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= Introduction =
= introduction =


'''Kalo''' is intended to be a minimalist [[wp:Artistic_language|artlang]], not an [[wp:International_auxiliary_language|auxlang]]. It draws primarily on vocabulary from the five most spoken languages in the world; [[wp:List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers|Mandarin, Spanish, English, and Arabic]] ('''Hindi''' is used sparingly although it is spoken by more speakers than Arabic). The grammar is mostly isolating with very few elements of inflection, mostly to show plurality or possession.
= phonology =


'''Kalo''' is NOT meant to mimic, replace, or be inspired by Toki Pona or any other [[wp:International_auxiliary_language|IAL]]. Any similarities are based on design aesthetic coincidences and the minimalist nature of the language.
== consonants ==


= Phonology =
== vowels ==


'''Kalo''' has nine consonants (/p, t, k, s, m, n, l, j, w/) and five vowels (/a, e, i, o, u/). Stress is mostly word final.
= orthography =


== Consonants ==
= morphology =


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;"
== nouns ==
!
! Labial
! Coronal
! Dorsal
|-align=center
! Nasal
| m
| n
|
|-align=center
! Plosive
| p
| t
| k
|-align=center
! Fricative
|
| s
|
|-align=center
! Approximant
| w
| l
| j ('''y''')
|}


== Vowels ==
=== pronouns ===


{| class="wikitable"
=== determiners and demonstratives ===
|-
! !!Front!!Back
|- align="center"
!Close
|i||u
|- align="center"
!Mid
|e||o
|- align="center"
!Open
| colspan="2" |a
|}


=== Diphthongs ===
== verbs ==


There are two diphthongs [ai̯] '''ai''', and [au̯] '''au'''. These are rare and typically only occur word-finally.
=== passive ===


== Syllable Structure ==
=== causative ===
All syllables are of the form (C)V(N), that is, optional consonant + vowel + optional final nasal, or V, CV, VN, CVN.


=== Syllables ===
=== inceptive ===


The ordering of the syllables is based on Japanese [[wp:Gojūon|'''Gojūon''']].
=== infinitive ===


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;"
=== copula ===
|-align=center
| '''a'''
| '''ka'''
| '''sa'''
| '''ta'''
| '''na'''
| '''pa'''
| '''ma'''
| '''ya'''
| '''la'''
| '''wa'''
|-align=center
| '''i'''
| '''ki'''
| '''si'''
| '''ti'''
| '''ni'''
| '''pi'''
| '''mi'''
| ''' '''
| '''li'''
| '''wi'''
|-align=center
| '''u'''
| '''ku'''
| '''su'''
| '''tu'''
| '''nu'''
| '''pu'''
| '''mu'''
| '''yu'''
| '''lu'''
| ''' '''
|-align=center
| '''e'''
| '''ke'''
| '''se'''
| '''te'''
| '''ne'''
| '''pe'''
| '''me'''
| '''ye'''
| '''le'''
| '''we'''
|-align=center
| '''o'''
| '''ko'''
| '''so'''
| '''to'''
| '''no'''
| '''po'''
| '''mo'''
| '''yo'''
| '''lo'''
| ''' '''
|}


a
=== stative verbs ===
an
e
en
i
in
ka
kan
ke
ken
ki
kin
ko
kon
ku
kun
la
lan
le
len
li
lin
lo
lon
lu
lun
ma
man
me
men
mi
min
mo
mon
mu
mun
na
nan
ne
nen
ni
nin
no
non
nu
nun
o
on
pa
pan
pe
pen
pi
pin
po
pon
pu
pun
sa
san
se
sen
si
sin
so
son
su
sun
ta
tan
te
ten
ti
tin
to
ton
tu
tun
u
un
wa
wan
we
wen
wi
win
ya
yan
ye
yen
yo
yon
yu
yun


== phonotactics ==
= derivational morphology =
A few syllables sequences are disallowed; /ji, wu, wo/. Also, a syllable-final nasal may not occur before /m/ or /n/ in the same root.


== Allophony ==
== nominalizers ==


The nasal at the end of a syllable can be pronounced as any nasal stop, though it is normally assimilated to the following consonant. That is, it typically occurs as an [n] before /t/ or /s/, as an [m] before /p/, as an [ŋ] before /k/, and as an [ɲ] before /j/. Because of its small phoneme inventory, '''Kalo''' allows for quite a lot of allophonic variation. For example, /p t k/ may be pronounced [b d ɡ] as well as [p t k], /s/ as [z] or [ʃ] as well as [s], /l/ as [ɾ] as well as [l], and vowels may be either long or short. Both its sound inventory and phonotactics (patterns of possible sound combinations) are found in the majority of human languages and are therefore readily accessible.
== reduplication ==


= Writing =
== verbalizers ==


'''Kalo''' can be written with numerous writing systems, and is adaptable to various alphabets, abugidas, and even logographies, but for aesthetical reasons, a simplified adaptation of Hangul is used.
= syntax =


[[File:Kaloji.png]]
== word order ==


= Syntax =
== case usage ==


: [[wp:Classical_Arabic|Classical Arabic]] is primarily [[wp:Verb–subject–object|VSO]], but [[wp:Modern_Standard_Arabic|MSA]] (Modern Standard Arabic) tends to be [[wp:Subject–verb–object|SVO]], favoring full agreement over partial.
== noun phrases ==
: [[wp:Chinese_grammar|Chinese]] is classified as an SVO language. Transitive verbs precede their objects in typical simple clauses, while the subject precedes the verb.
: [[wp:Spanish_grammar|Spanish]] unmarked word order for affirmative declarative sentences is SVO; however, as in other Romance languages, in practice, word order is mostly variable.
: [[wp:English_grammar|English]] word order is almost exclusively SVO.
: [[wp:Hindustani_grammar|Hindi]] is primarily an SOV language.


Based on the above information about the main source languages for '''Kalo''', it is primarily an SVO (subject-verb-object) language. Modifiers generally follow what they modify, as do prepositional phrases and subordinate clauses.
== numbers ==


* '''wa toma''' - <small>1S eat</small> - ''I eat.'' (SV)
== comparisons ==
:
* '''wa amo ko''' - <small>1S love 3S</small> - ''I love her.'' (SVO)
:
* '''o koma amo''' - <small>DO woman love</small> - ''The woman is loved.'' (OV)


== questions ==
== prepositions ==


The interrogative particle '''ma''' (taken from Chinese ([[wiktionary:嗎#Chinese|嗎]]) is used in conjunction with various nouns, adverbs, and adjectives to form specific questions.
== tense usage ==


=== non-polar questions ===
== moods ==


{{col-begin}}
== aspect ==
{{col-break}}
* '''ma''' - what; which
* '''ma ko''' - who, whom
* '''ma koyo''' - whose, of whom
* '''ma tenpo''' - when
{{col-break}}
* '''ma loka''' - where
* '''ma moto''' - how
* '''ma laka''' - how much, how many
* '''ma sapa''' - why
{{col-end}}


=== polar questions ===
== conditionals ==


Any statement can become a polar question by adding the interrogative particle '''ma''' at the end of the sentence.
== subordinate clauses ==


{{col-begin}}
== negatives ==
{{col-break}}
* '''wa wite le kasa'''
: <small>1S see PST house</small>
: ''I saw the house.''
{{col-break}}
* '''ni wite le kasa ma'''
: <small>2S see PST house Q</small>
: ''Did you see the house?''
{{col-end}}


= Nouns =
== questions ==
 
Nouns only decline for number and possession. They are altered with '''-lo''' to show plurality, and possessiveness with '''-yo'''.
 
== Pronouns ==
 
'''kalo''' has three basic pronouns; '''wa''' [1sg], '''ni''' [2sg], and '''ko''' [3sg]. These do not indicate gender. These can be made plural using the suffix "'''-lo'''", and possessive with "'''-yo'''".
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 500px;"
!
! singular
! plural
! possessive
|-align=center
! 1st person
| '''wa'''<br>I; me
| '''walo'''<br>we; us
| '''wayo'''<br>my; mine; our(s)
|-align=center
! 2nd person
| '''ni'''<br>you
| '''nilo'''<br>you (all)
| '''niyo'''<br>your(s)
|-align=center
! 3rd person
| '''ko'''<br>he; she; him; her; it
| '''kolo'''<br>they; them; those
| '''koyo'''<br>their(s)
|}
 
* '''walo wite ni''' - <small>1pl see 2s</small> - ''We see you.''
 
* '''kolo ne kono wa''' - <small>3pl NEG know 1s</small> - ''They don't know me.''
 
== Gender ==
 
TBD
 
 
爸 / 媽
 
 
= Verbs =
 
== positional verbs ==
 
'''Kalo''' does not use prepositions, but instead uses positional verbs as auxiliaries. These are also used as temporal adverbs in certain situations.
 
* '''yu''' - in; at; within; inside; during; between | from ([[wiktionary:于|于]])
* '''ila''' - be toward; at; in the direction of; go; walk; travel | from ([[wiktionary:إلى|إلى]])
 
== Conditionals ==
 
Uncertainty is marked by '''ki, kisa''', or '''kile'''. These are taken from Spanish ([[wiktionary:quizá|quizá]]) and used across the three basic tenses. It can also act as a subordinating conjunction, and conditional constructions, “''if, whether''”. It is also used to express possibility or probability.
 
* '''tela wa ki ni wite ko''' - <small>tell 1s if 2s see 3s</small> - Tell me if you can see her.
* '''ki ni amo yawe te pu yuma ne inpo'''  - <small>if 2sg like weather of today NEG important</small> - Whether you like today’s weather does not matter. 
* '''kisa pu yuma yuwa''' - <small>maybe this day rain</small> - It may rain (later) today.
== Prepositions ==
 
* en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Franca_Nova_grammar#Prepositions
 
= Number =
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;"
|+
|-
! Kalo
! number
! English
! Kalo
! number
! English
|-
| '''nulu''' || 0 || zero || '''na''' || 7 || seven
|-
| '''wa''' || 1 || one || '''pa''' || 8 || eight
|-
| '''li''' || 2 || two || '''nun''' || 9 || nine
|-
| '''san''' || 3 || three || '''ye''' || 10 || ten
|-
| '''si''' || 4 || four || '''aku''' / '''-ku''' || 100 || (one) hundred
|-
| '''pen''' || 5 || five || '''mila''' || 1000 || (one) thousand
|-
| '''we''' || 6 || six  || '' '' || '' '' || '' ''
|}
 
When numbers one through ten occur independently, the number marker "'''ke'''" precedes the number.
 
* '''ko yo le kasa ke li'''
: <small>3s have PST house NUM two</small>
: ''She had two houses.''
 
* '''wa wite apa ke si'''
: <small>1s see man NUM four</small>
: ''I see four men.''
 
= Lexicon =
 
 
 
== a ==
 
 
* '''amo''' (SPA [[wiktionary:amor#Spanish|amor]]) - ''v'' - like; love; adore | ''n'' - affection; adoration; love
* '''ante''' (SPA [[wiktionary:ante#Spanish|ante]]) - ''prep'' - before; in front; forward; ahead; previous; last
* '''asi''' (SPA [[wiktionary:así#Spanish|así]]) - ''part'' - like this/that; as [such]; thus; so; therefore
* '''ate''' (ARA [[wiktionary:عادي|عادي]]) - ''v'' - be normal; usual; customary; habitual | ''n'' habit; custom
 
* '''aye''' (ZHO [[wiktionary:異|異]]) - ''v/n'' - different; other; hetero-; unusual; strange; to distinguish; to separate; to discriminate
* '''ayo''' (ARA [[wiktionary:أي#Arabic|أي]]) - ''pro'' - whichever; whatever; something [INDEF]; any(thing)
 
== i ==
 
* '''ila''' (SPA [[wiktionary:إلى#Etymology_1|إلى]]) - ''prep'' - to; toward; until; near | ''v'' - to move toward; go
 
== k ==
 
* '''kai''' (ZHO [[wiktionary:該|該]]) - ''v'' - should; ought to; need to; have to
* '''kasa''' (SPA [[wiktionary:casa|casa]]) - ''n'' - house; building | ''v'' - live in; dwell
* '''kate''' (ARA [[wiktionary:خط|خط]]) - ''n'' - writing; letters | ''v'' - mark; draw; carve
* '''kipu''' (ARA [[wiktionary:وقف|وقف]]) - ''n'' - pause; cessation | ''v'' - stop; halt; cease; pause; discontinue
* '''kisa''' (SPA [[wiktionary:quizá#Spanish|quizá]]) - ''part'' - perhaps; maybe [also '''ki''' - if; '''kile''' - maybe 'it was']
* '''kono''' (SPA [[wiktionary:conocer#Spanish|conocer]]) - ''v'' - know; be aware of; understand; recognize | ''n'' - knowledge; awareness
* '''koyo''' (ZHO [[wiktionary:個|個]][[wiktionary:有|有]]) - ''part'' - whose; of who
* '''kula''' (ARA [[wiktionary:كل|كل]]) - ''v'' - be complete; whole | ''n'' - all; entire; every; each
* '''kun''' (SPA [[wiktionary:con#Spanish|con]]/[[wiktionary:跟#Definitions|跟]]) - ''prep'' - with; by; via | ''v'' - use; employ
* '''kute''' (FRE [[wiktionary:écouter|écouter]]) - ''v'' - listen; hear
 
== l ==
 
 
* '''lana''' (HIN [[wiktionary:रहना|रहना]]) - ''v'' - remain; stay (still); stand; continue
* '''lapa''' (ARA [[wiktionary:لعب|لعب]]) - ''v'' - play; amuse; enjoy | ''n'' - toy; play; amusement
* '''lata''' (SPA [[wiktionary:lata|lata]]) - ''v'' - carry; transport | ''n'' - box; bucket; basket; container; vessel
* '''loka''' (SPA [[wiktionary:local#Spanish|local]]) - ''n'' - place; location; point; spot
* '''luna''' (SPA [[wiktionary:luna#Spanish|luna]]) - ''n'' - moon; satellite; orbiting body; month
* '''luwi''' (SPA [[wiktionary:lluvia|lluvia]]) - ''v/n'' - rain; precipitation
 
== m ==
 
 
* '''mala''' (ARA [[wiktionary:امرأة|امرأة]]) - ''n'' - woman; female; wife
* '''maso''' (SPA [[wiktionary:más#Spanish|más]]) - ''v'' - again; add; repeat; layer | ''n'' - more; addition; layer
* '''meno''' (FRE [[wiktionary:menos#Spanish|menos]]) - ''v'' - less; subtract; minus | ''n'' less; fewer; subtraction
* '''mente''' (SPA [[wiktionary:mente#Spanish|mente]]) - ''v'' - think; ponder; consider | ''n'' - thought; consideration; mind; mental state
 
* '''moto''' (SPA [[wiktionary:modo#Spanish|modo]]) - ''n'' - manner; method; how; way; mood
* '''muki''' (ARA [[wiktionary:مهم|مهم]]) - ''v/n'' - be important; matter / issue
 
== n ==
 
 
* '''nai''' (JPN [[wiktionary:内#Japanese|内]]) - ''prep'' - inside; within; during; central; middle; center [locative and temporal]
* '''nalu''' (JPN [[wiktionary:なる|なる]]) - ''v/n'' - succeed; finish; complete; accomplish; become; turn into
* '''nama''' (ARA [[wiktionary:نام|نام]]) - ''v/n'' - sleep; rest; relax
* '''nan(o)''' (ZHO [[wiktionary:男|男]]) - ''n'' - man; male
* '''naya''' (HIN [[wiktionary:नया|नया]]) - ''v'' - be new; fresh; young
 
 
* '''note''' (SPA [[wiktionary:noche#Spanish|noche]]) - ''n'' - night; darkness
 
 
== o ==
 
 
* '''ola''' (SPA [[wiktionary:hola#Spanish|hola]]) - ''part'' - hello; goodbye | ''v'' - greet
* '''oma''' (GER [[wiktionary:Oma#German|Oma]]) - ''n'' - mother; female parent; any adult female family member
* '''opa''' (GER [[wiktionary:Opa#German|Opa]]) - ''n'' - father; male parent; any adult male family member
 
== p ==
 
 
* '''pala''' (SPA [[wiktionary:palabra|palabra]]) - ''n'' - word; morpheme; lexeme; lemma
* '''pan''' (SPA/ZHO [[wiktionary:pan#Spanish|pan]]/[[wiktionary:飯|飯]]) - ''n'' - food; bread; grains; rice; sustenance
 
* '''pesi''' (SPA [[wiktionary:pez#Etymology_2_3|pez]]) - ''n'' - fish; aquatic animal(s) | ''v'' - swim; wade; move through water
* '''pin(a)''' (ARA [[wiktionary:ابن|ابن]]) - ''n'' - child; offspring; kid
* '''po''' (SPA [[wiktionary:por#Spanish|por]]/[[wiktionary:para#Spanish|para]]) - ''prep'' - for; by; through; because | ''v'' - be about; move across
* '''poka''' (SPA [[wiktionary:poco#Spanish|poca]]) - ''v'' - (be) small; tiny; few; some; little
* '''pone''' (SPA [[wiktionary:poner#Spanish|poner]]) - ''v'' - put; place; set; establish
* '''pote''' (SPA [[wiktionary:poder#Spanish|poder]]) - ''v'' - be able to; can | ''n'' - ability; capability
 
* '''pusu''' (TUR [[wiktionary:bu#Turkish|bu]]+[[wiktionary:şu#Turkish|şu]]) - ''part'' - both; "this and that"
 
== s ==
 
 
* '''saka/na''' (ARA [[wiktionary:سخن|سخن]]) - ''v/n'' - hot; heat; warm(th); fire
* '''salama''' (ARA [[wiktionary:سلم|سلم]]) - ''v/n'' - peace; calm; tranquility; quiet / be peaceful; be calm
* '''sana''' (ARA [[wiktionary:سنة|سنة]]) - ''n'' - year; 365 days
* '''sapa''' (ARA [[wiktionary:سبب|سبب]]) - ''n'' - reason; motive; cause
* '''sawa''' (ARA [[wiktionary:زوج|زوج]]) - ''n'' - spouse; husband; wife; sweetheart; mate
* '''sayo''' (ARA [[wiktionary:شي‎|شي‎]]) - ''n'' - thing; object; matter; noun
* '''se''' (KOR [[wiktionary:서로|서로]]) - ''part'' - each [other]; mutually; reciprocal
 
* '''sima''' or '''isima''' (ARA [[wiktionary:اسم|اسم]]) - ''v/n'' - noun; name; be called
* '''simi''' (ENG/SPA [[wiktionary:similar|similar]]) - ''v'' - resemble; similar; like
* '''siya''' (ZHO [[wiktionary:下|下]]) - ''v/prep'' - under; below; down
* '''solo''' (SPA [[wiktionary:solo#Spanish|solo]]) - ''v'' - alone; solitary; only; unique
* '''sosa''' (ENG [[wiktionary:sauce|sauce]]) - ''n'' - juice; sauce; gravy; dressing
 
* '''suku''' (ZHO [[wiktionary:足夠|足夠]]) - ''v'' - be enough; adequate; sufficient; ample
* '''sula''' (HIN [[wiktionary:सुलभ|सुलभ]]) - ''v/n'' - light; easy; convenient; gentle; soft
 
== t ==
 
* '''ta''' (ZHO [[wiktionary:大#Definitions|大]]) - ''v'' - (be) big; large; heavy; long; tall | ''part'' very (much/many); extremely
* '''tali''' (ARA [[wiktionary:تال|تال]]) - ''v/n'' - order; sequence; be next; subsequent
* '''tanka''' (ENG/GER [[wiktionary:thank|thank]]/[[wiktionary:danke|danke]]) - ''v/part'' - thank; show appreciation; express gratitude
* '''tapo''' (ZHO [[wiktionary:打破|打破]]) - ''v/n'' - destruction; damage; wreck; break; destroy
* '''te''' (SPA/ZHO [[wiktionary:de#Spanish|de]]/[[wiktionary:的#Etymology_2|的]]) - ''prep'' - of; from
* '''tela''' or '''talo''' (PIE [[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/talō|del]]) - ''v'' - talk; speak; discuss; say; tell | ''n'' - language; discussion; conversation
* '''tenpo''' (SPA [[wiktionary:tiempo#Spanish|tiempo]]) - ''n'' - time; hour; period; age
* '''tiya''' (SPA [[wiktionary:tía#Spanish|tía]]) - ''n'' - aunt/uncle
* '''toma''' (SPA [[wiktionary:tomar#Spanish|tomar]]) - ''v'' - eat; drink; ingest | ''n'' - eating; drinking
* '''tonpa''' (ZHO [[wiktionary:同胞|同胞]]) - ''n'' - sibling; compatriot; friend
* '''tonye''' (ZHO [[wiktionary:同一|同一]]) - ''part'' - same; replicate; duplicate
* '''tonye''' (ZHO [[wiktionary:讀書|讀書]]) - ''v/n'' - discern; find out; learn
 
== u ==
 
== w ==
 
* '''wa''' (ZHO [[wiktionary:我|我]]) - ''pro'' - I; me [1sg]
 
* '''waya''' (HIN [[wiktionary:वयस्क|वयस्क]]) - ''v'' - grow; mature; develop | ''n'' - adult; mature thing
* '''weko''' (SPA [[wiktionary:hueco|hueco]]) - ''n'' - door, hole, orifice, window; port
* '''wela''' (SPA [[wiktionary:fuera|fuera]]) - ''v/prep'' - (be/go) outside; exterior; surface
* '''wenta''' (SPA [[wiktionary:viento|viento]]) - ''v/n'' - air; wind; void; essence; spirit
* '''wika''' (HIN [[wiktionary:विकट#Hindi|विकट]]) - ''v/n'' - difficult; hard; arduous; uncomfortable; problem
* '''wino''' (SPA [[wiktionary:vino#Spanish|vino]]) - ''v/n'' - (drink) alcohol; beer; wine
* '''wite''' (PIE [[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/weyd-|weyd]]) - ''v'' - look; see; observe; watch; read
 
== y ==
 
* '''ya''' (ARA [[wiktionary:يا#Arabic|يا]]) - ''part'' - vocative marker [VOC]; hey; let's ~
* '''yame''' (ARA [[wiktionary:جمع#Arabic|جمع]]) - ''v'' - gather; group; collect | ''n'' - gathering; group; collection; set
* '''yati''' (ARA [[wiktionary:يد#Arabic|يد]]) - ''n'' - arm, hand, tactile organ
 
* '''yeko''' (ZHO [[wiktionary:以後#Chinese|以後]]) - ''prep'' - after; afterward(s); later | ''n'' - back; behind; rear
* '''yo''' (ZHO [[wiktionary:有#Chinese|有]]) - ''v'' - have; possess; hold
* '''yu''' (ZHO [[wiktionary:於#Etymology|於]]) - ''prep'' - in; at; to; by; than; out of [strictly locative]
* '''yuma''' (ARA [[wiktionary:يوم#Arabic|يوم]]) - ''n'' - day; daylight; 24 hour period
 
== zzz ==
 
121 early
122 late
123 important
124 interesting
125 fun
126 boring
127 beautiful
128 big
129 small
130 happy
131 sad
132 busy
133 excited
134 tired
135 ready
136 favorite
137 new
138 right (meaning “correct”)
139 wrong
140 true
141 Pronouns
142
143 I / me / my
144
145 I
146 you
147 she
148 he
149 it
150 we
151 you (plural)
152 they
153 Nouns
154
155
156
157 everything
158 something
159 nothing
160 everyone
161 someone
162 no one
163 (name of the language you’re studying)
164 English
165 thing
166 person
167 place
168 time (as in “a long time”)
169 time (as in “I did it 3 times”)
170 friend
171 woman
172 man
173 money
174 country
175 (name of your home country)
176 city
177 language
178 word
179 food
180 house
181 store
182 office
183 company
184 manager
185 coworker
186 job
187 work (as in “I have a lot of work to do”)
188 problem
189 question
190 idea
191 life
192 world
193 day
194 year
195 week
196 month
197 hour
198 mother, father, parent
199 daughter, son, child
200 wife, husband
201 girlfriend, boyfriend
202 More Verbs
203
204 work (as in a person working)
205 work (meaning “to function”, e.g. “the TV works”)
206 see
207 use
208 should
209 believe
210 practice
211 seem
212 come
213 leave
214 return
215 give
216 take
217 bring
218 look for
219 find
220 get (meaning “obtain”)
221 receive
222 buy
223 try
224 start
225 stop (doing something)
226 finish
227 continue
228 wake up
229 get up
230 eat
231 eat breakfast (in several languages, this is a verb)
232 eat lunch
233 eat dinner
234 happen
235 feel
236 create (aka “make”)
237 cause (aka “make”)
238 meet (meeting someone for the first time)
239 meet (meaning “to bump into”)
240 meet (an arranged meeting)
241 ask (a question)
242 ask for (aka “request”)
243 wonder
244 reply
245 mean
246 read
247 write
248 listen
249 hear
250 remember
251 forget
252 choose
253 decide
254 be born
255 die
256 kill
257 live
258 stay
259 change
260 help
261 send
262 study
263 improve
264 hope
265 care
266 Phrases
267
268 hello
269 goodbye
270 thank you
271 you’re welcome
272 excuse me (to get someone’s attention)
273 sorry
274 it’s fine (response to an apology)
275 please
276 yes
277 no
278 okay
279 My name is
280 What’s your name?
281 Nice to meet you.
282 How are you?
283 I’m doing well, how about you?
284 Sorry? / What? (if you didn’t hear something)
285 How do you say ______?
286 What does ______ mean?
287 I don’t understand.
288 Could you repeat that?
289 Could you speak more slowly, please?
290 Well (as in “well, I think…”)
291 Really?
292 I guess that
293 It’s hot. (talking about the weather)
294 It’s cold. (talking about the weather)

Revision as of 07:20, 24 January 2022

introduction

phonology

consonants

vowels

orthography

morphology

nouns

pronouns

determiners and demonstratives

verbs

passive

causative

inceptive

infinitive

copula

stative verbs

derivational morphology

nominalizers

reduplication

verbalizers

syntax

word order

case usage

noun phrases

numbers

comparisons

prepositions

tense usage

moods

aspect

conditionals

subordinate clauses

negatives

questions