Atpisto

Atpisto is the reconstructed language from which most descendants of Itapesituc descend. It is the parent of Appisto and Etpisto.

Phonology

• Phonemes:
  • /a a: i u o/ a a: i u o (o is a slant phoneme)
  • /p b t d k g/ p b t d k g
  • /m n s r l x/ m n s r l c
• Syllables:
  • (C)V(V)(C)(C)
    • Onsets: Any phoneme or null
    • Nuclei: Any one or two vowels, o must be final vowel if present
    • Coda: Any of up to two of /p b t d k g s r x/, in any order, or null
  • Intersyllabic clusters: Any possible coda with any possible onset

• Prosody:
  • Stress is penultimate unless two or fewer syllables to a word, then it's ultimate
  • Initial syllables are slightly longer and higher in tone

Morphology

Verbal Morphology

Present Tense

The primary conjugations are shared by all of the three major verb groups:

Verb Noun: CVCVC
First Person, Singular: CVCaC
Second Person, Singular: CVCa:C
Third Person Masculine: CVCoC
Third Person Feminine: CVCCot

The three verb groups are distinct in first and second person plurals, however. The first group (Itapesituc *CaCiC *CaCuC *CiCuC *CuCiC) patterns as:

First Person, Plural: CVCVCu
Second Person, Plural: CVCVCi

The second (Itapesituc *CeCaC *CiCaC *CuCaC *CaCaC *CaCeC *CeCeC *CiCeC *CiCiC *CuCeC *CuCuC):

First Person, Plural: CVCCu
Second Person, Plural: CVCCi

The third (Itapesituc *CeCiC and *CeCuC):

First Person, Plural: VCCuC
Second Person, Plural: VCCiC

Past Tense

There is only one regular past tense paradigm:

Verb Noun: CVCVC
1S: CVCVCuldi
2S: CVCVCica
3SM: CVCVCa:tu
3SF: CVCVCa:tut
1P: CVCCabus
2P: CVCCabir
3PM: CVCVCa:taa
3PF: CVCVCa:tata

Future Tense/Conditional Mood

Again, there is only one regular future tense, which is also used for conditional mood (the use of which is less straightforward than the name suggests):

Verb Noun: CVCVC
1S: CVCCagu
2S: CVCVCa:l
3SM: CVCVCic
3SF: CVCVCcat
1P: CVCCasu
2P: CVCCasi
3PM: CVCVCioc
3PF: CVCVCcaot

Nominalizers

Like most languages, there are multiple meanings to nominalizers. The intransitive nominalizer (some one or some thing characterized by doing or doing the action, hereafter intransitive), the primary transitive nominalizer (some one or some thing which is either directly or indirectly acted upon depending on context, hereafter primary), and the secondary transitive nominalizer (some one or thing which is directly acted upon, hereafter secondary) are all distinguished in Atpisto.

There are six distinct paradigms:

• I - Itapesituc *CaCaC, *CeCaC, *CiCaC, *CuCaC, *CuCuC (a or u being V2)
  • INTRANSITIVE - atCV2CC
  • PRIMARY - CuCC
  • SECONDARY - anCuCC
• II - Itapesituc *CaCeC
  • INTRANSITIVE - atCaCC
  • PRIMARY - CaCC
  • SECONDARY - anCaCC
• III - Itapesituc *CaCiC *CaCuC (i or u being V2)
  • INTRANSITIVE - atCV2CC
  • PRIMARY - aCCV2C
  • SECONDARY - naCCV2C
• IV - Itapesituc *CiCuC
  • INTRANSITIVE - atCiCuC
  • PRIMARY - uCiCuC
  • SECONDARY - nuCiCuC
• V - Itapesituc *CuCiC
  • INTRANSITIVE - atCuCiC
  • PRIMARY - uCCiC
  • SECONDARY - nuCCiC
• VI - Itapesituc *CeCeC *CiCiC
  • INTRANSITIVE - atCVCC
  • PRIMARY - uCVCC
  • SECONDARY - nuCVCC
• VII - Itapesituc *CeCiC, *CeCuC (i or u being V2)
  • INTRANSITIVE - atCCV2C
  • PRIMARY - uCCV2C
  • SECONDARY - nuCCV2C