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Pronunciation table

पेमु॓को peműko (labial)								रीसु॓कॊ riisűko (dental)								मुइतु॓को muitűko (alveolar)								भइनु॓को vainűko (palatal)							च्युस्वे॓नोस् ṡ̨uuše̋nos (vowels with प)								नि॓थो च्युस्वे॓नोस् nı̋þo ṡ̨uuše̋nos (weak vowels)
p	b	f	v	m̃	m			t	d	þ	ð	ɫ	l			ṡ	ż	s	z	r	n			k	g	x	ƣ	h	ȝ			š	s̨			i	e	a	ɔ	o	u			ĭ	ĕ	ŭ
प	ब	फ	भ	म़	म			त	द	थ	ध	ल़	ल			च	ज	स	स़	र	न			क	ग	क़	ग़	ह	य			स्व	स्य			इ ई पि पी	ए एै ए पै	अ आ प पा	ऒ ॵ पॊ पॏ	ओ औ पो पौ	उ ऊ पु पू			पं	पऺ	पॅ
/p/	/b/	/ɸ/	/β/	/m̥/	/m/			/t/	/d/	/θ/	/ð/	/l̥/	/l/			/ʦ/	/ʣ/	/s/	/z/	/ɾ̥/	/n/			/k/	/g/	/ç/	/ʝ/	/j̊/	/j/			/sʷ/	/sʲ/			/i/	/e/	/ä/	/ɒ/	/o/	/u/			/ɪ/	/ɛ/	/ʊ/

Glossing abbreviations

1s/p = 1st person singular/plural	ABL = ablative suffix	COL = collective	F = feminine	INT = intensive prefix	PRV = privative prefix	SUP = supine
2s/p = 2nd person singular/plural	ABS = absolutive (an unmarked modifying adjective)	DES = desiderative	FRQ = frequentative	LAT = lative suffix	PST = past	TRZ = transitivizer
3 = 3rd person	ADV = adverb	DIM = diminutive	FUT = future	LOC = locative suffix	REV = reversive	VOC = vocative particle
A(.s/p) = accusative (singular/plural)	AG = agent	ELIS = elision	IMP = imperative	M = masculine	Q = interrogative particle	YNG = young
G(.s/p) = genitive (singular/plural)	AP = agent (active) participle	ELT = elative	INC = inchoative	OCC = occupation suffix	QUOT = direct quotation
N(.s/p) = nominative (singular/plural)	AUG = augmentative	EP = epenthesis	IND = indicative	PP = patient (past) participle	RPR = recent perfective
V(.s/p) = vocative (singular/plural)	CAUS = causative	EQU = equative degree	INS = instrument	PRF = perfect	SBJ = subjunctive

Adverb

• 1. To such an extent or degree (v. #10).
• sa̋a̋ti सा॓ति - as, so.
• You are not as tall as me.
• तु गोक़्सआ॓तु मु॔ऽ सो॔म भू॓अ ने॥
• tu goxsa̋a̋tu mú' sóma vűűa ne:

t-u	gox-sa̋a̋t-u	m-ú-'	sóma	vűű-a	ne
2s-N	tall-EQU-N.s	1s-G-ELIS	as	be-IND	not

• 2. Comparison to the quality of a noun.
• compound of noun + adjective
• That medicine is as bitter as gall.
• अ-य॓क़्त्वि बिस्लऺच्य॓बि ए॓स॥
• a-ȝa̋xt̬i bislĕṡ̨a̋bi e̋sa:

a=ȝa̋xt̬-i	bisl-ĕ-ṡ̨a̋b-i	e̋s-a
that=medicine-N.s	gall-EP-bitter-N.s	be-IND

Conjunction

• 3. In the same way that; according to what.
• épi ए॔पि - as, so.
• Please do that as you were taught.
• नोम् किए॓य–ए॔पि तु दो॓कथु ए-इ॓ल॥
• nom kie̋ȝa–épi tu dőkaþu e-ı̋la:

n-om	ki-e̋ȝa	épi	t-u	dők-a-þ-u	e=ı̋l-a
that-A.s	do-SBJ	as	2s-N	teach-IND-PP-N.s	PST=become-IND

• 4. At the same instant that; when.
• méti मे॔ति – at the same time-, -that, -as, at the time that, at the time(s) at which, whenever, while, during the time at which, as, as long as, on whence, then.
• As I opened the door, the dog ran out.
• मे॔ति मु धु॓रोम् ए-लु॓र–नआ॓ये बु ए-रऐ॓स॥
• méti mu ðűrom e-lűra–na̋a̋ȝe bu e-re̋e̋sa:

méti	m-u	ðűr-om	e=lűr-a	na̋a̋ȝ-e	bu	e=re̋e̋s-a
as	1s-N	door-A.s	PST=open-IND	dog-N.s	out	PST=run-IND

• The baby always sleeps as the rain falls.
• बआ॓लु भिस॔नु स्वे॓प–मे॔ति सू॓मे फौ॓ल॥
• ba̋a̋lu visánu še̋pa–méti sűűm̃e sűűm̃a:

ba̋a̋l-u	visánu	še̋p-a	méti	sűűm̃-e	sűűm̃-a
baby-N.s	always	sleep-IND	as	rain-N.s	rain-IND

• 5. Varying through time in the same proportion that.
• méti मे॔इ
• As the storm clouds approached, I began to look for shelter.
• मु ते॓गोम् नैथ॓स–मे॔इ धूने॓भोस् ए-यो॓ब॥
• mu te̋gom neeþa̋sa–méti ðuune̋vos e-ȝőba:

m-u	te̋g-om	neeþ-a̋s-a	méti	ðuu.ne̋v-os	e=ȝőb-a
1s-N	shelter-A.s	look.for-INC-IND	as	storm.cloud-N.p	PST=approach-IND

• 6. Considering that, because, since.
• hi हि - because, at, for, since, when; now that, given that, considering that, as.
• We can close the barn door as the cows are already in the barn.
• म़ुसॎ बेग़्धु॓रोम् प॓क़ु म॓ग़–हि म़॓केस् यै बेग़ो॓स् ए॔न भू॓अ॥
• m̃us beƣðűrom pa̋xu ma̋ƣa–hi m̃a̋kes ȝee beƣős éna vűűa:

m̃-us	beƣ.ðűr-om	pa̋x-u	ma̋ƣ-a	hi	m̃a̋k-es	ȝee	beƣ-ős	éna	vűű-a
1p-N	barn.door-A.s	close-SUP	be.able-IND	as	cow-N.p	already	barn-G.s	in	be.IND

• 7. Expressing concession, though.
• sáámi सा॔मि - (even) though, although, but, notwithstanding that, while, albeit, as; (even) if
• We will continue the journey, cold as it may be.
• म़ुस् त॓ग़ोम् उ-सै॓र–सआ॔मि सो॓यो भूए॔य॥
• m̃us ta̋ƣom u-se̋e̋ra–sáámi sőȝo vuue̋ȝa:

m̃-us	ta̋ƣ-om	u=se̋e̋r-a	sáámi	sőȝ-o	vuu-e̋ȝa
1p-N	journey-A.s	FUT=continue-IND	as	cold-N.s	be-SBJ

Postposition

• 8. In the manner or role specified.
• épa ए॔प – after the manner of, after, at, behind, in, under, according to, in terms of, as, in the role of, under, by
• tu-na̋ma żoonlűs épa xa e̋sa:
• अ-य॓क़्त्वि बिस्लऺच्य॓बि ए॓स॥
• What is your opinion as a parent?

tu=na̋m-a	żoonl-űs	épu	x-a	e̋s-a
your=opinion-N.s	parent-G.s	as	what-N.s	be.IND

• 9. Introducing a basis of comparison (v. #1).
• sóma सो॔म - compared to, beside, like, than, over, such as.
• You are not as tall as me.
• तु गोक़्सआ॓तु मु॔ऽ सो॔म भू॓अ ने॥
• tu goxsa̋a̋tu mú' sóma vűűa ne:

t-u	gox-sa̋a̋t-u	m-ú-'	sóma	vűű-a	ne
2s-N	tall-EQU-N.s	1s-G-ELIS	as	be-IND	not

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