Elbic: Difference between revisions
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|creator=[[User:Sectori|Sectori]] | |creator=[[User:Sectori|Sectori]] | ||
|date=July, 2009}} | |date=July, 2009}} | ||
''Nota bene: Elbic has undergone extreme reforms of late. Bear with me as I update the page. The revised version is currently accurate through [[Elbic# | ''Nota bene: Elbic has undergone extreme reforms of late. Bear with me as I update the page. The revised version is currently accurate through [[Elbic#Verbal morphology|Verbal morphology]].'' | ||
Elbic is the language of the Principality of Elba, an island off the coast of Tuscany. It is a Central and Southern Italian language, although it has been relatively isolated, related to Neapolitan and Tuscan Italian. | Elbic is the language of the Principality of Elba, an island off the coast of Tuscany. It is a Central and Southern Italian language, although it has been relatively isolated, related to Neapolitan and Tuscan Italian. | ||
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* geminated '''qu''' is written '''cqu''' | * geminated '''qu''' is written '''cqu''' | ||
* geminated '''gn''' is written '''ggn''' | * geminated '''gn''' is written '''ggn''' | ||
Written Elbic utilizes four diacritics: | |||
* the circumflex is used to mark the vowels /e/ and /o/ (written '''ê''' and '''ô''') | |||
* the diaeresis is used to mark the diphthong /jɛ/ (written '''ië''') | |||
* the acute accent is used to mark irregular stress on a non-final syllable | |||
* the grave accent is used to mark irregular stress on a final syllable | |||
Note that an acute or grave takes precedence over the diaeresis (e.g. '''Miéxxicu''' ''Mexico''). | |||
===Stress=== | ===Stress=== | ||
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* In monosyllabic words, the vowel is generally treated as if it were unstressed. | * In monosyllabic words, the vowel is generally treated as if it were unstressed. | ||
Thus, '''Miéxxicu''', the Elbic name for Mexico, is /'mjɛʃ:iku/, '''Êlba''', the Elbic name for Elba, is /'elba/, the definite article '''la''' is /la/, and '''nu napoletannu''' | Thus, '''Miéxxicu''', the Elbic name for Mexico, is /'mjɛʃ:iku/, '''Êlba''', the Elbic name for Elba, is /'elba/, the definite article '''la''' is /la/, and '''nu napoletannu''' ''a Neapolitan'' is /nu napolɛ'tan:u/. | ||
==Nominal | ==Nominal morphology== | ||
Nouns in Elbic belong to one of two genders, masculine or feminine. The vast majority of nouns end in a vowel, and all nouns form their plurals by suffixing '''s''': | Nouns in Elbic belong to one of two genders, masculine or feminine. The vast majority of nouns end in a vowel, and all nouns form their plurals by suffixing '''s''': | ||
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|} | |} | ||
==Pronominal | ==Pronominal morphology== | ||
Elbic pronouns, like nouns, distinguish two numbers and between two and five cases. In the third person, there is a masculine-feminine distinction, as well. The cases shown by the pronouns are the following: for the first and second person pronouns, nominative, genitive, and oblique-reflexive cases are distinguished. For the impersonal pronoun '''si''', the nominate and the oblique-reflexive are identical. For the third person pronouns, nominate, accusative, genitive, dative, and reflexive are distinguished, and there exist special disjunctive forms, as well. | Elbic pronouns, like nouns, distinguish two numbers and between two and five cases. In the third person, there is a masculine-feminine distinction, as well. The cases shown by the pronouns are the following: for the first and second person pronouns, nominative, genitive, and oblique-reflexive cases are distinguished. For the impersonal pronoun '''si''', the nominate and the oblique-reflexive are identical. For the third person pronouns, nominate, accusative, genitive, dative, and reflexive are distinguished, and there exist special disjunctive forms, as well. | ||
Revision as of 19:09, 31 July 2009
Élbica | |
---|---|
Pronounced: | 'ɛlbika |
Timeline and Universe: | Ill Bethisad |
Species: | Human |
Spoken: | Elba |
Total speakers: | 30,000 |
Writing system: | Latin |
Genealogy: | Indo-European Italic |
Typology | |
Morphological type: | Inflecting |
Morphosyntactic alignment: | Nominative-Accusative |
Basic word order: | SVO |
Credits | |
Creator: | Sectori |
Created: | July, 2009 |
Nota bene: Elbic has undergone extreme reforms of late. Bear with me as I update the page. The revised version is currently accurate through Verbal morphology.
Elbic is the language of the Principality of Elba, an island off the coast of Tuscany. It is a Central and Southern Italian language, although it has been relatively isolated, related to Neapolitan and Tuscan Italian.
Phonology
Elbic phonology is fairly ordinary for a Romance language.
Vowels
Elbic has a straightforward seven-vowel system inherited from Vulgar Latin. It also has three diphthongs, two falling and one rising: /jɛ/, /wɔ/, and /ai/.
Vowels | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | ||||||
High | i | u | ||||||||
Near-high | ||||||||||
High-mid | ê | ô | ||||||||
Mid | e | o | ||||||||
Low-mid | ||||||||||
Near-low | ||||||||||
Low | a |
Orthographically, it should be noted that e and o occasionally represent /e/ and /o/; as a general rule, only the first vowel in a word that would receive a circumflex does. The diphthong /jɛ/ is represented orthographically as ië, the diphthong /wɔ/ as uo, and the diphthong /ai/ as ai.
Consonants
Elbic has either 22 or 24 consonants, depending on whether the semivowels /w/ and /j/ are treated as allophonic realizations of /i/ and /u/ or as consonants in their own right.
Consonants | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bilabial | Labiod. | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alv. | Palatal | Velar | Labiovelar | |||||||||
Nasal | m | n | gn | |||||||||||||
Plosive | p | b | t | d | c(h) | g(h) | qu | gu | ||||||||
Fricative | f | v | s | x | g(i) | |||||||||||
Affricate | ç | z | c(i) | |||||||||||||
Approximants | (u) | (i) | ||||||||||||||
Trill | r | |||||||||||||||
Lateral Approximant | l | lh |
Orthographically, ch and gh are used for /k/ and /g/ before front vowels, c and g before back vowels. c and g are used for /tʃ/ and /ʒ/ before front vowels, ci and gi before back vowels. All consonants can be geminated, in which case they are written twice, with the following exceptions:
- geminated lh is written llh
- geminated ç is written tç
- geminated qu is written cqu
- geminated gn is written ggn
Written Elbic utilizes four diacritics:
- the circumflex is used to mark the vowels /e/ and /o/ (written ê and ô)
- the diaeresis is used to mark the diphthong /jɛ/ (written ië)
- the acute accent is used to mark irregular stress on a non-final syllable
- the grave accent is used to mark irregular stress on a final syllable
Note that an acute or grave takes precedence over the diaeresis (e.g. Miéxxicu Mexico).
Stress
To place the stress of a word, follow these rules in the order they are presented here.
- When determining the stress of a word, always initially place it on the final syllable.
- If the final sound is a vowel, stress moves back one syllable.
- If anywhere in the word there is a vowel with an acute or grave, move the stress to the accented vowel.
- In monosyllabic words, the vowel is generally treated as if it were unstressed.
Thus, Miéxxicu, the Elbic name for Mexico, is /'mjɛʃ:iku/, Êlba, the Elbic name for Elba, is /'elba/, the definite article la is /la/, and nu napoletannu a Neapolitan is /nu napolɛ'tan:u/.
Nominal morphology
Nouns in Elbic belong to one of two genders, masculine or feminine. The vast majority of nouns end in a vowel, and all nouns form their plurals by suffixing s:
- duomnu (lord) —> duomnus
- acqua (water) —> acquas
- princêppi (prince) —> princêppis
- parti (part, section) —> partis
- mannu (hand) —> mannus
- zi (day) —> zis
Generally speaking, nouns that end in u are masculine and nouns that end in a are feminine (although this is not always so: mannu is feminine, for example). Nouns ending in other vowels might belong to either gender, although there are some observable patterns. For example,
- nouns ending in ionni (stazionni "station", e.g.) are feminine
- nouns ending in atti (universitatti "university", e.g.) are feminine
- nouns ending in orri (amorri "love", e.g.) are masculine
Articles
Elbic has two types of articles, definite and indefinite, each of which has five forms. The forms of the definite article are as follows:
Masc. | Fem. | Before vowel | |
---|---|---|---|
Sing. | lu | la | l' |
Plur. | lus | las | * |
Plural nouns that begin with a vowel use the normal plural forms. For example, lu duomnu (the lord), las mannus (the hands), l'universitatti (the university), lus amorris (the loves).
The forms of the indefinite article are as follows:
Masc. | Fem. | Before vowel | |
---|---|---|---|
Sing. | nu | na | n' |
Plur. | nus | nas | * |
Plural nouns that begin with a vowel use the normal plural forms. The plural indefinite article is equivalent to English "some" or French "des". The definite article contracts with the prepositions a (at, to, towards), da (from, of), in (in, at, on), and su (around, on).
Contraction with a
a | Masc. | Fem. | Before vowel |
---|---|---|---|
Sing. | allu | alla | all' |
Plur. | allus | allas | * |
Contraction with da
da | Masc. | Fem. | Before vowel |
---|---|---|---|
Sing. | dallu | dalla | dall' |
Plur. | dallus | dallas | * |
Contraction with in
in | Masc. | Fem. | Before vowel |
---|---|---|---|
Sing. | gnellu | gnella | gnell' |
Plur. | gnellus | gnellas | * |
Contraction with su
a | Masc. | Fem. | Before vowel |
---|---|---|---|
Sing. | sullu | sulla | sull' |
Plur. | sullus | sullas | * |
Pronominal morphology
Elbic pronouns, like nouns, distinguish two numbers and between two and five cases. In the third person, there is a masculine-feminine distinction, as well. The cases shown by the pronouns are the following: for the first and second person pronouns, nominative, genitive, and oblique-reflexive cases are distinguished. For the impersonal pronoun si, the nominate and the oblique-reflexive are identical. For the third person pronouns, nominate, accusative, genitive, dative, and reflexive are distinguished, and there exist special disjunctive forms, as well.
First person
The first person pronoun declines as follows:
Sing. | Plur. | |
---|---|---|
Nom. | giu | nus |
Gen. | miu | nuostru |
O.-R. | mi | nui |
Second person
The second person pronoun declines as follows:
Sing. | Plur. | |
---|---|---|
Nom. | tu | vus |
Gen. | tiu | vuostru |
O.-R. | ti | vui |
Third person
The third person pronoun declines as follows:
Masc. | Fem. | |||
Sing. | Plur. | Sing. | Plur. | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nom. | ell | ells | ella | ellas |
Gen. | siu | lôrru | siu | larru |
Dat. | lhi | lhis | lhi | lhis |
Acc. | lu/l' | lus | la/l' | las |
Ref. | si | si | si | si |
Disj. | ellu | ellus | ella | ellas |
Verbal morphology
Elbic verbs can be classified into five groups; four of them are distinguished by their infinitive endings while the fifth comprises irregular verbs.
- First conjugation infinitives end in arri, e.g. parlarri speak
- Second conjugation infinitives end in erri, e.g. vêderri see
- Third conjugation infinitives end in ri, e.g. priëndri take
- Fourth conjugation infinitives end in irri, e.g. finirri finish
- Irregular verbs' infinitives look like infinitives for one of the other four conjugations
There are two important notes about verb conjugation. Some finite endings cause palatalization of the preceding consonant:
Normal | Palatalized |
---|---|
c | x |
ch | c |
g | gi |
gh | g |
t | ç |
d | z |
l | lh |
n | gn |
Additionally, any verbs, most notably verbs of the third conjugation, whose final stem vowel is short e or o will diphthongize when that vowel is stressed to ië or uo. Thus, the stem of the third conjugation verb priëndri is actually *prend, but because the stress falls on the stem vowel, it has diphthongized even in the infinitive.
All verbs are conjugated by removing the infinitive ending and adding various suffixes. The conjugation patterns for regular verbs, as well as for the irregular verbs esserri be and averri have. Additionally, it should be noted that many verbs, especially of the second and third conjugations, have irregular preterite stems. For example, vêderri see has the preterite stem vid (e.g. vidì I saw). The irregular preterite stem is used in both the indicative and the subjunctive.
First conjugation
The conjugation of first conjugation verbs in arri is shown below.
Finite forms
The finite forms of the first conjugation are as follows:
Present Indicative | Preterite Indicative | Imperfect Indicative | Future Indicative | Present Subjunctive | Preterite Subjunctive | Imperative | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 sg. | u | ai | abba | arò | i | assi | — |
2 sg. | as | asti | abbas | aràs | is | assis | a |
3 sg. | a | ò | abba | arà | i | assi | — |
1 pl. | ammu | ammu | ábbamu | aremmu | immu | ássimu | immu |
2 pl. | atti | astis | ábbati | aretti | itti | ássiti | atti |
3 pl. | an | arrun | abban | aràn | in | assin | — |
Non-finite forms
The non-finite forms of the first conjugation are as follows:
Infinitive | arri |
Past part. | attu |
Present part. | anti |
Sample conjugation
The finite conjugation of the verb cantarri sing:
Present Indicative | Preterite Indicative | Imperfect Indicative | Future Indicative | Present Subjunctive | Preterite Subjunctive | Imperative | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 sg. | cantu | cantai | cantabba | cantarò | canti | cantassi | — |
2 sg. | cantas | cantasti | cantabbas | cantaràs | cantis | cantassis | canta |
3 sg. | canta | cantò | cantabba | cantarà | canti | cantassi | — |
1 pl. | cantammu | cantammu | cantábbamu | cantaremmu | cantimmu | cantássimu | cantimmu |
2 pl. | cantatti | cantastis | cantábbati | cantaretti | cantitti | cantássiti | cantatti |
3 pl. | cantan | cantarrun | cantabban | cantaràn | cantin | cantassin | — |
And the non-finite forms:
Infinitive | cantarri |
Past part. | cantattu |
Present part. | cantanti |
Second conjugation
The conjugation of second conjugation verbs in erri is shown below:
Finite forms
The finite forms of the second conjugation are as follows:
Present Indicative | Preterite Indicative | Imperfect Indicative | Future Indicative | Present Subjunctive | Preterite Subjunctive | Imperative | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 sg. | *u | ì | ebba | erò | *a | essi | — |
2 sg. | es | isti | ebbas | eràs | *as | essis | i |
3 sg. | i | ò | ebba | erà | *a | essi | — |
1 pl. | emmu | immu | ébbamu | eremmu | *ammu | éssimu | *ammu |
2 pl. | etti | istis | ébbati | eretti | *atti | éssiti | etti |
3 pl. | *un | *errun | ebban | eràn | *an | essin | — |
Non-finite forms
The non-finite forms of the second conjugation are as follows:
Infinitive | erri |
Past part. | ittu |
Present part. | enti |
Sample conjugation
The finite conjugation of vêderri see:
Present Indicative | Preterite Indicative | Imperfect Indicative | Future Indicative | Present Subjunctive | Preterite Subjunctive | Imperative | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 sg. | vêzu | vidì | vêdebba | vêderò | vêza | videssi | — |
2 sg. | vêdes | vidisti | vêdebbas | vêderàs | vêzas | videssis | vêdi |
3 sg. | vêdi | vidò | vêdebba | vêderà | vêza | videssi | — |
1 pl. | vêdemmu | vidimmu | vêdébbamu | vêderemmu | vêzammu | vidéssimu | vêzammu |
2 pl. | vêdetti | vidistis | vêdébbati | vêderetti | vêzatti | vidéssiti | vêdetti |
3 pl. | vêzun | vizerrun | vêdebban | vêderàn | vêzan | videssin | — |
And the non-finite forms; note the irregular past participle:
Infinitive | vêderri | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Past part. | vistu | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Present part. | vêdenti
Third conjugationThe conjugation of third conjugation verbs in ri. Finite formsThe finite forms of the third conjugation are as follows:
Non-finite formsThe non-finite forms of the second conjugation are as follows:
Sample conjugationThe finite conjugation of piërdri lose (stem perd):
And the non-finite forms:
Fourth conjugationThe conjugation of fourth conjugation verbs in irri. Finite formsThe finite forms of the fourth conjugation are as follows:
Non-finite formsThe non-finite forms of the fourth conjugation are as follows:
Sample conjugationThe finite conjugation of finirri finish:
And the non-finite forms:
Irregular VerbsElbic has many irregular verbs. Most belong to the second conjugation. Two of the most important are ésshe and avhe. ésshe means "to be", and avhe "to have". Avhe also is "to have" in the auxiliary sense, e.g. "I have done this before". Ésshe is conjugated as follows:
And here is the conjugation of avhe:
Also, the conjugationn of andha, "to go".
The conjugation of bhe, "to drink".
The conjugation of dha, "to give".
Finally, the conjugation of fha, "to make; do".
Verb Conjugation: Compound TensesElbic compound tenses are formed by combining a conjugated form of one verb and one of the participles of another. Most are formed with avhe, but the passive and progressive tenses are formed with ésshe and the periphrastic future is formed with andha. Forming the ParticiplesElbic verbs have three participles. The Latin inflected passive has in Elbic become a passive participle. The Latin past and present participles are retained as well. To form any participle, add certain endings to the end of the full infinitive of a verb. These endings are:
Compound Tenses with AvheThe tenses formed with avhe are the perfect tenses. They are formed by placing the various tenses of avhe before the perfect participle. The various tenses are:
Compound Tenses with ÉssheThe "tenses" formed with ésshe are all of the passive voice tenses and the progressive tenses. The passive voice tenses are formed quite simply. The generic passive voice is the ésshe+the passive participle of a verb.
Note, however, that the passive voice may also be formed in an impersonal manner, using the pronoun sè, one. We'll talk more about this later. There are also two progressive tenses, the present and imperfect progressives. They are formed simply: place the appropriate form of ésshe before the present participle of the verb.
Compound Tenses with AndhaAndha is used in the construction of a periphrastic future tense. To form this tense, place an appropriately conjugated form of andha before the present participle of the verb.
Verbal Morphology: ImperativesThe imperative is used to give commands. There are a number imperatives in Elbic. Firstly, the second person singular, covering the informal tu. Secondly, the first person plural, covering such constructions as let us go, and agreeing with the pronoun noi. Finally, the second person plural, covering voi, whether used as a singular or plural pronoun. The imperative forms differ depending on whether the command is affirmative (do that) or negative (don't do that). In many cases, object pronouns are affixed as clitics to the imperative verbs. In each entry, there is a note of how this is done. Note, finally, that there are a number of irregular imperatives. Where these exist, they will be noted.
Tense Clarification: Simple PastThe simple past is in many ways the most complicated of Elbic's many tenses. This section will attempt to clarify it. Simple Past vs. ImperfectOn the surface, these two tenses are similar. Both describe past events. However, there are many differences. The simple past is used to...
The imperfect is used to...
Simple Past vs. PerfectThe simple past is even closer to the perfect. In fact, the simple past is often used in place of the perfect. The perfect typically occurs once every paragraph or so and is from then on replaced with the simple past. Usually the perfect is not used more than once or twice every few minutes in colloquial speech, though the simple past is in contrast almost never used, replaced exclusively by the perfect, in formal discussions. Simple Past vs. PluperfectsThe simple past and the pluperfects seem similar, but there is an important difference: the pluperfects are used in only one place: when describing events that occurred at a specific time, with definite beginnings and ends (or only occurring once), before other events. The pluperfects are only used where English would use had done something and similar constructions. The remote pluperfect is especially select: it can only be used when something pluperfect occurred at a distant past time (usually more than a year before the speaking). The Soft MutationThere are two cases where the soft mutation occurs. Every conjugated verb causes the soft mutation in the word following it. This often occurs with the periphrastic future, and in fact is seen in both of the examples above. It also occurs in any case of a conjugated verb followed by another word: nechésitha, chirhe, dovhe, anything.
This seems an opportune time to mention also that a, to, causes the geminate mutation, and de, of, from, causes the soft mutation. The other time where the soft mutation occurs is adjectives. Adjectives can either precede or follow the noun they modify, with the difference only in emphasis. When adjectives are describing feminine or neuter nouns, one of two things can happen:
AdjectivesAdjectives are words that describe a noun. Adjectives must agree in gender and number with the noun they modify. There are two types of adjectives: -o-a-u adjectives have six forms; -e adjectives only two. The adjectives inflect as follows:
So "the good sentence" is lu ffrasu hbuonu (remember the soft mutation!), and "the beautiful kitchens" is le bbelle hcossine. An adjective always has the endings shown here, regardless of the ending of the noun: il patre buono; la mmatre hbella. Telling the Difference-o-a-u adjectives are so named because of the different endings they take in the singular. When reading an unfamiliar adjective, try to determine whether the noun is singular or plural. Based on that, match the noun's gender and number on this table to the ending it has. The Origin of MutationsThis section describes, briefly, the generally agreed upon origin of the Elbic consonantal mutations. The Geminate MutationThe soft mutation's origin is quite simple. It occurs in two places: after the feminine and neuter articles, and after the preposition a. The geminate mutation originated in the town dialect of La Mmarina de hMarcianna
Of course, this is mostly speculation, and it may just be a borrowing from Neapolitan: there was a fairly large influx of Neapolitan immigrants to Elba in the mid-16th century. The Soft MutationThe soft mutation is a bit more difficult to rationalize as an Elbic-only developement. Fortunately, it is not. It evolved as a dialectical variation on the pronunciation of initial consonants, similar to the famed "Tuscan gorgia". In Elbic, the soft mutation originally began as a stress movement. But gradually, by way of trade with neighboring Tuscany, it began to soften or change the initial consonant. The reasons for its placement are yet unknown: it probably began as a stress shift in words starting with a consonant after de, and a similar shift in the context of feminine and neuter adjectives, then evolved parallel to the Tuscan gorgia. The soft mutation was originally a dialectical variation of Portoferraho. StandardizationLittle observed by the world, the Elbic language was ruthlessly standardized in the mid-17th century, around the time of its emergence as an individual language. The Elban Forza Par Independenza, a movement for independence from Italy, devised a new spelling system for Elbic, still used to this day, and also standardized both mutations to further differentiate between Elbic and Italian. There was some grumbling, but the Elbans seemed to know that the independence movement would be the second most interesting thing about their island in the future, so they grudgingly, gradually accepted it. In fact, this proved to be for the better, as the FPI instituted a number of public schools where children were taught the FPI-approved standard dialect. Thus, in a mere generation, and about the time that the FPI came to an end, collapsing in on itself, the Elbic langauge was standardized. In the centuries since, there are still few dialects of Elbic, and overall the dialects that there are (most notably a minority group in Tuscany which does not use the geminate mutation) are small enough that they will probably disappear, incorporated into mainstream Italian, within another century or so. Spelling ConventionsThere are a few important spelling rules in Elbic.
Links |