Athonite Grammar II: Difference between revisions

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==Pronunciation Table - '''Πίνακα τις Προφορά'''==
==Pronunciation Table - '''Πινακ από Προφόρ'''==
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{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1000px;"
! Greek
! Greek
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| Latin
| Latin
| a
| a
| af
| af/v
| v
| v
| g
| g
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| e
| e
| i
| i
| ef
| ef/v
| z
| z
| i
| i
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| t
| t
| z
| z
| u
| y
| f
| f
| ch
| ch
Line 75: Line 75:
| o
| o
|-
|-
| IPA
|IPA
| /a/<sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup>
| /a/<font color=red><sup>1</sup></font>
| /af/<sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup>
| /af/<font color=red><sup>2</sup></font>
| /v/
| /v/
| /ɣ/<sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup>
| /ɣ/<font color=red><sup>3</sup></font>
| /ŋ/
| /ŋ/
| /ŋg/
| /ŋg/
Line 87: Line 87:
| /ε/
| /ε/
| /i/
| /i/
| /εf/<sup>{{Color|red|4}}</sup>
| /εf/<font color=red><sup>4</sup></font>
| /z/
| /z/
| /i/<sup>{{Color|red|5}}</sup>
| /i/<font color=red><sup>5</sup></font>
| /θ/
| /θ/
| /k/
| /k/
Line 95: Line 95:
| /m/
| /m/
| /b/
| /b/
| /n/
| /n/<font color=red><sup>6</sup></font>
| /d/
| /d/
| /ks/
| /ks/
Line 102: Line 102:
| /p/
| /p/
| /r/
| /r/
| /s/<sup>{{Color|red|6}}</sup>
| /s/<font color=red><sup>7</sup></font>
| /t/
| /t/
| /ʣ/
| /ʣ/
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|}
|}


===Notes - '''Σιμείωςι'''===
===Notes - '''Σιμιώςις'''===
*<sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup> when accented, otherwise /ʌ/.
*<font color=red><sup>1</sup></font> when accented, otherwise /ʌ/.
*<sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup> before voiceless consonants, /av/ before voiced consonants.
*<font color=red><sup>2</sup></font> '''αφ''' before voiceless consonants, '''αβ''' before voiced consonants or vowels.
*<sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup> /ɣ/ before α, ο, ου, and ω; /j/ before ε, ι, υ.
*<font color=red><sup>3</sup></font> /ɣ/ before α, ο, ου, and ω; /j/ before ε, ι, υ.
*<sup>{{Color|red|4}}</sup> before voiceless consonants, /εv/ before voiced consonants.
*<font color=red><sup>4</sup></font> '''εφ''' before voiceless consonants, '''εβ''' before voiced consonants.
*<sup>{{Color|red|5}}</sup> /j/ between vowels.
*<font color=red><sup>5</sup></font> /j/ between vowels.
*<sup>{{Color|red|6}}</sup> /z/ before voiced consonants.
*<font color=red><sup>6</sup></font> final <n> before a voiceless stop becomes /m/ and the stop is voiced, ''e.g.'', δεν πιραζι, /ðembiˈrazi/, it doesn't matter.
*<font color=red><sup>7</sup></font> /z/ before voiced consonants.




===Verbs - '''Ρίματα'''===
===Verbs - '''Ρίματα'''===
====Verb Classes - '''Η Ταξις από το Ρίματα'''====
====Verb Classes - '''Τι Ταξις από το Ρίματα'''====
*046. The Athonite verb has been influenced by Turkish to the extent that the many tenses present in Classical and Demotic Greek have been reduced to six.  
*046. The Athonite verb has been reduced from the many tenses present in Classical and Demotic Greek to six.  
*047. The six tenses are the present, the past, and the future, and their perfect counterparts.  
*047. The six tenses are the present, the past (the Greek imperfect), and the future, and their perfect counterparts.  
*048. Athonite verbs are divided into two classes, those in which the personal ending is not accented (I) and those in which the personal ending is accented (II).  
*048. Athonite verbs are divided into two classes, those in which the personal ending is not accented (I) and those in which the personal ending is accented (II).  
*049. The endings on the verbs are changed to denote person and number.  
*049. The endings on the verbs are changed to denote person and number.  


====The Auxiliary Verbs - '''Το Βοιθιτίκ Ρίματα'''====
====The Active Voice - '''Τι Ενέργ Φων'''====
*050. The auxiliary verbs are two of the few remaining irregular verbs.
*050. The active voice denotes that the agent is doing the action of the verb.  
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|+'''εχω''', I have
!
!Present
!Past
!Future
|-
!1st singular
|'''εχω''', I have
|'''ιχα''', I had
|'''θα εχω''', I shall have
|-
!2nd singular
|'''εχις''', you have
|'''ιχες''', you had
|'''θα εχις''', you will have
|-
!3rd singular
|'''εχι''', he, she, it has
|'''ιχε''', he, she, it had
|'''θα εχι''', he, she, it will have
|-
!1st plural
|'''έχομε''', we have
|'''ίχαμε''', we hadεί
|'''θα έχομε''', we shall have
|-
!2nd plural
|'''έχετε''', you have
|'''ίχaτε''', you had,
|'''θα έχετε''', you will have
|-
!3rd plural
|'''εχoυν''', they have
|'''ιχαν''', they had
|'''θα εχoυν''', they will have
|}
 
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|+'''ιμε''', I am
!
!Present
!Past
!Future
|-
!1st singular
|'''ιμε''', I am,
|'''ιμουν''', I was
|'''θα ιμε''', I shall be
|-
!2nd singular
|'''ιςε''', you are
|'''ιςουν''', you were
|'''θα ιςε''', you will be
|-
!3rd singular
|'''ινε''', he, she, it is
|'''ιταν''', he, she, it wαs
|'''θα ινε''', he, she, it will be
|-
!1st plural
|'''έμαςτε''', wε are
|'''ίμαςταν''', we were
|'''θα ίμαςτε''', we shall be
|-
!2nd plural
|'''ιςτε''', you are
|'''ίςαςτε''', you were
|'''θα ιςτε''', you will be
|-
!3rd plural
|'''ινε''', they are
|'''ιταν''', they were
|'''θα ινε''', they will be
|}
 
====The Active Voice - '''Η Ενέργ Φων'''====
*051. The active voice denotes that the agent is doing the action of the verb.  


=====The Present Tense - '''Ο Ενεςτώτ Χρον'''=====
=====The Present Tense - '''Ο Ενεςτώτ Χρον'''=====
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|-
|-
!1st
!1st
|'''βλεπω''', I see
|'''τρεχω''', I run
|'''βλέπouμε''', we see
|'''τρέχoμε''', we run
|-
|-
!2nd
!2nd
|'''βλεπις''', you see
|'''τρεχις''', you run
|'''βλέπετε''', you see
|'''τρέχετε''', you run
|-
|-
!3rd
!3rd
|'''βλεπι''', he, she, it sees
|'''τρεχι''', he, she, it runs
|'''βλεπουν''', they see
|'''τρεχουν''', they run
|}
|}


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=====The Past Tense - '''Ο Παρατατίκ Χρον'''=====
=====The Past Tense - '''Ο Παρατατίκ Χρον'''=====
*052. The past tense is formed by using endings different from the present and by removing the accent to the third syllable from the end.  
*051. The past tense is formed by using endings different from the present and by removing the accent to the third syllable from the end.  
*053. When there is no third syllable, the augment '''ε-''' is added.  
*052. When there is no third syllable, the augment '''ε-''' is added.  


{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
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|-
|-
!1st
!1st
|'''έβλεπα''', I saw, was seeing
|'''έτρεχα''', I ran, was running
|'''βλέπαμε''', we saw, were seeing
|'''τρέχoμε''', we ran, were running
|-
|-
!2nd
!2nd
|'''έβλεπας''', you saw, were seeing
|'''έτρεχες''', you ran, were running
|'''βλέπατε''', you saw, were seeing
|'''τρέχατε''', you ran, were running
|-
|-
!3rd
!3rd
|'''έβλεπα''', he, she, it saw, was seeing
|'''έτρεχε''', he, she, it ran, was running
|'''έβλεπαν''', they saw, were seeing
|'''έτρεχαν''', they ran, were running
|}
|}


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|-
|-
!1st
!1st
|'''άγαπα''', I loved, was loving
|'''αγάπαγα''', I loved, was loving
|'''αγάπαμε''', we loved, were loving
|'''αγαπάγαμε''', we loved, were loving
|-
|-
!2nd
!2nd
|'''άγαπας''', you loved, were loving
|'''αγάπαγες''', you loved, were loving
|'''αγάπατε''', you loved, were loving
|'''αγαπάγατε''', you loved, were loving
|-
|-
!3rd
!3rd
|'''άγαπα''', he, she, it loved, was loving
|'''αγάπαγε''', he, she, it loved, was loving
|'''άγαπαν''', they loved, were loving
|'''αγάπαγαν''', they loved, were loving
|}
|}


=====The Future Tense - '''Ο Μελοντίκ Χρον'''=====
=====The Future Tense - '''Ο Μελοντίκ Χρον'''=====
*054. The future tense is formed by putting the particle '''θα''' before the present tense.  
*053. The future tense is formed by putting the particle '''θα''' before the present tense.  


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=====The Present Perfect Tense - '''Ο Παρακίμεν Χρον'''=====
=====The Present Perfect Tense - '''Ο Παρακίμεν Χρον'''=====
*055. The perfect tenses are not used as frequently in Athonite as they are in English, the past tense usually being used.  
*054. The perfect tenses are not used as frequently in Athonite as they are in English, the past tense usually being used.  
*056. The present perfect tense is formed by the present tense of the auxiliary verb '''εχω''', ''I have'', and the passive participle.  
*055. The present perfect tense is formed by the present tense of the auxiliary verb '''εχω''', ''I have'', and the passive participle.  
*057. The present perfect tense is used to denote an event of the past which has a bearing on the present.  
*056. The present perfect tense is used to denote an event of the past which has a bearing on the present.  
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
!
!
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=====The Past Perfect Tense - '''Ο Υπερςυντελικ Χρον'''=====
=====The Past Perfect Tense - '''Ο Υπερςυντελικ Χρον'''=====
*058. The past perfect tense is more frequent than the present perfect. It is used to denote an event of the past which occurred before another event of the past.  
*057. The past perfect tense is more frequent than the present perfect. It is used to denote an event of the past which occurred before another event of the past.  
*059. The past perfect tense is formed by the past tense of the auχiliary verb '''εχω''' and the passive participle.  
*058. The past perfect tense is formed by the past tense of the auχiliary verb '''εχω''' and the passive participle.  
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
!
!
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|}
|}


=====The Future Perfect Tense - '''Ο ςυντελεςμέν Μελοντ Χρον'''=====
=====The Future Perfect Tense - '''Ο Συντελεςμέν Μελοντ Χρον'''=====
*060. The future perfect tense is used to denote an event in the future which will have occurred before another event in the future.  
*059. The future perfect tense is used to denote an event in the future which will have occurred before another event in the future.  
*061. The future perfect tense is formed by the future tense of the auχiliary verb '''εχo''' and the passive participle.
*060. The future perfect tense is formed by the future tense of the auχiliary verb '''εχω''' and the passive participle.
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
!
!
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====The Progressive Tenses====
====The Progressive Tenses====
*062. The active participle is used with the appropriate tense of '''ιμε''', ''I am'', to form progressive tenses.  
*061. The active participle is used with the appropriate tense of '''ιμε''', ''I am'', to form progressive tenses.  
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
!<center>present</center>
!<center>present</center>
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====The Passive Voice - '''ι παθιτίκ φων'''====
====The Passive Voice - '''ι παθιτίκ φων'''====
*063. The passive voice denotes that the agent is being acted upon.  
*062. The passive voice denotes that the agent is being acted upon.  
*064. The many forms of the passive in Modern Greek have been abandoned in favor of periphrastic expressions using the verb '''ιμε''', ''I am'' and the passive participle.  
*063. The many forms of the passive in Modern Greek have been abandoned in favor of periphrastic expressions using the verb '''ιμε''', ''I am'' and the passive participle.  


=====The Present Tense - '''ο Ενεςτώτ Χρον'''=====
=====The Present Tense - '''ο Ενεςτώτ Χρον'''=====
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=====The Perfect Tenses- '''Ο Παρακείμεν Χρον'''=====  
=====The Perfect Tenses- '''Ο Παρακείμεν Χρον'''=====  
*065. The perfect tenses are formed by using the appropriate tense of '''εχω''' with the passive participle of '''ιμε'''.
*064. The perfect tenses are formed by using the appropriate tense of '''εχω''' with the passive participle of '''ιμε'''.
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
!<center>present</center>
!<center>present</center>
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|}
|}


====The Indefinite Form - '''Η Αοριςτ Μορφ'''====
====The Auxiliary Verbs - '''Το Βοιθιτίκ Ρίματα'''====
*066. The indefinite form corresponds closely to what is called the infinitive in other languages.
*065. The auxiliary verbs are two of the few remaining irregular verbs.  
*067. The indefinite form is found only in the present tense.
*068. Class I verbs form the indefinite by adding '''-ςω''' to the present form minus the '''-ω'''.  
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|+'''εχω''', I have
!
!
!Singular
!Present
!Plural
!Past
!Future
|-
!1st singular
|'''εχω''', I have
|'''ιχα''', I had
|'''θα εχω''', I shall have
|-
!2nd singular
|'''εχις''', you have
|'''ιχες''', you had
|'''θα εχις''', you will have
|-
!3rd singular
|'''εχι''', he, she, it has
|'''ιχε''', he, she, it had
|'''θα εχι''', he, she, it will have
|-
|-
!1st
!1st plural
|'''βλεπςω''', I see
|'''έχομε''', we have
|'''βλέπςoυμε''', we see
|'''ίχαμε''', we hadεί
|'''θα έχομε''', we shall have
|-
|-
!2nd
!2nd plural
|'''βλεπςις''', you see
|'''έχετε''', you have
|'''βλέπςετε''', you see
|'''ίχατε''', you had,
|'''θα έχετε''', you will have
|-
|-
!3rd
!3rd plural
|'''βλεπςι''', he, she, it sees
|'''εχoυν''', they have
|'''βλεπςου''', they see
|'''ιχαν''', they had
|'''θα εχoυν''', they will have
|}
|}


*069. Class II verbs form the indefinite by adding '''-ιςω''' to the present form minus the '''-ω'''.
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|+'''ιμε''', I am
!
!
!Singular
!Present
!Plural
!Past
!Future
|-
!1st singular
|'''ιμε''', I am,
|'''ιμουν''', I was
|'''θα ιμε''', I shall be
|-
!2nd singular
|'''ιςε''', you are
|'''ιςουν''', you were
|'''θα ιςε''', you will be
|-
!3rd singular
|'''ινε''', he, she, it is
|'''ιταν''', he, she, it wαs
|'''θα ινε''', he, she, it will be
|-
|-
!1st
!1st plural
|'''αγάπιςω ''', I love
|'''ίμαςτε''', wε are
|'''αγαπίςαμε''', we love
|'''ίμαςταν''', we were
|'''θα ίμαςτε''', we shall be
|-
|-
!2nd
!2nd plural
|'''αγάπιςας''', you love
|'''ιςτε''', you are
|'''αγαπίςατε''', you love
|'''ίςαςτε''', you were
|'''θα ιςτε''', you will be
|-
|-
!3rd
!3rd plural
|'''αγάπιςα''', he, she, it love
|'''ινε''', they are
|'''αγάπιςαν''', they love
|'''ιταν''', they were
|'''θα ινε''', they will be
|}
|}
*070. There are a few verbs that form the indefinite irregularly:
**'''λεγω''', say > '''πω'''
**'''δινω''', give > '''δoςω'''
*071. The indefinite form is preceded by '''να''' and follows the main verb.
::'''θελo να βλεπςω''', I want to see.
::'''θελo ν' αγάπιςα''', I want to love.


====The Use of '''να''' - '''Ι Χρις του να'''====
====The Use of '''να''' - '''Ι Χρις του να'''====
*072. Intention, hope, desire and the like are eχpressed by using the particle '''να'''.  
*066. Intention, hope, desire and the like are eχpressed by using the particle '''να'''.  
*073. With the present tense, '''να''' eχpresses a continuous intention, ''etc''.
*067. With the present tense, '''να''' eχpresses a continuous intention, ''etc''.
::'''θελω να δουλεψω εξι ωρες ι μερ.'''
::'''Θελω να δουλεβω εξι ωρες τι μερ.'''
:::I want to be working six hours a day.  
:::I want to be working six hours a day.  
::'''άρχιςε να τραγουδίςα''', He started singing.  
::'''Άρχιζε να τραγουδά'''.
*074. With the past tense, '''να''' eχpresses a past intention, ''etc''. This construction always follows a past tense.  
:::He started singing.  
::'''Χτες το βραδυ έθελα να παςω ςτο θέατ αλά δεν έμπορα.'''
*068. With the past tense, '''να''' eχpresses a past intention, ''etc''. This construction always follows a past tense.  
::'''Χτες το βραδυ έθελα να πίγενα ςτο θέατ αλά δεν έμπορα.'''
:::Last night I wanted to go to the theater, but I did not manage to.
:::Last night I wanted to go to the theater, but I did not manage to.
*075. With the indefinite '''να''' expresses a non-continuous future intention, ''etc''.  
*069. '''Να''' expresses a non-continuous future intention, ''etc''.  
::'''ελπιζω να φταςω ς' ι Aθíν τρις μ.μ.'''
::'''Ελπιζω να τανω ςε τι Aθíν τρις μ.μ.'''
:::I hope to arrive at Athens at 3 p.m.  
:::I hope to arrive at Athens at 3 p.m.  
::'''Μπορω να παρω τςιγάρ.'''
::'''Μπορω να περνω τςιγάρ.'''
:::May I take a cigarette?  
:::May I take a cigarette?  
*076. Certain verbs commonly used only in the third person are also followed by '''να'''.  
*070. Certain verbs commonly used only in the third person are also followed by '''να'''.  
::'''πρεπι''', it is necessary; '''αξιζι''', it is worthwhile, ''etc''.  
::'''πρεπι''', it is necessary; '''αξιζι''', it is worthwhile, ''etc''.  
::'''Πρεπι να παςω τορα.'''
::'''Πρεπι να παω τορα.'''
:::I must be going now.  
:::I must be going now.  
 
%
====Negation====
====Negation====
*077. Negation is expressed by putting the negative particle '''δεν''' in front of the verb.  
*077. Negation is expressed by putting the negative particle '''δεν''' in front of the verb.  
Line 624: Line 577:
::'''Πας ςτο ςχολί {{Color|blue|μι}};''' Are you going to school?
::'''Πας ςτο ςχολί {{Color|blue|μι}};''' Are you going to school?
*091. A question with a tag has the same word order as a regular sentence, but is followed by the interrogative particle '''{{Color|blue|ντιλ μι}}'''.
*091. A question with a tag has the same word order as a regular sentence, but is followed by the interrogative particle '''{{Color|blue|ντιλ μι}}'''.
::'''αυτ ινε βιβλί, {{Color|blue|ντιλ μι}};''' This is a book, isn't it?
::'''αφτ ινε βιβλί, {{Color|blue|ντιλ μι}};''' This is a book, isn't it?
::'''ςυ έγραφα ι επιςτόλ, {{Color|blue|ντιλ μι}};''' You wrote the letter, didn't you?
::'''ςυ έγραφα ι επιςτόλ, {{Color|blue|ντιλ μι}};''' You wrote the letter, didn't you?
::'''ςυ ερχις αυρι, {{Color|blue|ντιλ μι}}'''; You'll come tomorrow, won't you?
::'''ςυ ερχις αβρι, {{Color|blue|ντιλ μι}}'''; You'll come tomorrow, won't you?


===Adverbs - '''επιρίματα'''===
===Adverbs - '''επιρίματα'''===
Line 638: Line 591:
::'''υςτερ''', after, later  
::'''υςτερ''', after, later  
::'''νωρίς''', early  
::'''νωρίς''', early  
::'''αυρι''', tomorrow  
::'''αβρι''', tomorrow  
::'''εχθές''', yesterday  
::'''εχθές''', yesterday  
::'''πolύ''', a lot, very  
::'''πolύ''', a lot, very  
Line 652: Line 605:
::'''τρεχε ιςυχ.''' Run quietly.
::'''τρεχε ιςυχ.''' Run quietly.
*095.The comparative and superlative of adverbs are formed in the same way as with adjectives.  
*095.The comparative and superlative of adverbs are formed in the same way as with adjectives.  
::'''ευκολ''', easy; '''ευκολ''', easily
::'''εφκολ''', easy; '''εφκολ''', easily
::'''πιο ευκολ''', easier, easiest; '''πιο ευκολ''', more/most easily
::'''πιο εφκολ''', easier, easiest; '''πιο εφκολ''', more/most easily




[[Athonite Grammar I]]
[[Athonite Grammar I]]

Revision as of 17:24, 24 April 2021

Pronunciation Table - Πινακ από Προφόρ

Greek α αυ β γ γγ γκ γξ γχ δ ε ει ευ ζ ι θ κ λ μ μπ ν ντ ξ ο ου π ρ ς τ τζ υ φ χ ψ ω
Latin a af/v v g ng nk ngks nch dh e i ef/v z i th k l m b n d ks ǫ u p r s t z y f ch ps o
IPA /a/1 /af/2 /v/ /ɣ/3 /ŋ/ /ŋg/ /ŋks/ /ŋç/ /ð/ /ε/ /i/ /εf/4 /z/ /i/5 /θ/ /k/ /l/ /m/ /b/ /n/6 /d/ /ks/ /ɔ/ /u/ /p/ /r/ /s/7 /t/ /ʣ/ /y/ /f/ /ç/ /ps/ /o/

Notes - Σιμιώςις

  • 1 when accented, otherwise /ʌ/.
  • 2 αφ before voiceless consonants, αβ before voiced consonants or vowels.
  • 3 /ɣ/ before α, ο, ου, and ω; /j/ before ε, ι, υ.
  • 4 εφ before voiceless consonants, εβ before voiced consonants.
  • 5 /j/ between vowels.
  • 6 final <n> before a voiceless stop becomes /m/ and the stop is voiced, e.g., δεν πιραζι, /ðembiˈrazi/, it doesn't matter.
  • 7 /z/ before voiced consonants.


Verbs - Ρίματα

Verb Classes - Τι Ταξις από το Ρίματα

  • 046. The Athonite verb has been reduced from the many tenses present in Classical and Demotic Greek to six.
  • 047. The six tenses are the present, the past (the Greek imperfect), and the future, and their perfect counterparts.
  • 048. Athonite verbs are divided into two classes, those in which the personal ending is not accented (I) and those in which the personal ending is accented (II).
  • 049. The endings on the verbs are changed to denote person and number.

The Active Voice - Τι Ενέργ Φων

  • 050. The active voice denotes that the agent is doing the action of the verb.
The Present Tense - Ο Ενεςτώτ Χρον
Class I
Singular Plural
1st τρεχω, I run τρέχoμε, we run
2nd τρεχις, you run τρέχετε, you run
3rd τρεχι, he, she, it runs τρεχουν, they run
Class II
Singular Plural
1st αγαπώ, I love αγαπάμε, we love
2nd αγαπάς, you love αγαπάτε, you love
3rd αγαπά, he, she, it loves αγαπάν, they love
The Past Tense - Ο Παρατατίκ Χρον
  • 051. The past tense is formed by using endings different from the present and by removing the accent to the third syllable from the end.
  • 052. When there is no third syllable, the augment ε- is added.
Class I
Singular Plural
1st έτρεχα, I ran, was running τρέχoμε, we ran, were running
2nd έτρεχες, you ran, were running τρέχατε, you ran, were running
3rd έτρεχε, he, she, it ran, was running έτρεχαν, they ran, were running
Class II
Singular Plural
1st αγάπαγα, I loved, was loving αγαπάγαμε, we loved, were loving
2nd αγάπαγες, you loved, were loving αγαπάγατε, you loved, were loving
3rd αγάπαγε, he, she, it loved, was loving αγάπαγαν, they loved, were loving
The Future Tense - Ο Μελοντίκ Χρον
  • 053. The future tense is formed by putting the particle θα before the present tense.
Class I
Singular Plural
1st θa βλεπω, I shall see θa βλέπouμε, we shall see
2nd θa βλεπις, you will see θa βλέπετε, you will see
3rd θa βλεπι, he, she, it will see θa βλεπουν, they will see
Class II
Singular Plural
1st θ' αγαπώ, I love θ' αγαπάμε, we love
2nd θ' αγαπάς, you love θ' αγαπάτε, you love
3rd θ' αγαπά, he, she, it loves θ' αγαπάν, they love
The Present Perfect Tense - Ο Παρακίμεν Χρον
  • 054. The perfect tenses are not used as frequently in Athonite as they are in English, the past tense usually being used.
  • 055. The present perfect tense is formed by the present tense of the auxiliary verb εχω, I have, and the passive participle.
  • 056. The present perfect tense is used to denote an event of the past which has a bearing on the present.
Singular Plural
1st εχω βλέπομεν, I have seen έχoυμe βλέπομεν, we have seen
2nd εχις βλέπομεν, you have seen έχετε βλέπομεν, you have seen
3rd εχι βλέπομεν, he, she, it has seen εχουν βλέπομεν, they have seen
The Past Perfect Tense - Ο Υπερςυντελικ Χρον
  • 057. The past perfect tense is more frequent than the present perfect. It is used to denote an event of the past which occurred before another event of the past.
  • 058. The past perfect tense is formed by the past tense of the auχiliary verb εχω and the passive participle.
Singular Plural
1st ιχα βλέπομεν, I had seen ιχαμε βλέπομεν, we had seen
2nd ιχεs βλέπομεν, you had seen ιχατε βλέπομεν, you had seen
3rd ιχε βλέπομεν, he, she, it had seen ιχαν βλέπομεν, they had seen
The Future Perfect Tense - Ο Συντελεςμέν Μελοντ Χρον
  • 059. The future perfect tense is used to denote an event in the future which will have occurred before another event in the future.
  • 060. The future perfect tense is formed by the future tense of the auχiliary verb εχω and the passive participle.
Singular Plural
1st θa εχω βλέπομεν, I shall have seen θa έχoυμε βλέπομεν, we shall have seen
2nd θa εχιs βλέπομεν, you will have seen θa εχετε βλέπομεν, you will have seen
3rd θa εχι βλέπομεν, he, she, it will have seen θa εχoυν βλέπομεν, they will have seen

The Progressive Tenses

  • 061. The active participle is used with the appropriate tense of ιμε, I am, to form progressive tenses.
present
 past future present perfect past perfect future perfect
ιμε βλεποντ
I am seeing, etc. 		ιμουν βλεποντ
I was seeing, etc. 		θα ιμε βλεποντ
I will be seeing, etc. 		εχω ιμεν βλεποντ
I have been seeing, etc.' 		ιχα ιμεν βλεποντ
I had been seeing, etc. 		θα εχω ιμεν βλεποντ
I will have been seeing, etc.

The Passive Voice - ι παθιτίκ φων

  • 062. The passive voice denotes that the agent is being acted upon.
  • 063. The many forms of the passive in Modern Greek have been abandoned in favor of periphrastic expressions using the verb ιμε, I am and the passive participle.
The Present Tense - ο Ενεςτώτ Χρον
Singular Plural
1st ιμε βλέπoμεν, I am seen ίμαςτε βλέπoμεν, we are seen
2nd ιςε βλέπoμεν, you are seen ιςτε βλέπoμεν, you are seen
3rd ινε βλέπoμεν, he, she, it is seen ινε βλέπoμεν, they are seen
The Past Tense - Ο Παρελθοντίκ Χρον
Singular Plural
1st ιμουν βλέπoμεν, I was seen ίμαςτε βλέπoμεν, we were seen
2nd ιςουν βλέπoμεν, you were seen ίςαςτε βλέπoμεν, you were seen
3rd ιταν βλέπoμεν, he, she, it was seen ιταν βλέπoμεν, they were seen
The Future Tense - Ο Μελοντίκ Χρον
Singular Plural
1st θa ιμε βλέπoμεν, I shall be seen θa ίμαςτε βλέπoμεν, we shall be seen
2nd θa ιςε βλέπoμεν, you will be seen θa ιςτε βλέπoμεν, you will be seen
3rd θa ινε βλέπoμεν, he, she, it will be seen θa ινε βλέπoμεν, they will be seen
The Perfect Tenses- Ο Παρακείμεν Χρον
  • 064. The perfect tenses are formed by using the appropriate tense of εχω with the passive participle of ιμε.
present
 past future
εχω ιμεν βλέπoμεν
I have been seen, etc. 		ιχα ιμεν βλέπoμεν
I had been seen, etc. 		θα εχω ιμεν βλέπoμεν
I shall have been seen, etc.

The Auxiliary Verbs - Το Βοιθιτίκ Ρίματα

  • 065. The auxiliary verbs are two of the few remaining irregular verbs.
εχω, I have
Present Past Future
1st singular εχω, I have ιχα, I had θα εχω, I shall have
2nd singular εχις, you have ιχες, you had θα εχις, you will have
3rd singular εχι, he, she, it has ιχε, he, she, it had θα εχι, he, she, it will have
1st plural έχομε, we have ίχαμε, we hadεί θα έχομε, we shall have
2nd plural έχετε, you have ίχατε, you had, θα έχετε, you will have
3rd plural εχoυν, they have ιχαν, they had θα εχoυν, they will have
ιμε, I am
Present Past Future
1st singular ιμε, I am, ιμουν, I was θα ιμε, I shall be
2nd singular ιςε, you are ιςουν, you were θα ιςε, you will be
3rd singular ινε, he, she, it is ιταν, he, she, it wαs θα ινε, he, she, it will be
1st plural ίμαςτε, wε are ίμαςταν, we were θα ίμαςτε, we shall be
2nd plural ιςτε, you are ίςαςτε, you were θα ιςτε, you will be
3rd plural ινε, they are ιταν, they were θα ινε, they will be

The Use of να - Ι Χρις του να

  • 066. Intention, hope, desire and the like are eχpressed by using the particle να.
  • 067. With the present tense, να eχpresses a continuous intention, etc.
Θελω να δουλεβω εξι ωρες τι μερ.
I want to be working six hours a day.
Άρχιζε να τραγουδά.
He started singing.
  • 068. With the past tense, να eχpresses a past intention, etc. This construction always follows a past tense.
Χτες το βραδυ έθελα να πίγενα ςτο θέατ αλά δεν έμπορα.
Last night I wanted to go to the theater, but I did not manage to.
  • 069. Να expresses a non-continuous future intention, etc.
Ελπιζω να τανω ςε τι Aθíν τρις μ.μ.
I hope to arrive at Athens at 3 p.m.
Μπορω να περνω τςιγάρ.
May I take a cigarette?
  • 070. Certain verbs commonly used only in the third person are also followed by να.
πρεπι, it is necessary; αξιζι, it is worthwhile, etc.
Πρεπι να παω τορα.
I must be going now.

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Negation

  • 077. Negation is expressed by putting the negative particle δεν in front of the verb.
το πρoíν ιν' ετιμ, Breakfast is ready.
το πρoíν δeν ιν' ετιμ, Breakfast is not ready.
το μπαρ δεν ινε γεμάτ, The bar is not full.
δεν παω, I'm not going.

The Imperative Mood - ι προςτακτίκ εγκλις

  • 078. The formation of the imperative is greatly simplified in Athonite. There are only two forms.
  • 079. The imperative of the simple present expresses duration or repetition of the action.
  • 080. To form the continuous imperative, -ε for the singular and -(ε)τε for the plural replace the -ω of the present.
Singular
 Plural
βλεπε, keep on seeing βλεπ(ε)τε, keep on seeing
αγαπα, keep on loving αγαπατε, keep on loving
  • 081. The imperative of the simple past shows non-continuation which means either that the action is not ongoing or that the speaker is not interested in its duration.
  • 082. To form the simple past imperative, -ε for the singular and -(ε)τε for the plural replace the -ω of the indefinite.
Singular
 Plural
βλεπςε, see βλέπςετε, see
αγάπιςε, love αγαπιςτε, love
  • 083. A negative command is expressed by μι and the indefinite or present depending on whether the action is fixed or continuous.
Mι τον αγάπιςε, Do not love him.

There Is/Are

  • 084. Athonite has abandoned the conjugated verbs υπαρχεί and υπαρχούν in favor of the Turkish βαρ and the negative γιοκ.
Βαρ ανθ εν το τραπέζ.
There is a flower on the table.
Γιοκ ανθ εν το τραπέζ.
There is no flower on the table.
  • 085. In reply to a βαρ or γιοκ question, the answer is always βαρ or γιοκ, never yes or no.
βαρ μιλα εν το τραπέζ;
Are there apples on the table?
βαρ, Yes, there are.
γιοκ, No, there are not.

To Have

  • 086. βαρ and γιοκ are also used to express possession. The possessor is expressed with the possessive adjective.
βαρ τρις μιλα μου; I have three apples.
γιοκ αδέλφ τις ; She does not have a sister.

Deponent Verbs

  • 087. The deponent verbs of Modern Greek have become regular verbs, e.g., έρχομαι, I come, > ερχω.

The Use of ίνε

  • 088. When an adjective is used predicatively, the copula ίνε is not used, e.g., το κυαν ςπιτ, the blue house; but το ςπιτ κυαν, the house is blue.

Questions

  • 089. A question with an interrogative pronoun has the same word order as a regular sentence.
Π' ιςε; Who are you?
πιόν έβλεπας; Whom did you see?
ςε πιον μιλίςας; To whom were you talking?
  • 090. A yes-no question has the same word order as a regular sentence, but is followed by the interrogative particle μι.
Πας ςτο ςχολί. You are going to school.
Πας ςτο ςχολί μι; Are you going to school?
  • 091. A question with a tag has the same word order as a regular sentence, but is followed by the interrogative particle ντιλ μι.
αφτ ινε βιβλί, ντιλ μι; This is a book, isn't it?
ςυ έγραφα ι επιςτόλ, ντιλ μι; You wrote the letter, didn't you?
ςυ ερχις αβρι, ντιλ μι; You'll come tomorrow, won't you?

Adverbs - επιρίματα

  • 092. Adverbs are words used to modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
  • 093. Some common adverbs:
εδó, here
εκί, there
πιςω, behind
μπρoςτά in front
τωρα, now
υςτερ, after, later
νωρίς, early
αβρι, tomorrow
εχθές, yesterday
πolύ, a lot, very
ιδι, already
ποτέ, never
παλι, again
ιςως, perhaps
παντα, always
ακomι, yet
ετςι, thus
  • 094. As in Turkish adjectives may be used as adverbs without any change in form.
το ιςυχ πεδ , the quiet child.
τρεχε ιςυχ. Run quietly.
  • 095.The comparative and superlative of adverbs are formed in the same way as with adjectives.
εφκολ, easy; εφκολ, easily
πιο εφκολ, easier, easiest; πιο εφκολ, more/most easily


Athonite Grammar I

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