Esperanto: Difference between revisions
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!Quality | !Quality | ||
!–a | !–a | ||
|kia<br>(what a) | |'''kia'''<br>(what a) | ||
|tia<br>(such a) | |'''tia'''<br>(such a) | ||
|ia<br>(some kind/sort/type of) | |'''ia'''<br>(some kind/sort/type of) | ||
|ĉia<br>(every kind/sort/type of) | |'''ĉia'''<br>(every kind/sort/type of) | ||
|nenia<br>(no kind/sort/type of) | |'''nenia'''<br>(no kind/sort/type of) | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Reason | !Reason | ||
!–al | !–al | ||
|kial<br>(why) | |'''kial'''<br>(why) | ||
|tial<br>(therefore) | |'''tial'''<br>(therefore) | ||
|ial<br>(for some reason) | |'''ial'''<br>(for some reason) | ||
|ĉial<br>(for all reasons) | |'''ĉial'''<br>(for all reasons) | ||
|nenial<br>(for no reason) | |'''nenial'''<br>(for no reason) | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Time | !Time | ||
!–am | !–am | ||
|kiam<br>(when) | |'''kiam'''<br>(when) | ||
|tiam<br>(then) | |'''tiam'''<br>(then) | ||
|iam<br>(sometime) | |'''iam'''<br>(sometime) | ||
|ĉiam<br>(always) | |'''ĉiam'''<br>(always) | ||
|neniam<br>(never) | |neniam<br>(never) | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Place | !Place | ||
!–e | !–e | ||
|kie<br>(where) | |'''kie'''<br>(where) | ||
|tie<br>(there) | |'''tie'''<br>(there) | ||
|ie<br>(somewhere) | |'''ie'''<br>(somewhere) | ||
|ĉie<br>(everywhere) | |'''ĉie'''<br>(everywhere) | ||
|nenie<br>(nowhere) | |'''nenie'''<br>(nowhere) | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Manner | !Manner | ||
!–el | !–el | ||
|kiel<br>(how, as) | |'''kiel'''<br>(how, as) | ||
|tiel<br>(thus, as) | |'''tiel'''<br>(thus, as) | ||
|iel<br>(somehow) | |'''iel'''<br>(somehow) | ||
|ĉiel<br>(in every way) | |'''ĉiel'''<br>(in every way) | ||
|neniel<br>(no-how, in no way) | |'''neniel'''<br>(no-how, in no way) | ||
|- | |- | ||
![[Genitive case|Association]] | ![[Genitive case|Association]] | ||
!–es | !–es | ||
|kies<br>(whose) | |'''kies'''<br>(whose) | ||
|ties<br>(this/that one's) | |'''ties'''<br>(this/that one's) | ||
|ies<br>(someone's) | |'''ies'''<br>(someone's) | ||
|ĉies<br>(everyone's) | |'''ĉies'''<br>(everyone's) | ||
|nenies<br>(no one's) | |'''nenies'''<br>(no one's) | ||
|- | |- | ||
![[Demonstrative pronoun | ![[Demonstrative pronoun|Thing]] | ||
!–o | !–o | ||
|kio<br>(what) | |'''kio'''<br>(what) | ||
|tio<br>(this/that) | |'''tio'''<br>(this/that) | ||
|io<br>(something) | |'''io'''<br>(something) | ||
|ĉio<br>(everything) | |'''ĉio'''<br>(everything) | ||
|nenio<br>(nothing) | |'''nenio'''<br>(nothing) | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Amount | !Amount | ||
!–om | !–om | ||
|kiom<br>(how much) | |'''kiom'''<br>(how much) | ||
|tiom<br>(that much) | |'''tiom'''<br>(that much) | ||
|iom<br>(some, a bit) | |'''iom'''<br>(some, a bit) | ||
|ĉiom<br>(all of it) | |'''ĉiom'''<br>(all of it) | ||
|neniom<br>(none) | |'''neniom'''<br>(none) | ||
|- | |- | ||
![[Demonstrative pronoun | ![[Demonstrative pronoun|Individual]] | ||
!–u | !–u | ||
|kiu<br>(who, which one; which [horse]) | |'''kiu'''<br>(who, which one; which [horse]) | ||
|tiu<br>(that one; that [horse]) | |'''tiu'''<br>(that one; that [horse]) | ||
|iu<br>(someone; some [horse]) | |'''iu'''<br>(someone; some [horse]) | ||
|ĉiu<br>(everyone; each [horse], all [horses]) | |'''ĉiu'''<br>(everyone; each [horse], all [horses]) | ||
|neniu<br>(no one; no [horse]) | |'''neniu'''<br>(no one; no [horse]) | ||
|} | |} | ||
Revision as of 11:39, 8 September 2010
| Esperanto | |
| Spoken in: | most countries of Earth |
| Timeline/Universe: | international auxiliary language |
| Total speakers: | unknown (estimated ca. 1 million) |
| Genealogical classification: | A posteriori
|
| Basic word order: | SVO |
| Morphological type: | agglutinating |
| Morphosyntactic alignment: | accusative |
| Created by: | |
| L. L. Zamenhof | 1889 |
Esperanto is the world's most popular international auxiliary language, spoken by an unknown number of people (estimates vary a lot, but 1 million is probably in the right ballpark) all over the world. The name derives from the author L. L. Zamenhof's pseudonym Doktoro Esperanto 'Dr. Hopeful'; he himself named it La Internacia Lingvo 'The International Language'.
Phonology
Consonants
The 22 consonants are:
| Bilabial | Labio- dental |
Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ||||||||||||
| Plosive | p | b | t | d | k | ɡ | ||||||||
| Affricate | ts | tʃ | dʒ | |||||||||||
| Fricative | f | v | s | z | ʃ | ʒ | x | h | ||||||
| Trill | r | |||||||||||||
| Approximant | l | j | ||||||||||||
Vowels
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u |
| Mid | e | o |
| Open | a | |
Stress
Stress in Esperanto words always falls on the penultimate syllable.
Morphology
Esperanto morphology is perfectly regular and agglutinating, but not rich. Nouns end in -o, to this are added the endings -j for plural and -n for accusative:
Adjectives are inflected the same way, except that they end in -a rather than -o. The definite article is always la; there is no indefinite article. The personal pronouns are:
The demonstrative and relative pronouns are called "correlatives" in Esperanto grammar, and align in a famous table:
The inflection of the verb is summed up in the following chart:
Examples:
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