Proto-Uralic: Difference between revisions

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Roots generally had the form (C)V(C)C{A I}, with initial stress; in pronouns and prepositions and the copula also CV; and a single lone-V root, the negativ verb *e-
Roots generally had the form (C)V(C)C{A I}, with initial stress; in pronouns and prepositions and the copula also CV; and a single lone-V root, the negativ verb *e-
Basic consonant correspondences (gradation not included in Finno-Samic):
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! C !! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! Mo. !! Mari !! [[Permic]] !! Hung. !! Ms. !! Kh. !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Smy.]] !! Comments
|-
! *m
| *m || *m || m || *m || *m || m, -v- || colspan="2"| *m || *m
| Sporadic lenition in H.
|-
! *n
| rowspan="2"| *n || *n || n || rowspan="2"| *n,<br/>*-ń- / F_F || *n || n || colspan="2"| *n || *n
|-
! *ń
| *ń || ń || *ń || ń || colspan="2"| *ń || *ń
|-
! rowspan="2"| *-ŋ-
| rowspan="4"| *v, *ː || rowspan="2"| *ŋ || rowspan="4"| v || rowspan="2"| *ŋ
| rowspan="2"|
| g || colspan="2"| *ŋk || rowspan="2"| *ŋ
| rowspan="2"| Irregularly split in Ug. (the more general development is *ŋk)
|-
| rowspan="5"| v || colspan="2"| *ŋ
|-
! *w
| rowspan="2"| *v || rowspan="2"| *w || *v || colspan="2"| *w || *w
|-
! *-w-
|  || colspan="2" rowspan="3"| *ɣ || rowspan="3"| ∅
|-
! *-x-
| *ː || rowspan="3"| *k || j || ∅ ||
|-
! *-k-
| rowspan="2"| *k || j, v || g ||
| Mordvinic split by vowel backness/frontness
|-
! *k
| k || *k || *k, *g || k, h /_B || colspan="2"| *k || *k
| rowspan="4"| Stop voicing irregularly split in P.
|-
! *p
| *p || *p || p, -v- || *p || *p, *b || f, -v- || colspan="2"| *p || *p
|-
! *č
| *t, *h || *c || č || *č || *č, *dž || || *š || *č || *č
|-
! *ć
| rowspan="3"| *s || rowspan="2"| *č || ś, -ć- || *ć ? || *ć, *dź || s, č || rowspan="2"| *s, *š || *s, *ť || rowspan="2"| *s
|-
! *ś
| ś, -ź- || rowspan="3"| *š || *ś, *-ź- || s || *s
|-
! *s
| rowspan="2"| *s || s, -z- || *s, *-z- || rowspan="2"| ∅ || rowspan="3"| *t || rowspan="2"| *ɬ || rowspan="3"| *t
|-
! *š
| *h || š, -ž- || *š, *-ž-
|-
! *t
| rowspan="3"| *t || *t || rowspan="3"| t, -d- || *t, *-d- || *t, *d || t, -z- || *t
|-
! *ðʲ
| rowspan="2"| *ð || *l || *ĺ || ɟ || *ĺ || *j || *j
|-
! *ð
| *l, *-d- || rowspan="2"| *l || rowspan="2"| l || rowspan="2"| *l || rowspan="2"| *l, *-ɬ- || *r
|-
! *l
| *l || *l || l || *l || *l, *j
|-
! *j
| *j, *ː || *j || j || *j || *j || j || colspan="2"| *j || *j
|-
! *r
| *r || *r || r || *r || *r || r || colspan="2"| *r || *r
<!--|-
! *-kt-
| *kt || *kt || vt || * || * || t || rowspan="2"| *ɣət,<br/>*təɣ || *ɣəɬ, *ɬəɣ || rowspan="2"| *t
| rowspan="2"| Metathesis in Ob-Ugric in i-stems
|-
! *-ks-
| *ks || *ks || ks || *ks || *sk || v || *ɣət, *təɣ
|-
! *
| * || * ||  || * || * ||  || colspan="2"| * || *-->
|}


==Medial consonant clusters==
==Medial consonant clusters==

Revision as of 17:09, 26 November 2009

Subpages & such

Abbreviations used on these pages: B. = Baltic, Cf. = 'compare', En = Enets, Er. = Erźa, Es. = Estonian, F. = Finnish, Gmc. = Germanic, H. = Hungarian, Hi. = Hill Mari, IA = Indo-Aryan, IE = Indo-European, K. = Komi, Ka. = Kamass, Kh. = Khanty, Li. = Livonian, Ma. = Mari, Me. = Meadow Mari, Mk. = Mokša, Mo. = Mordvinic, Ms. = Mansi, N = North, Ne. = Nenets, Ng. = Nganasan, P. = Permic, PU = Proto-Uralic, S. = Samic, South, Se. = Selkup, Smy. = Samoyedic, U. = Udmurt, Ve. = Veps

Reconstructed phoneme inventory

Vowels: */i ü u e ë o ä a/ in the initial syllable. Only a two-way height-based contrast */I A/ is reconstructed in later syllables, which may have been realized as [i æ] after front vowels and [ɯ ɑ] after back vowels (ie. with vowel harmony); or as unalternating [i a]. Mid values [e ~ ə ~ ɤ] for */I/ are also possible.

It is furthermore unclear if (1st-syllable) *ë was [ɯ] or [ɤ], and *a [ɑ] or [ɒ], but substitution of Indo-Iranian *a by *ë in loans suggests the latter values (unless these particular words are newer loans.)

Two "reduced" or "semi-rounded" vowels */ê ô/ have been proposed recently.

Consonants: nasals */m n ń ŋ/, voiceless stops/affricates */p t ć č k/, voiceless sibilants */s ś š/, a "laryngeal" *x (likely a voiceless velar fricativ & a recent pre-Uralic split from *k), two "spirants" */ð ðʲ/, two liquids */l r/ and two semivowels */w j/.

*ć (as distinct from *ś?) and *š (as original Proto-Uralic?) are reconstructed less securely than the other consonants. A palatal liquid *ĺ is also found in old reconstructions, but the etyma involved do not really behave. The "palatal spirant" may be the actual palatal liquid; obstruent reflexes are limited to western branches, and external comparisions generally involve laterals. The dental spirant, while also merging with *l in most branches, is however certainly distinct.

A notable distributional feature was that *ŋ, *x and probably *r could not occur word-initially.

Roots generally had the form (C)V(C)C{A I}, with initial stress; in pronouns and prepositions and the copula also CV; and a single lone-V root, the negativ verb *e-

Basic consonant correspondences (gradation not included in Finno-Samic):

C Finnic Samic Mo. Mari Permic Hung. Ms. Kh. Smy. Comments
*m *m *m m *m *m m, -v- *m *m Sporadic lenition in H.
*n *n *n n *n,
*-ń- / F_F		 *n n *n *n
*ń *ń ń *ń ń *ń *ń
*-ŋ- *v, *ː *ŋ v *ŋ g *ŋk *ŋ Irregularly split in Ug. (the more general development is *ŋk)
v *ŋ
*w *v *w *v *w *w
*-w- *ɣ ∅
*-x- *ː *k j ∅
*-k- *k j, v g Mordvinic split by vowel backness/frontness
*k k *k *k, *g k, h /_B *k *k Stop voicing irregularly split in P.
*p *p *p p, -v- *p *p, *b f, -v- *p *p
*č *t, *h *c č *č *č, *dž *š *č *č
*ć *s *č ś, -ć- *ć ? *ć, *dź s, č *s, *š *s, *ť *s
*ś ś, -ź- *š *ś, *-ź- s *s
*s *s s, -z- *s, *-z- ∅ *t *ɬ *t
*š *h š, -ž- *š, *-ž-
*t *t *t t, -d- *t, *-d- *t, *d t, -z- *t
*ðʲ *ð *l *ĺ ɟ *ĺ *j *j
*ð *l, *-d- *l l *l *l, *-ɬ- *r
*l *l *l l *l *l, *j
*j *j, *ː *j j *j *j j *j *j
*r *r *r r *r *r r *r *r

Medial consonant clusters

Words included chiefly from appendix from this: http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe20071746 (see comments in table code)

CF: http://books.google.fi/books?id=TM2NQ78dP2wC&pg=PA492&dq=phonotactics+of+PFU

2nd →
1st ↓ 		p t č k s ś ð w j l r m n ŋ ∑ Notes Frequency color code
N m mp mt ms mś N/A 5 mostly i-stems except *mś single root
n nt nč nś 13 two roots
ń ńś 1 might not be distinct from *nś 3-4 roots
ŋ ŋt ŋk ŋs 8 back-harmonic or *ä 5-6 roots
P p pp pt ps pś pð 7 ~10 roots
t tk 3 all front-harmonic i-stems Most suspiciously none
č čk 1
k kt kk ks kś 11
S s sk 2 both o_i
ś śk 4 mostly i-stems + *wäśka
(?) x xt xč   xs xś (xð) xj xl (xr) xm xn 23 i-stems only, some may be loans with long vowels
L l lt lk lw lj lm lŋ 21 *lw *lj only a-stems; *lt may be derived ← *-lk-t-
lʲ lʲk 1
r rp rt rk rw rm 10 mostly back-harmonic
(?) ðʲ ðʲk ðʲw 2
sV w N/A? wð wj wl wŋ 5 after e ä a only
j jw jm jŋ 6 after ä a o only
∑ 4 17  7  31 8 10 4 8 5 11 (1) 10 1 4
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