~ *-ɣ-?
|-
|-
| "face"
| "face"

Revision as of 09:13, 2 December 2011

Std. PU *e_i

Finnic *e_i, Permic *oo, Khanty *e

Lexeme Finnic Samic Mordv. Mari Permic Hung. Mansi Khanty Samoy. Comments
*ê_i (S. *ɤ_ɤ, Mo. *e, Ms. *i, Smy *ê → Ng. /ɨ/, *i elsewhere)
"to fear" *pel-kä- *pɤlɤ- peĺe- - *pool- feel- *pil- *pel- *pêj-
"blood" *veri *vɤrɤ veŕ *wʏr *vir veer *wiɣər *wer -
"water" *veci - veď *wʏt *voo viiz *wit - *wêt ← IE?
"to go" *mene- *mɤnɤ- - *mije- *mun(ɨ)- mën- *min- *men- *mên- Ma. cf. Kar. mäne-
"to do" *teke- *tɤkɤ- teje~tije- - - tëv- *tij- *tej- - ← IE
"lip" - *pɤŋsɤm - - - - *piťem *peɬem *peptän -ms- ?
"to take" *vee- *vīkɤ- vije- - *vaj(ɨ)- vi- *wi- *we- *ü- *êx > *ix in S/Mo??
"owl" *hüüp- *ɤpɤkē - - - - *jipəɣ *jepəɣ - Onomatopoetics in F.?
"warm" E. eha NS áccagas eže- - - - *iš- - -
"bee" *mehi- - mekš *mükš *mooš meex - - - ← II
"honey" *meci - meď *müj *moo meez - - - ← II
"skin" *keri *kɤrɤ keŕ *kʏr *koor keerëg *kiir *käär - ObU *kEr
"skin" *keci *kɤtɤ keď - - - - - *kêt Cf. prev; also *käðʲi → P. *kiĺ, Ms. *kääĺən
"to must" - *kɤlkɤ- keĺge- Me. küle- ~ Hi. kele- *kool- kell- - - - Cf. IE. Check if not *i?
"young tree, twig" - - - *nörɣə *ńɤr ńiir *ńir ~
TJ ńär		 *nér - Smy. #nËrkə "willow" may not belong - or is this *ë?
"exchange" *vero - veŕe-nc *werć- U. vur - - *weer -
"handle" - *nɤvtɤ - - *nud - - - - *-ŋt-. Check if not *i
"middle" *keski *kɤskɤ keska - *koos - - - -
"throat" *kero *kɤrɤs - - *goor - - - -
"to wash" *pese- *pɤsɤ- pezo- - - - - - - ← IE
"to stretch" *venü- *vɤnɤ- veńeme- - - - - - *wênä Smy "rope"
"boat" *veneh *vɤnɤs veńeš - - - - - -
"to be in time" *ehti- *ɤstɤ- - *əšte- K. eštɨ- - - - - K. ← F?
"leaf" *lehti *lɤstɤ - *ləštaš - - - - - ← IE
"work" *töö - ťev - - - - - - *têwi; cf. *têki
"lime, bast" *lehmus - ĺevos - - - - - -
"dove" F metti- ~ E meikka- - meče - - - - - -
"pestle" *petkel - peťkeĺ - - - - - -
"feather" *hewhen *sɤvsɤm - - - - - - - NB difthong! Newer loan? -n ~ -m doesn't match
"to tear" *repe- *rɤpɤ- - - - - - - -
"next" *enti *ɤvtɤ - - - - - - - *-ŋt-
"stalk, axle" - - E. sad *šüðər *zoo - - - -
*e_i (S. *ē_ɤ, Mo. *i, Smy. *i) all old cases long or difthongal? see also *äx
"to cook" - - pije- - K. pu- (föö-) *pääj- - *pi- *pexi-; cf. *pEsa- !
"matter" - *sējɤ sij *šü *śiś eev *säj *ɬöj *tiəj *sexji
"7" *sejcem *čēčɤm śiśem *səm *śiźɨm - - - - ← IE?
"lichen on trees" - *jēvjɤmē - - - - - *jej *jüjə Pre-Smy *ew → *ü ?
"to sell" *möö- *mēkɤ- mije- - *med - *miɣ- *me- *mi- *mexi
"round" *kehkerä - kičkere *kəškär - - - -
"to drink" *seemV- - śime- - - - - - - (check if a loan)
"brother" *velji *vēljɤ - - - - - - - Short! ← IE?
"clear" *selke- *čēlkɤ - - - - - - - Liv. sieldɤ. Cf. F. *selvä "ibid."
"to boil" *kee-, *kei- *kí- - *küa- - köve- - - -
""
*E_i (as per *e_i but Ms, Kh *ii) generally coda glides, but note *Eði, *kEri
"mushroom" *seeni *čānā - *šeen U. śeńki - *šiinəɣ *säänəɣ - *śExni ?
"to cut" *vejci - - - K. vɤź- vees- - *wäänť- - K. delabzn / loss of *ŋ? F. "knife"
"girl" *nejtVj *nējtɤ ni - *nɨl - *nii *niiŋ *nê Wrt. S (& Mo?) cf. difthong
"to eat" *söö- - śeve- - *śooj ëv- *tii-, *tääj- *ɬii- *ti-mä Smy. "tooth". U. *oo₂ → i between palatals? Sibilant & medial mismatch!
"soul, breath, steam" *lewlü *lēvlɤ - - *lool leelek *liil *ɬiiɬ - Wrt. S, cf. difthong
"front" *eti - - - - elöö *iil *iiɬ *ê/ir- Smy. "row"
"edge" - - - - - seel *siil *siiɬ -
Finnic *öö is confusing
"to hit" *löö- - - *lüje- K. lɨj- löv- *li- - *jöw- *lêxi? *lêwi?

Std. PU *e_a

Finnic *e_ä, Samic *ea_ē, Mordvinic *i_ɜ, Mari *ə/*ʏ, Permic *oo, Mansi *ä, Khanty *e (/*ö next to a velar), Samoyedic *ê (not *i!)

Lexeme Finnic Samic Mordv. Mari Permic Hung. Mansi Khanty Samoy. Comments
*e_a
"to liv" *elä- *ealē- - *ɪle- *ool- eel- *jäl- *jeɬ- *êlä- Is ObU *j- original? Mo. *era-?
"to collect" *kerä- - - - *koor- keer- - - -
"skillful" *seppä *čeappē - - - seep - - -
"ear" - *pealjē *piĺɜ *pələš *peĺ fül *päĺ *peɬ -
"big, uncle" *enä *eanē *ińɜ - *uuna - *jänə *enə *ênä
"to shake" - - - *rʏze- - rësk *räsɣ- *reńť- -
"blade" *terä *tearē - *tʏr - töör - - -
"dog" *penVj *peanɤk *pińɜ *pij ~ *pʊni *poon(ɨ) (fene) - - - Ma. *ɪ/əj > *ij? H. "wild" may not belong
"pine" *petäkä *peacē *pičɜ *pʏnće *poožɨm - - - -
"uncle" *setä *čeacē Er. čiče *čʏčö *čoož - *šäša - *čêčä' Sibilant assimilation east of F/S? K. also ćož
"uncle" - *eakē - *äkii *iikii Ne. ńeekka?
"to love" - *eaccē - - - - - *ješəɣ - Weak.
"ring" E. kets - - - - - - *kösə - Cf. *kesrä
"back" *selkä ~
*sälkä		 *čēlkē - *šɪle - - - - - …*säälkä ??
"ring" *kesrä *kearsē Er. *ščeŕe
~ Mk. kšťiŕ		 - - - - - - ← IE
"to get free" - *meanō- mäńe- K. mɨn- ment- - - Ne. mina- Cf. *mêni-
"summer" *kesä *keasē *kizɜ - - - - - - ← IE?
"fox" *repä *rēp- Er. ŕiveś *rəwəž *ruć(i) ravas ← II, Ma. thru Hu. separately?
"tip" *kasa *keačē - hëɟ - - - F. "pile" may not belong
"a fish" *keso L. kääčuk - - K. gɨć keseg *kääsəŋ *kosə -
"to fly" - - - - K. šɨlgɨ- - *täɣl- *ɬeɣəɬ- -
"to serch" - - - *kə/ɪčälä- *kooč-k/j- - *känš- *kenč- -
"side, rib" - *earttē *irdɜ *örðəž *oord- - - - - ← II *erdʰa-
"man" - - *mirďɜ - *moort - - - - ← II *mṛt-
"to scrape" - *neaskē- - *nʏžä- - - - - -
"ghost" - *šeartɤ - *šərt U. šurd- ördög - - - ~ Russian čert, Iranian?
""
""
*ê_a & such (FSM per *ü, Ma. *ü?, Ms *i; see also *ü_a)
"corn" *jüvä - juv - U. ju ~ K. jɨki - - - - ← IE *jewa (Avestan yava etc.) Also explained as "sporadic labialization" in F.
"brother-in-law" *kütü - - - - - *kil *küɬi ? -
"heart" *sütäm *čɤðēm *śeďeŋ *šüm U. śulem
~ K. śɤlɤm		 siiv *šim *sem *sejə
"to plow" *küntä- - - *künče- - - - - - F. could be a later derivation from *künči
West *e; East *ê
"ring" *kehä *kēsɤ (či) *keče *kɨč keeɟ *kiš *köč *keččä. S, Ma *ä? Mo. "sun" may not belong
"neck" *sepä *čeapē *śivɜ *šüj *śil - *šip *sääpəɬ -
"nest" *pesä *peasē *pizɜ *pəžäš *pooz feesek *pit *peɬ *pêtä
"4" *neljä *ńealjē *ńiĺɜ *nəl *ńooĺ neeɟ *nilə *ńeɬää - U. *oo₂ → i between palatals?
"to hit" *peksä- - *piksə- - *pös- - - - *pêtV- 2ndary length in F. pieksä-
"thumb" - *pealkē *päĺka - U. pɤlɨ
~ K. pel		 - - - *pêj F. *pewka- ← Gmc.
""
""
"light" *kep-edä *keappē - - U. kapći keveeš - - #šEpä
""
""
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"oar" *mela *mealē *miĺɜ - K. maĺ? - - - - Looks newer per F. -a,
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*E_a (S. *ɤ, Ms. *ii, Kh. *ää)
"2" (*kakti) (*kōktē) (kavta) (kok) *kɨk keet *kit *kiit, käät *kêtä Ms. *i before a cluster? FV *kakta
"price" - - - - *doon - *tin *tään - (no evidence for a cluster)
"to dodge" - *kɤrvē- - - - kerül- *kir- *käärəɣ- - Ms. *i before a cluster?
"to cook" - *pɤsē- - - *pɤɤž- - *piit- *pääɬ- - P. delabzn!? Cf. *pexi-
"(to) thin" - *keancē - - - keskëń - *käänť- - Ms. *kAAnś- ← Kh.
"bay, moor" - - - - *kääl- *kiiləɣ *kääɭəɣ ? Sk. keeĺ, köl
Substrate loans? (Mari *i; note phonotax)
"wheat" *vehnä - viš *wište - - - - -
"cow ~ horse" *lehmä - *ĺišmɜ - - - - - -
"rope" - *reašmē *riśmɜ - - - - - - No plzn. in Mo? Cf. B. *rišima "thred" (→ F. *rihma)
IE loans
"alder" *leppä *leapē *ĺepɜ - - - - - - ← B.
Junk
"bundle" *kerä - *kiŕɜ - - - *käärək *keer West *e ~ East *ä?
"to prick" - *peaðē- Er. pele- - - - *piil- *peeɬ- - No regularity really
"warm" - - - - *rög reeg, rög *räɣ *reɣ - *-ŋ- ~ *-ɣ-?
"face" - - - - - - - *weenč Sk. wandV
"thin" - - - - *vek- veek- - - -
"time" - - - - K. kad kedig - - -
"spring, summer" *kevät - - *keŋəž - - - - -
"times" *kerta *keartē *kirda Hi. -kerðə ← B. *kertā / II *kṛt-
"alder" - - - *lööl *lool - - - -
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