Classical Arithide conjugation
- See also Classical Arithide grammar for more information
Classical Arithide verbs are divided into two classes: active-voice and middle-voice; each is divided into two conjugations based on their stems: whether they end in a vowel or a consonant. There is no infinitive, and verbs are quoted in dictionaries in their perfect finite form. The two conjugations differ in their basic finite forms, whereas additional affixes for the various aspects and moods are common; a small group of verbs are mixed-conjugation: though consonant-stem, they take vowel-stem conjugations.
Within consonant-stem verbs, nasal-stems (-m- and -n-) conjugate slightly differently from the non-nasal-stem verbs; also, vowel-stem verbs possess a second stem, with which are formed their derivatives, such as the protractive aspect and the agentive noun.
Verbs in each class are conjugated for four or five voices, three basic aspects, five derivative aspects, seven moods and one tense, on a cascading hierarchy as above. I.e., to the root form of the verb would first be appended affixes indicating voice, followed by aspect, then mood and subsequently tense. Certain aspects and moods in Classical Arithide constitute separate verbs eo ipso, but, as semi-independent verbs, are not always able to take the full range of verb conjugations.
There is a small class of antideponent verbs in Classical Arithide, i.e. verbs with an active form but a passive meaning.
Verbs are the only group of words in Classical Arithide that exhibit a significant degree of non-inflectionary morphology, namely, agglutination, which occurs in affixing aspects, moods and tenses onto individual verbs.
Voice and transitivity
Classical Arithide verbs can also be classified, in grammatical literature, according to whether the root is active or passive. Because of the conflation of voice with transitivity, "active" and "middle" voice may in fact correspond to "transitive" and "intransitive" in certain cases, though to the Areth of the Classical Age, the difference was scarcely material.
The flexible verb system of the language means that it is possible for individual verbs to cross categories, i.e. for active verbs to take on the middle voice and vice versa. By scholastic agreement, verbs can fall into either of two groups by this criterion: the "weak verbs" (numatheros, lit. "down group") contains verbs that change voice with suffixes, analogously to the Germanic "weak verbs"; the "strong verbs" (bisatheros, lit. "up group") undergo ablaut to convey the same change. Within both groups are verbs whose roots are active, and inflect to middlise/intransitivise; as well as verbs whose roots are middle-voice, and inflect to activise.
Weak verb voice changes
When changing voice, weak verbs take various endings, which are not governed by systematic rules and have to be learnt by memory. However, analogical levelling has meant the preponderance of one or two endings productively, with the rest surviving mostly in fossilised form, albeit usually in the most commonly used verbs.
Active-root weak verbs can take the following endings to become middle-voice:
- Verbs with stems ending in -r, or -r and a vowel, generally take -erai
- Certain rare verbs use -atai, -ōsai, -ēsai or -ēmai
- All other situations employ the suffix -(o)nai
Middle-voice weak verbs can take the following endings to become active-voice:
- Where the verb takes the infix -on- (which occurs frequently with some monosyllabic roots), use -erēn
- The following endings are rarer: -airēn, -ourēn (whose -r- disappears in every other inflection), -eirēn
- All other situations employ -(o)idēn
Passive
The biggest morphological difference between the "active" and "middle" verbs, naturally, is the fact that the former category can take on the passive voice, while the latter cannot. The passive in Classical Arithide is formed with the prefix (unusually for a generally suffixing language) h(e)(n)-. The curiously complicated citation form of this prefix is due to the fact that while the usual form used is he-, as with verbs beginning with a consonant, those that begin with a vowel take either the simple h- or the longer hen-. There appears to be no fast rule governing which prefix each verb takes, and the passive form of each verb beginning with a vowel must learnt by heart.
Causative
In addition to the active, middle and passive voices, there is also the causative voice, which denotes agent A causing agent B to commit a particular action, and can be applied to verbs in any of the other three voices previously mentioned, e.g. :
- Mādou saī lydārēn. "Mother made sister eat."
Here lydai "to eat" is a middle-voice/intransitive verb causativised by the suffix -ārēn. N.B. saī "sister" is always in the dative case as she is the target (i.e. indirect object) of the causative. - Mādou saī mele lydārēn. "Mother made sister eat the apple."
Here lydēn is an active-voice/transitive verb causativised by the same suffix, resulting in the same causative form for both verbs. - Mādou meli helydārēn. "Mother made the apple be eaten."
Here helydai is a passive verb, causativised by exactly the same suffix as before.
The causative can be applied to verbs in their original aspect only, e.g. one can only causativise lydēn "to eat" in this original perfective aspect and not the imperfective luīdēn that can be derived from it; likewise causativisation happens to vagonai "to go, impf." and not vaktai "to go, prfv." or vaksa "to have gone, perf.". The reason is that only the semantic value of the root verb is carried over to the causative, and all further conjugation, aspectual, modal or otherwise, is carried out on the causative suffix -ārēn.
Potentive
A fifth voice, the potentive voice with suffix -ētai, is used to express the physical ability (as opposed to permission) of an agent to commit the action in question. This voice can be appended to verbs in any of the other four voices, e.g. the following sentences:
- Mādou lydētai. "Mother can eat."
- Mādou mele lydētai. "Mother can eat an apple."
N.B. the potentive forms of the transitive and intransitive forms of verbs that do not take an extra infix when changing voice are identical. - Meleu helydētai. "The apple can (has a physical ability to) be eaten."
- Mādou saī mele lydārētai. "Mother can make sister eat the apple."
- Mādou meli helydārētai. "Mother can make the apple be eaten."
Conjugations of an Arithide verb
The basic conjugations of an Arithide verb are given in table format as laid out in the following template.
| verb | habitual, inceptive, frequentative, protractive, volitive desiderative, jussive, subjunctive | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| imperative, cohortative supine (I) location (II) instrument (V) agent (VI) patient (VII, VI) |
perfect aspect | perfect participle | perfect supine | |
| perfective aspect | perfective participle | perfective supine | ||
| imperfective aspect | imperfective participle | imperfective supine | ||
| future tense | future participle | future supine | ||
| potentive, causative, passive1
, (middlisation/activisation) | ||||
1
Note: for why the passive voice exists for both active/transitive and middle/intransitive verbs, see below.
Stem & gerund
The conjugation of a verb is conducted with its stem as the basis. To find the stem of a verb, simply remove the perfective ending. For active verbs this is -ēn for consonant-stems and i-, u-, y-stems, and -n for all other vowel stems; for middle voice verbs it is -ai for consonant-stems and -nai for all vowel stems.
From the stem is formed the second major part of a verb's conjugation, the gerund. The gerunds of vowel-stem verbs are identical to the stems; consonant-stem verbs affix an -o, hence napsēn "to hide" > napso. Most complex conjugations are formed using the gerund, as are a number of common verbal phrases and periphrastic constructions; frequently, when those conjugations require an affix beginning with a vowel, the -o of the gerund in consonant-stem verbs is elided.
The gerund for specific aspects of a verb can also be formed from any participial stem, simply by adding -to (occasionally -te). I.e. the imperfective participle pariānos "kept running" has the imperfective gerund pariānto or pariānte, meaning literally "keep running, and...". This is normally used when the verb in the gerund (being connected) and the final verb in the sentence are of different aspects, e.g.:
Mena paretei pāthīto artēnai.
she.NOM reason.PL.ACC listen.IMPF.GER agree.PRFV
She listened continuously to the reasons (i.e. "heard us out") and agreed.
Imperative & cohortative
At the top-right of the table, listed with the stem and the gerund, are the imperative ("walk!") and the cohortative ("let's walk") moods respectively. These are the only two forms of the verb that are progressively invariable (see Progressive inflection), i.e. they do not inflect further for the next level of time-flow distinction, in this case tense. The imperative is formed with V-verbs by lengthening their inherent vowel and adding -ra, and with consonant-stem verbs by adding -ēra to the stem (i.e. napsēn > napsēra, kalān > kalāra, sebīn > sebīra). In colloquial speech or for purposes of scansion, the final -ra may be omitted. The cohortative is constructed in consonant-stem verbs by appending -ō to the stem; vowel-stem verbs add -ō to their stem, and the thematic vowel is elided with stems ending in -a, -o, -u and -y.
Free derivatives
The only derivative verbs that can conjugate nearly as fully as the active verb itself, with only minimal restrictions (the "free derivatives"), number three, and are the three other verb voices in Classical Arithide: the potentive (-ētai, "able to"), causative (-ārā/-ārai, "make/cause to") and passive (he-, "be done something to").
To illustrate, napsētai (naps- + -ētai potentive) can take any ending that the main verb can, except the passive, because potentive verbs are intransitive by nature and thus do not have a passive; nor can henapsai (naps- + prefix he- passive), for the same reason that passive verbs are also intransitive by definition; in addition, the causative is the only derivative of the three that allows recursion: napsārārēn "make to cause to hide" is semantically permissible, whereas napsētētai is illogical and hegenapsai (doubled he-; the second he- is mutated due to historical phonological sound changes) is forbidden for transitivity reasons as already discussed.
There is a third-person imperative ("let him hide") ending in -(e)sit—i.e. henapsesit
Records of earlier Arithide show the passive form as originally having been constructed -sita, which casts some light on the origins of the seemingly irregular third-person imperative, and the patientive verbal noun. The latter is attested as once regular (napsesitis, which phonetic attrition reduced), and the former of which is unattested but postulated by scholars to have been napsesitu, paralleling the imperative and cohortative. For those moods, however, no material is available to explain their distinct construction from the active.
Passive voice on middle-voice verbs
Despite the limited applicability of the passive voice outlined above, however, the passive does in fact exist for middle/intransitive verbs, except with different meanings: the passive as used with active verbs is the regular passive as speakers of Indo-European languages may be used to; when used with middle verbs, however, the voice takes on a malefactive character. A sentence like Kēkou fātis henōssēn. (lit. "Cecus was died by his father") means that Cecus' father died, which caused him much pain, grief, agony and/or trouble.
Such a construction may only take animate subjects, because objects cannot logically be "harmed" by an action. However, this rule is frequently broken by the classical poets, particularly in extended metaphors. Certain transitive verbs also took on a "malefactive passive", made possible by the existence of a topical case in later periods, viz.:
Fregādou konāt sīn gybeōn hezilfēn. Fregados.TOP wallet.NOM with thief.ABL PASS.steal.PRFV Fregādos' wallet was stolen by a thief
Limited derivatives
The "limited derivative" verbs are, as opposed to the free derivatives, independent derivative verbs that may not take the full range of conjugations. Most derivatives in this category are modal and infixed between the verb stem and its voice endings: the inceptive mood (-iz- "to begin to"), the frequentative (-eus- "to do repeatedly"), the protractive (-nd- "to go on and on"), the volitive (-oum- "to be willing to"), the desiderative (-ss-' "to want to"), the jussive (-sp- "to want the listener to") and the subjunctive (-ōn-). The first three moods take the imperfective stem; the latter three take the gerundive stem with C-verbs and the basic stem with V-verbs. None of these verbs may take a subordinate voice (as they are moods), nor recur outside literature (i.e. napsizizai, for example, is not normally permissible); all may take the inceptive and the subjunctive subordinately, and the inceptive may take the frequentative in subordination, to give the meaning of "repeatedly began (but never finished)".
Also part of the limited derivatives are the progressively invariable habitual and perfective habitual aspects, which are conjugated like tenses, by taking the imperfective stem, infixing -mn-, and conjugating it for the perfect or perfective aspect, e.g. hoirimnai "used to turn (intr.)". The simple habitual (with the perfect-aspect ending) also doubles as the generic mood, to express universals, e.g. lēreu dialimnai, "the sun rises (every day as a matter of certainty/fact)". These aspects are considered unique, in that they are the only ones that may follow a mood in affixation, to give, e.g. agnizimnai "he habitually begins to do things (and leave them hanging afterwards)".
Verbal nouns
The left side of the table, shaded slightly darker, lists the main verbal nouns, of agency (doer), of patiency (done to), of instrument (tool), of location (place done at), as well as the supine (act of). The supine is a declension I noun, locative nouns are declension II, agentive nouns are of declension VI and instrumentive nouns are declension Vb, the patientive is declension VII (see Classical Arithide declension for the respective inflection patterns).
Different consonant stems take different epenthetic consonants in forming their supines and locatives, illustrated by the table below:
| Voiceless plosives/fricatives | Voiced plosives/fricatives |
|---|---|
| topēn, top-, topthos1 | stebēn, steb-, stepthos |
| ikēn, ik-, ikthos1 | vagai, vag-, vakthos |
| gatēn, gat-, gatthos1 | fidēn, fid-, fitthos |
| pathēn, path-, patthos | fodhēn, fodh-, fotthos |
| bēsēn, bēs-, bēsthos | fizēn, fiz-, fisthos |
| Sonorants | |
| damēn, dam-, danthos | thenēn, then-, thenthos |
| sulēn, sul-, sulthos | lerēn, ler-, lesthos |
| Clusters, Geminates | |
| kompēn, komp-, kompthos | kambēn, kamb-, kampthos |
| eptēn, ept-, epthos | dandēn, dand-, danthos |
| arkēn, ark-, arkthos | kargēn, karg-, karkthos |
| almēn, alm-, almpthos | selnēn, seln-, selnthos |
| illēn, ill-, ilthos1 | |
| firrēn, firr-, firrethos1 | ēbrēn, ēbr-, ēbrethos |
| hessēn, hess-, hessethos1 | |
1
Geminates for all consonants form their verbal nouns by adding an epenthetic -e-, i.e. stammēn > stammethos etc. The only exception is with -ll-, which nominalises identically to verbs in a single -l-.
Middle verbs go through the same process when they take the perfect-aspect ending -sei and its derivatives, and the tables above are repeated below with actual middle verbs as examples:
| Voiceless plosives/fricatives | Voiced plosives/fricatives |
|---|---|
| depai, dep-, depsei | robai, rob-, ropsei |
| dīkai, dīk-, diksei | vagai, vag-, vaksei |
| dūtai, dūt-, dūssei | leidai, leid-, leissei |
| hīthai, hīth-, hīssei | fodhai, fodh-, fossei |
| klasai, klas-, klassei | auzai, auz-, aussei |
| Sonorants | |
| hemai, hem-, hensei | finai, fin-, finsei |
| idilēn, idil-, idilsei | karai, kar-, kassei |
| Clusters, Geminates | |
| thempai, themp-, thempsei | flembai, flemb-, flempsei |
| reptai, rept-, repsei | bandai, band-, banzei |
| kirkai, kirk-, kirksei, kirkesei | orgai, org-, orksei, orgesei |
| hallai, hall-, halsei | syplai, sypl-, syplesei |
| karrai, karr-, karresei | sūbrai, sūbr-, sūbresei |
| kossai, koss-, kossei | fignai, fign-, fignesei |
Aspects & tenses
Classical Arithide was an aspect-salient language; distinctions as "he eats" and "he ate" mattered far less to an Arithide-speaker then than did ones such as "he ate" and "he was eating". In this respect it bears much resemblance to the Chinese languages. The proclivity towards aspect-differentiation rather than tense persisted well into the koine era, and it was only with the rise of Modern Arithide did tenses begin to play a greater role.
The verb conjugation table is ordered with the aspects preceding tenses, for reasons of origin: the tenses ultimately derive from reduced versions of the aspects; the perfect aspect gave rise to the present tense, the perfective to the past tense, and the once-common irrealis/conditional mood decayed into the future tense, in a logical process of mapping, in the final decades of the Equora dynasty. Written records exhibit tenses only from the late 9th century CIE, and even then only in informal documents.
- See also Development of Classical Arithide tenses for more information
With the stronger role of the tenses in the koine, finer temporal distinctions became possible, and the aspects evolved from finite verb forms to dually functioning affixes: they could stand alone without tense-marking, or they could act as aspectual stems and take tenses. This overlapping feature of the aspect was often utilised in literature, as well as politics, for reasons of style, emphasis, or deliberate ambiguity.
Participles
The participles of the various aspects and the conditional mood serve two main purposes. First, due to the SOV syntax of Classical Arithide, verbs were used prenominally as modifiers. Initially these modifier verbs used the same forms as final verbs, but gradually evolved distinct forms with lengthened vowels and, in the case of the imperfective, lost the accompanying consonant. Adjectives of the verbal class, however, did not undergo this change (see Classical Arithide adjectives). Second, analogously to the Latin ablative absolute construction, the participles could indicate the context of a main sentence, e.g.
- Kodhē roisāī, sōpedāī tholthae vermairēn. Having weakened the enemy, the soldiers went in for the kill.
roimēn, stem roim-, perfect aspect roisa, perf. participle rois-, perf. ptcp. class-V pl. roisāī
These participle forms were largely developed already by the Aphoiros dynasty, and codified into the language of the respectable classes upon the rise of the Equora.
Participial verbal nouns
Participles can also derive verbal nouns, such as sthorasthos "the fact that you have held (him) back" or sthorasthon "the person who has held (him) back", from sthorasos "having held back", from sthorasa "has held back, to hold back", in turn from sthorān "to hold back". These are quoted in the tables below in the abstract -os form which corresponds to "the fact that...", but can also take declension V endings by replacing the ending -os with -on, changing their meaning to become "the person who...".
Deriving other parts of speech
Like many other SOV languages, most notably Japanese, early Classical Arithide could turn its verbs into modifiers simply by putting them directly before the noun they modify, e.g. ores solai "the river flows (lit. is flowing)" vs. solai ores "the flowing river" "the river that flows (lit. is flowing)". However, due to the language's extensive and growing inflection, and consequently considerably free word order, the practice declined rather early on in the Lazeian Empire's existence in favour of the participle forms, which had already begun to differentiate from the finite forms before the conquest of Galaria (see Classical Arithide verb differentiation); it only experienced a sort of recovery after the fall of the Equora dynasty, and the consequent accelerated decay of the intricate inflection system it had built up over the years.
In the conjugation tables below, the participles for each verb are listed with an additional letter each appended in parentheses to the end. In the "standard" Classical Arithide, the correct participle forms do not include the letters in brackets, nor as modifiers include them but simply conjugate in their base form according to the declension class of their referent. In earlier periods, however, up to the decades before the Three Hundred Golden Years, the correct forms for the perfective and imperfective participles ended in -a, subsequently dropped, and as modifiers of the nominal class declined as per the fifth declension.
At the same time, in the active and middle voices verbs can form various adjectives and nouns using their different aspectual participle forms (such as fragai "to rebel, to mutiny" > fraignāī sōpedāī (with impf. aspect) "rebelling/mutinying soldiers", fraksāī sōpedāī (with perf. aspect) "soldiers who have rebelled/mutinied—implied and by consequence are now no longer part of the force", fragnāī sōpedāī (with prfv. aspect) "soldiers who rebelled/mutinied—before/once, and that is over and done with in their histories"). This is also true for the passive voice, hence hezusser Ganymēder (perf.) "stolen Ganymede" is still missing while hezunner Ganymēder (prfv.) has been returned, and Zeus can stil be seen taking away hezyrer Ganymēder (impf.).
Voice, aspect, mood and tense
Verbs in each class are conjugated for four or five voices, three basic aspects, five derivative aspects and seven moods. Of the following list, those marked with an asterisk form separate verbs (i.e. take their own infinitives), which usually do not hold the full conjugation range. Additionally, the interrogative mood is (commonly, and obligatorily in writing but not speech) marked with the auxiliary particle da. Verbs are conjugated on a cascading hierarchy as above, i.e. to the root form of the verb would first be appended affixes indicating voice, followed by aspect, then mood and subsequently tense.
Voices
- Active John hits the ball.
- Middle John makes a hit.
- Passive The ball is hit by John.
- Causative Jack makes John hit the ball.
- Potentive Jack can hit the ball.
Aspects
- Imperfective, indicating the progression of an action
- Habitual/Generic & Perfective Habitual I walk/used to walk to work every day. Mangoes (used to) grow on trees.
- Protractive* I walk on and on; I go on walking.
- Inceptive* I begin to walk.
- Frequentative* I walk around.
- Perfective, indicating the completion of an action
- Perfect I have walked to the cinema (and am now there).
Moods
- Indicative, stating facts, strong beliefs
- Subjunctive*, used with wishes, hopes, doubts, conditions
- Desiderative* I want to walk.
- Jussive* I want you to walk.
- Volitive, I am willing to walk
- Imperative Walk!
- Cohortative Let's walk.
- Negative1
I do not walk.
1 There are technically two types of the negative mood in Classical Arithide, but traditionally have been conflated into one by the Dethrians, who were not generally able to effectively distinguish between the two (see next section for more information).
Future tense
Classical Arithide has an odd, anomalous tense in its morphological system, namely the future tense, with ending -ma/-mai. The use of this tense is very limited, being restricted to only the literal meaning of "ahead of time", and is used like a relative tense. I.e. even when speaking about the past, this future tense can still be used as long as the action in question took place after the point of time reference, e.g. Mena labimaitho derēisa. "I had hoped that she would call for me." As may be observed, here where Classical Arithide uses the simple future, English with its absolute tense system uses the future perfect.
Negation
In Classical Arithide, as with its modern descendant, there are two possible ways of constructing negation—broad and narrow—using the affix av-, -va respectively. Broad negation negates the semantic meaning of an entire word, phrase, or even sentence; the narrow variant negates only the specific conjugated meaning of the verb.
Compare the following two sentences and the nuanced difference in their meaning:
- Vaktho raenētaiva. You cannot choose to go. (lit. "going choose-can-not")
- Vaktho auraenētai. You can not choose to go. or You can choose not to go. (lit. "going not-choose-can")
- Auvaktho raenētai. You can choose not to go. (lit. "not-going choose-can")
The former sentence is an example of narrow negation, because the negative suffix applies only to the conjugated verb, i.e. it refers to the narrow act of not choosing; the latter of broad, because the prefix inverts the lexical meaning of the verb, and subsequent conjugations modify the prefixed verb as a single unit of negative meaning—the new word is technically considered grammatically affirmative.
Certain constructions require the use of either of the negatives over the other due to grammatical constraints, e.g. in the case of the following two sentences:
- Sit iter auvagōn do, vagmai. If that person is not going, I will go.
- Sit iter vagōn do, vagmaiva. If that person is going, I will not go.
- Sit iter auvagespai. He does not want that person to go. (Lit. "he desires the person to not-go")
- Sit iter vagespaiva. He does not want that person to go. (Lit. "he desires not the person to go")
In the first sentence the broad negative has to be employed due to the overlap in the various functions of the subjunctive mood, which here is used as a "subjunctive of condition": if it were said Sit iter vagōnaiva..., it would imply a separate grammatical topic (e.g. dās "I", nās "he" etc.) and that the subjunctive is being used as a "subjunctive of desire", i.e. the clause would mean, instead, the equivalent of sentence (4).
Conjugation paradigms
Active-voice consonant-stem verbs
Active voice verb valēn "to site, to settle (tr.)":
| VAL- | valimnēn, valīzēn, valeusēn, valindēn, valoumēn valossēn, valospēn, valōnēn | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| imp. valē(ra) coh. valō sup. valthos loc. valthas ins. valeta agt. valthera, valon pat. valthis, valthion |
valēn | valnos | valnethos | |
| vaila | vailnos | vailnthos | ||
| valsa | valsos | valsthos | ||
| valma |
valmos |
valonthos < *valumthos < *valmthos | ||
| valētai, valārēn, hevalai, (valonai) | ||||
Verbs whose stems end in -n take a slightly different ending in the perfective aspect, which has arisen due to historical phonetic dissimulation: sennēn "to order, to command".
| SENN- | sennimnēn, sennīzēn, senneusēn, sennindēn, sennoumēn sennossēn, sennospēn, sennōnēn | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| imp. sennē(ra) coh. sennō sup. sennethos loc. sennethas ins. senneta agt. sennethera, sennon pat. sennosis, sennosion |
sennēn | sennemos | sennenthos | |
| seinna | seinnemos | seinnenthos | ||
| sennesa | sennesos | sennesthos | ||
| sennema, seinnema | sennemos, seinnemos | sennenthos, seinnenthos | ||
| sennētai, sennārēn, hezennai, (sennerai) | ||||
Active-voice vowel-stem verbs
A-stem verbs
| KALA- | kalamnēn, kalazai, kalēusai, kalandai, kalōumai kalassai, kalaspai, kalōnai | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| kalā(ra) kalō sup. kalatos loc. kalatas ins. kalateta agt. kalater, kalaton pat. kalasis, kalasion |
kalas | kalantos | kalathos | |
| kalān | kalaumos | kalōnthos | ||
| kalāi | kalāios | kalaithos | ||
| kalama | kalamos | kalanthos | ||
| kalētai, kalatārēn, hegalanai, (kalanai) | ||||
E-stem verbs
| VERE- | veremnēn, verezai, vereusai, verendai, verioumai veressai, verespai, veriōnai | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| verē(ra) vereō sup. veretos loc. veretas ins. veriteta agt. veriter, veriton pat. veresis, veresion |
veres | verentos | verethos | |
| verēn | vereumos | veriōnthos | ||
| verēi | verēios | vereithos | ||
| verema | veremos | verenthos | ||
| veriētai, veretārēn, heverenai, (veremai) | ||||
I-, U-, Y-stem verbs
| SEBI- | sebimnēn, sebizai, sebiousai, sebindai, sebioumai sebissai, sebispai, sebiōnai | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| sebī(ra) sebiō sup. sebitos loc. sebitas ins. sebiteta agt. sebiter, sebiton pat. sebisis, sebision |
sebis | sebitos | sebithos | |
| sebiēn | sebeumos | sebionthos | ||
| sebiēi | sebiēios | sebieithos | ||
| sebima | sebimos | sebinthos | ||
| sebiētai, sebitārēn, hezebinai (sebierai) | ||||
O-stem verbs
| NIRO- | niromnēn, nirozai, nirousai, nirondai, nirōumai nirossai, nirospai, nirōnai | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| nirē(ra) nirō sup. nissos loc. nissas ins. nisseta agt. nisser, nisson pat. nissis, nission |
nirās | nirāsos | nirāsthos | |
| nirēn | niroumos | nirōnthos | ||
| niri | nirīos | nirīthos | ||
| nimma | nimmos | nironthos | ||
| nirētai, nirārēn, henironai, (nironai) | ||||
Middle-voice consonant-stem verbs
'The following table uses the example verb 'aurai "to meet":
| AUR- | aurimnai, aurīzai, aureusai, aurindai, auroumai aurossai, aurospai, aurōnai | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| imp. aurē(ra) coh. aurō sup. aussos loc. aussas ins. aureta agt. ausser, auron pat. aussis, aussion |
aussei | aussēnios | aussinthos | |
| aurai | auraikos | auraithos | ||
| aurā | aurānos | aurānthos | ||
| aummai <*aurmai |
aummos <*aurmos |
auronthos <*aurumthos <*aurmthos | ||
| aurētai, aurārēn, (aureirēn) | ||||
Middle-voice vowel-stem verbs
A-stem verbs
| THŌRA- | thōramnai, thōrazai, thōrōusai, thōrandai, thōrōumai thōrassai, thōraspai, thōrōnai | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| thōrē(ra) thōrō sup. thōratos loc. thōratas ins. thōrateta agt. thōrater, thōraton pat. thōrasis, thōrasion |
thōrasei | thōrasēnios | thōresinthos | |
| thōranai | thōraikos | thōraithos | ||
| thōrā | thōrānos | thōrānthos | ||
| thōrama | thōramos | thōranthos | ||
| thōrētai, thōrārēn, (thōrairēn) | ||||
E-stem verbs
| PARE- | paremnai, parezai, pareusai, parendai, parioumai paressai, parespai, pariōnai | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| parē(ra) pariō sup. paretos loc. paretas ins. pariteta agt. pariter, pariton pat. paresis, paresion |
parisei | parisēnios | paresinthos | |
| parenai | pareikos | pareithos | ||
| pariā | pariānos | pariānthos | ||
| parema | paremos | parenthos | ||
| pariētai, pariārēn, (pareirēn) | ||||
Note the raising of -e- to -i- if the following vowel is non-high.
I-, U-, Y-stem verbs
| ANKI- | ankimnai, ankizai, ankiousai, ankindai, ankioumai ankissai, ankispai, ankiōnai | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ankī(ra) ankiō sup. ankitos loc. ankitas ins. ankiteta agt. ankiter, ankiton pat. ankisis, ankision |
ankisei | ankisēnios | ankesinthos | |
| ankinai | ankīkos | ankīthos | ||
| ankiā | ankiānos | ankiānthos | ||
| ankima | ankimos | ankinthos | ||
| ankiētai, ankiārēn, (ankieirēn) | ||||
O-stem verbs
| GIGO- | gigimnai, gigizai, gigeusai, gigondai, gigoumai gigossai, gigospai, gigōnai | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| gigē(ra) gigō sup. gigsos loc. gigsas ins. gigeta agt. gigeter, gigon pat. gigosis, gigosion |
gigesei | gigosēnios | gigesinthos | |
| gigonai | gigeikos | gigeithos | ||
| gigā | gigānos | gigānthos | ||
| gigoma | gigomos | gigonthos | ||
| gigētai, gigārēn, (geigēn*) | ||||
- irregular
Mixed conjugation verbs
The mixed conjugation verbs are all consonant-stem verbs that conjugate as per vowel-stems. Due to the consequent coincidence of the consonants from the stem and the ending, phonetic assimilation or dissimilation may occur as demonstrated below. In certain cases where the syllable structure of the verb changes (e.g. from open to closed), vowel alterations may also take place with the high vowels i and u, lowering them to e and o respectively.
Certain mixed-conjugation verbs also act as if they were e-stem verbs, and can conjugate accordingly, leading to two different conjugal matrices for the same verb; all the example verbs given below belong to this category: ludēn "to gamble", dagēn "to contain", simēn "to host" and levēn "big".
| LUDĒN | lud-, ludo, ludē(ra), ludō(ra) ludabēn, ludārēn, losstēn | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| sup. luttos loc. luttas ins. ludeta agt. ludon (lutter) pat. ludosis |
ludes, luder- lōs, lōr- |
ludent | ludes lōs | |
| ludet, luded- lutt, lodd- |
ludēth lōth |
ludeth lutth | ||
| ludian, ludiam- | ludian | |||
| (ludiōn, ludium-) | (ludiōn) | ludiōn | ||
| ludimnēn, ludizēn, ludivasēn, ludindēn ludossēn, ludospēn, ludōnēn | ||||
| DAGĒN | dag-, dago, dagē(ra), dagō(ra) dagabēn, dagārēn, dakstēn | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| sup. daktos loc. daktas ins. dageta agt. dagon (dakter) pat. dagosis |
dages, dager- daks, dagr- |
dagent | dages daks | |
| daget, daged- dakt, dagd-/dangd- |
dagēth dākth |
dageth dakth | ||
| dagian, dagiam- | dagian | |||
| (dagiōn, dagium-) | (dagiōn) | dagiōn | ||
| dagimnēn, dagizēn, dagivasēn, dagindēn dagossēn, dagospēn, dagōnēn | ||||
| SIMĒN | sim-, simo, simē(ra), simō(ra) simabēn, simārēn, simostēn | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| sup. semptos loc. semptas ins. simeta agt. simon (sempter) pat. simosis |
simes, simer- semps, sempr- |
siment | simes semps | |
| simet, simed- sempt, sembd- |
simēth sēmpth |
simeth sempth | ||
| simian, simiam- | simian | |||
| (simiōn, simium-) | (simiōn) | simiōn | ||
| simimnēn, simizēn, simivasēn, simindēn simossēn, simospēn, simōnēn | ||||
| LEVĒN | lev-, levo, levē(ra), levō(ra) levabēn, levārēn, lepstēn | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| sup. leptos loc. leptas ins. leveta agt. levon (lepter) pat. levosis |
leves, lever- leps, lepr- |
levent | leves leps | |
| levet, leved- lept, lebd- |
levēth lēpth |
leveth lepth | ||
| levian, leviam- | levian | |||
| (leviōn, levium-) | (leviōn) | leviōn | ||
| levimnēn, levizēn, levvasēn, levindēn levossēn, levospēn, levōnēn | ||||
