Classical Arithide conjugation: Difference between revisions

From FrathWiki
Jump to navigationJump to search
No edit summary
 
No edit summary
Line 1: Line 1:
{{WIP}}
Classical Arithide verbs are divided into two conjugations based on their infinitive endings, namely ''-ān'' (the first conjugation) and ''-ēn'' (the second conjugation). Whereas all vowel-stem verbs take ''-ān'' in the infinitive, the converse is not true, and the distinction between the two verb classes in terms of semantic and lexical meaning is not entirely clear, although it has been noted that all causative forms take as their infinitive ''-ēn''. The two conjugations differ in their basic finite forms, whereas infixes for the various aspects and moods are common.
 
Classical Arithide verbs are divided into two conjugations based on their infinitive endings, namely ''-ān'' (the first conjugation) and ''-ēn'' (the second conjugation). Whereas all vowel-stem verbs take ''-ān'' in the infinitive, the converse is not true, and the distinction between the two verb classes in terms of semantic and lexical meaning is not entirely clear, although it has been noted that all causative forms take as their infinitive ''-ēn''.


Verbs in each class are conjugated for three voices, three basic aspects, five derivative aspects, seven moods and four tenses, on a cascading hierarchy as above. I.e., to the root form of the verb would first be appended affixes indicating voice, followed by aspect, then mood and subsequently tense. The indicative perfective active is not generally marked, hence the existence of four tense-only forms. Certain aspects and moods in Classical Arithide form separate infinitives from the main verb, but as semi-independent verbs are not always able to take the full range of verb conjugations.
Verbs in each class are conjugated for three voices, three basic aspects, five derivative aspects, seven moods and four tenses, on a cascading hierarchy as above. I.e., to the root form of the verb would first be appended affixes indicating voice, followed by aspect, then mood and subsequently tense. The indicative perfective active is not generally marked, hence the existence of four tense-only forms. Certain aspects and moods in Classical Arithide form separate infinitives from the main verb, but as semi-independent verbs are not always able to take the full range of verb conjugations.


==Voice & transitivity==
There is a small class of antideponent verbs in Classical Arithide, i.e. verbs with an active form but a passive meaning. All verbs in that class take the ''-ān'' ending.
 
The three voices of the verb distinguish the grammatical function of the agent of an action: the subject with the active, a prepositional complement in the ablative with the passive, and the indirect object with the causative.
 
Verbs can be
 
===Active===
 
*'''''Jānos''' rero taka.'' '''John''' hits the ball.
 
In the active voice, the agent of an action is the grammatical subject. The active voice requires no additional marking.
 
===Passive===
 
*''Reros '''etel Jōnōn''' takosta.'' The ball is hit '''by John'''.
 
===Causative===
 
*''Jāge '''Inae''' rero takara.'' Jack makes '''John''' hit the ball.
 
===Aspects===


*'''Imperfective''', indicating the progression of an action
==First conjugation ''-ēn''==
**'''Habitual/Generic''' I walk to work every day. Mangoes grow on trees.
**'''Protractive'''* I walk on and on; I go on walking.
**'''Inceptive'''* I begin to walk.
**'''Prospective'''* I am about to walk.
**'''Frequentative'''* I walk around.
*'''Perfective''', indicating the completion of an action
**'''Habitual''' I used to walk to work every dat. Mangoes used to grow on trees.
*'''Perfect''' I have walked to the cinema (and am now there).


===Moods===
The first conjugation is the most common conjugation to which verbs in Classical Arithide belong, encompassing approximately three-quarters of all verbs. The regular conjugation is illustrated by the example verb ''sernēn'' below:


*'''Indicative''', stating facts, strong beliefs
*'''Subjunctive'''*, used with wishes, hopes, doubts, conditions
*'''Optative'''* I want to walk.
*'''Jussive'''* I want you to walk.
*'''Imperative''' Walk!
*'''Cohortative''' Let's walk.
*'''Negative'''{{footnote|1}} I do not walk.


{{footnote|1}}There are technically two types of the negative mood in Classical Arithide, but traditionally have been conflated into one by the [[Dethrians]], who were not generally able to effectively distinguish between the two (see [[Classical Arithide conjugation#Negative moods]] for more information).


===Tenses===
==Second conjugation ''-ān'', consonant-stem==


*'''Present'''
==Second conjugation ''-ān'', vowel-stem==
*'''Past'''
*'''Progressive''', technically an aspect, derived from the imperfective, but covers the continuous tenses of English
*'''Future'''


Of the above, those marked with an asterisk form separate verbs (i.e. take their own infinitives), which usually do not hold the full conjugation range. Additionally, the interrogative mood is marked with the auxiliary particle ''da''.
{{stub}}


[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Languages of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Languages of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Arithide]]
[[Category: Arithide]]

Revision as of 03:35, 27 January 2007

Classical Arithide verbs are divided into two conjugations based on their infinitive endings, namely -ān (the first conjugation) and -ēn (the second conjugation). Whereas all vowel-stem verbs take -ān in the infinitive, the converse is not true, and the distinction between the two verb classes in terms of semantic and lexical meaning is not entirely clear, although it has been noted that all causative forms take as their infinitive -ēn. The two conjugations differ in their basic finite forms, whereas infixes for the various aspects and moods are common.

Verbs in each class are conjugated for three voices, three basic aspects, five derivative aspects, seven moods and four tenses, on a cascading hierarchy as above. I.e., to the root form of the verb would first be appended affixes indicating voice, followed by aspect, then mood and subsequently tense. The indicative perfective active is not generally marked, hence the existence of four tense-only forms. Certain aspects and moods in Classical Arithide form separate infinitives from the main verb, but as semi-independent verbs are not always able to take the full range of verb conjugations.

There is a small class of antideponent verbs in Classical Arithide, i.e. verbs with an active form but a passive meaning. All verbs in that class take the -ān ending.

First conjugation -ēn

The first conjugation is the most common conjugation to which verbs in Classical Arithide belong, encompassing approximately three-quarters of all verbs. The regular conjugation is illustrated by the example verb sernēn below:


Second conjugation -ān, consonant-stem

Second conjugation -ān, vowel-stem

This article is a stub. If you can contribute to its content, feel free to do so.
Retrieved from "http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Classical_Arithide_conjugation&oldid=18807"