Senjecas - by: Difference between revisions

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==Glossing abbreviations==
==Glossing abbreviations==
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|1s/p = first person singular/plural
|1s/p = 1st person singular/plural
|V(.s/p) = vocative (singular/plural)
|ABL = [[Wikipedia:Ablative case|ablative suffix]]
|COL = [[Wikipedia:Collective noun|collective]]
|COL = [[Wikipedia:Collective noun|collective]]
|EQU = equative degree
|EQU = equative degree
|INS = instrument
|INS = instrument
|PST = past
|PRF = perfect
|SUP = [[Wikipedia:Supine|supine]]
|-
|-
|2s/p = second person singular/plural
|2s/p = 2nd person singular/plural
|ABS = absolutive (an unmarked modifying adjective)
|ABS = absolutive (an unmarked modifying adjective)
|CONV = conversive
|CONV = conversive
|F = feminine
|F = feminine
|INT = intensive prefix
|INT = intensive prefix
|Q = [[Wikipedia:Interrogative word|interrogative particle]]
|PRV = [[Wikipedia:Privative|privative prefix]]
|TRZ = transitivizer
|-
|-
|
|3 = 3rd person
|ADV = adverb
|ADV = adverb
|DES = [[Wikipedia:Desiderative mood|desiderative]]
|DES = [[Wikipedia:Desiderative mood|desiderative]]
|FRQ = [[Wikipedia:Frequentative|frequentative]]
|FRQ = [[Wikipedia:Frequentative|frequentative]]
|M = masculine
|LAT = [[Wikipedia:Lative case|lative suffix]]
|QUOT = direct quotation
|PST = past
|VOC = vocative particle
|-
|-
|
|A(.s/p) = accusative (singular/plural)
|AG = [[Wikipedia:Agent (grammar)|agent]]
|AG = [[Wikipedia:Agent (grammar)|agent]]
|DIM = diminutive
|DIM = diminutive
|FUT = future
|FUT = future
|OCC = occupation suffix
|LOC = [[Wikipedia:Locative case|locative suffix]]
|RPRF = recent perfective
|Q = [[Wikipedia:Interrogative word|interrogative particle]]
|
|-
|-
|A(.s/p) = accusative (singular/plural)
|G(.s/p) = genitive (singular/plural)
|AP = agent (active) participle
|AP = agent (active) participle
|ELIS = [[Wikipedia:Elision|elision]]
|ELIS = [[Wikipedia:Elision|elision]]
|IMP = imperative
|IMP = imperative
|PP = patient (past) participle
|M = masculine
|SBJ = subjunctive
|QUOT = direct quotation
|
|-
|-
|G(.s/p) = genitive (singular/plural)
|N(.s/p) = nominative (singular/plural)
|AUG = augmentative
|AUG = augmentative
|EP = [[Wikipedia:Epenthesis#As a grammatical rule|epenthesis]]
|ELT = [[Wikipedia:Elative case|elative]]
|INC = [[Wikipedia:Inchoative aspect|inchoative]]
|INC = [[Wikipedia:Inchoative aspect|inchoative]]
|PRF = perfect
|OCC = occupation suffix
|SUP = [[Wikipedia:Supine|supine]]
|RPR = recent perfective
|
|-
|-
|N(.s/p) = nominative (singular/plural)
|V(.s/p) = vocative (singular/plural)
|CAUS = [[Wikipedia:Causative|causative]]
|CAUS = [[Wikipedia:Causative|causative]]
|ELT = [[Wikipedia:Elative case|elative]]
|EP = [[Wikipedia:Epenthesis#As a grammatical rule|epenthesis]]
|IND = indicative
|IND = indicative
|PRV = [[Wikipedia:Privative|privative prefix]]
|PP = patient (past) participle
|VBLZ = verbalizer
|SBJ = subjunctive
|
|}
|}


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*'''3.''' '''kía''' - the actor in a clause with its verb in the passive voice: through the action or presence of
*'''3.''' '''móóda''' - the instrument in a clause with its verb in the passive voice: through the action or presence of
*The shepherd was protected from the rain by his rain cape.
*The shepherd was protected from the rain by his rain cape.
*'''om̃ta̋ðlu suum̃e̋s ápa eȝu-ðuukuurős kía m̃űűraþu e-ı̋la:'''
*'''om̃ta̋ðlu suum̃e̋s ápa eȝu-ðuukuurős móóda m̃űűraþu e-ı̋la:'''
:{|
:{|
!om̃ta̋ðl-u||suum̃-e̋s||ápa||eȝu=ðuu-kuur-ős||kía||m̃űűr-a-þ-u||e=ı̋l-a
!om̃ta̋ðl-u||suum̃-e̋s||ápa||eȝu=ðuu-kuur-ős||kía||m̃űűr-a-þ-u||e=ı̋l-a
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*'''4.''' '''kía''' - the creator of a work
*'''4.''' '''móóda''' - a means: involving/using the means of
*We can avoid the rapids by crossing at the ford.
*'''m̃us m̃aðős éna ta̋ru móóda kőskom t̨e̋gu ma̋ƣa:'''
:{|
!m̃-us||m̃að-ős||éna||ta̋r-u||móóda||kősk-om||t̨e̋g-u||ma̋ƣ-a
|-
|1p-N||ford-G.s||at||cross-SUP||by||rapids-A.s||avoid-SUP||be.able-IND
|}
 
 
*'''5.''' '''kía''' - the creator of a work
*This poem was written by that little girl.
*This poem was written by that little girl.
*'''i-m̃e̋lo pı̋nu a-neskűs kía ȝa̋raþo e-ı̋la:'''
*'''i-m̃e̋lo pı̋nu a-neskűs kía ȝa̋raþo e-ı̋la:'''
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*'''5.''' '''ha''' - the cause of a condition or event: through the action of, caused by, responsibility for; by dint of
*'''6.''' '''ha''' - the cause of a condition or event: through the action of, caused by, responsibility for; by dint of
*The army was prevented by the snow from leaving the base.
*The army was prevented by the snow from leaving the base.
*'''őmu tom̃ős ha voutı̋ȝom vı̋du áfa sa̋baþu e-ı̋la:'''
*'''őmu tom̃ős ha voutı̋ȝom vı̋du áfa sa̋baþu e-ı̋la:'''
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|-
|-
|army-N.s||snow-G.s||by||base-A.s||leave-SUP||from||prevent-IND-PP-N.s||PST=become-IND
|army-N.s||snow-G.s||by||base-A.s||leave-SUP||from||prevent-IND-PP-N.s||PST=become-IND
|}
*'''6.''' '''móóda''' - a means: involving/using the means of
*We can avoid the rapids by crossing at the ford.
*'''m̃us m̃aðős éna ta̋ru móóda kőskom t̨e̋gu ma̋ƣa:'''
:{|
!m̃-us||m̃að-ős||éna||ta̋r-u||móóda||kősk-om||t̨e̋g-u||ma̋ƣ-a
|-
|1p-N||ford-G.s||at||cross-SUP||by||rapids-A.s||avoid-SUP||be.able-IND
|}
|}


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*'''ve̋e̋ðlu eide̋s f̨óþa e̋inem e-na̋ka:'''
*'''ve̋e̋ðlu eide̋s f̨óþa e̋inem e-na̋ka:'''
:{|
:{|
!ve̋e̋ðl-u||zeer-e̋s||f̨óþa||e̋in-em||e=na̋k-a
!ve̋e̋ðl-u||eid-e̋s||f̨óþa||e̋in-em||e=na̋k-a
|-
|-
|hunter-N.s||moon-G.s||by.the.light.of||deer-A.s||PST=see-IND
|hunter-N.s||moon-G.s||by.the.light.of||deer-A.s||PST=see-IND
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*'''9.''' '''mém̃a''' - in the formulae "X by X" and "by Xs", indicates a steady progression, one X after another.
*'''9.''' '''mém̃a''' - in the formulae "X by/after X" and "by Xs", indicates a steady progression, one X after another.
*Day by day, for five years, they worked in the fields.
*Day by day, for five years, they worked in the fields.
*'''éȝus a̋ham aha̋s mém̃a pe̋n dı̋lan gazőm éna e-da̋a̋ra''':
*'''éȝus a̋ham aha̋s mém̃a pe̋n dı̋lan gazőm éna e-da̋a̋ra:'''
:{|
:{|
!éȝ-us||a̋h-am||ah-a̋s||mém̃a||pe̋n||dı̋l-an||gaz-őm||éna||e=da̋a̋r-a
!éȝ-us||a̋h-am||ah-a̋s||mém̃a||pe̋n||dı̋l-an||gaz-őm||éna||e=da̋a̋r-a
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*'''10.''' '''épa''' - according to.
*'''10.''' '''épa''' - according to.
*By his own admission the boy burned the stable.
*By his own admission the boy burned the stable.
*'''hűsu eȝu-še̋ða żeena̋s épa dődom e-a̋iða:'''
*'''hűsu pa̋ta eȝu-żeena̋s épa dődom e-a̋iða:'''
:{|
:{|
!hűs-u||eȝu-še̋ða-Ø||żeen-a̋s||épa||dőd-om||e=a̋ið-a
!hűs-u||pa̋ta-Ø||eȝu-żeen-a̋s||épa||dőd-om||e=a̋ið-a
|-
|-
|boy-N.s||his-own-ABS||admission-G.s||by||stable-A.s||PST=burn-IND
|boy-N.s||own-ABS||his-admission-G.s||by||stable-A.s||PST=burn-IND
|}
|}


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*'''12.''' '''nóóla''' - separates dimensions when describing the size of something
*'''12.''' '''nóóla''' - separates dimensions when describing the size of something
*The farmer's east pasture measures three kilometers by four.
*The farmer's east pasture measures three kilometers by four.
*'''zǫðlűs auste̋ro le̋sm̃o na̋a̋l venhőm nóóla tı̋r ve̋nhon ka̋a̋pa:'''
*'''zǫðlűs auste̋ro le̋sm̃o na̋a̋l venhőm nóóla tı̋r ve̋nhon me̋a:'''
:{|
:{|
!zǫðl-űs||auste̋ro-Ø||le̋sm̃-o||na̋a̋l||venh-őm||nóóla||tı̋r||ve̋nh-on||ka̋a̋p-a
!zǫðl-űs||auste̋ro-Ø||le̋sm̃-o||na̋a̋l||venh-őm||nóóla||tı̋r||ve̋nh-on||me̋-a
|-
|-
|farmer-G.s||east-ABS||pasture-N.s||four||kilometer-G.p||by||three||kilometer-A.p||measure-IND
|farmer-G.s||east-ABS||pasture-N.s||four||kilometer-G.p||by||three||kilometer-A.p||measure-IND

Revision as of 15:04, 27 June 2019

Pronunciation table

p b f v m̃ m t d þ ð ɫ l ṡ ż s z r n k g x ƣ h ȝ š s̨ i e a ǫ o u ĭ ĕ ŭ
/p/ /b/ /ɸ/ /β/ /m̥/ /m/ /t/ /d/ /θ/ /ð/ /l̥/ /l/ /ʦ/ /ʣ/ /s/ /z/ /ɾ̥/ /n/ /k/ /g/ /ç/ /ʝ/ /j̊/ /j/ /sʷ/ /sʲ/ /i/ /e/ /ä/ /ɒ/ /o/ /u/ /ɪ/ /ɛ/ /ʊ/


Glossing abbreviations

1s/p = 1st person singular/plural ABL = ablative suffix COL = collective EQU = equative degree INS = instrument PRF = perfect SUP = supine
2s/p = 2nd person singular/plural ABS = absolutive (an unmarked modifying adjective) CONV = conversive F = feminine INT = intensive prefix PRV = privative prefix TRZ = transitivizer
3 = 3rd person ADV = adverb DES = desiderative FRQ = frequentative LAT = lative suffix PST = past VOC = vocative particle
A(.s/p) = accusative (singular/plural) AG = agent DIM = diminutive FUT = future LOC = locative suffix Q = interrogative particle
G(.s/p) = genitive (singular/plural) AP = agent (active) participle ELIS = elision IMP = imperative M = masculine QUOT = direct quotation
N(.s/p) = nominative (singular/plural) AUG = augmentative ELT = elative INC = inchoative OCC = occupation suffix RPR = recent perfective
V(.s/p) = vocative (singular/plural) CAUS = causative EP = epenthesis IND = indicative PP = patient (past) participle SBJ = subjunctive


Postposition

  • 1. ȝóba - near or next to
  • His house is by the river.
  • eȝu-m̃e̋e̋so daae̋s ȝóba e̋sa:
eȝu=m̃e̋e̋s-o daa-e̋s ȝóba e̋s-a
his=house-N.s river-G.s by be-IND


  • 2. dúna - at some time before (the given time), or before the end of a given time interval
  • We have to be back by Sunday.
  • m̃us ilmaha̋s dúna na̋a̋nu ke̋la:
m̃-us ilm-ah-a̋s dúna na̋a̋n-u ke̋l-a
1p-N Ilmu-day-G.s by return-SUP must-IND


  • 3. móóda - the instrument in a clause with its verb in the passive voice: through the action or presence of
  • The shepherd was protected from the rain by his rain cape.
  • om̃ta̋ðlu suum̃e̋s ápa eȝu-ðuukuurős móóda m̃űűraþu e-ı̋la:
om̃ta̋ðl-u suum̃-e̋s ápa eȝu=ðuu-kuur-ős kía m̃űűr-a-þ-u e=ı̋l-a
shepherd-N.s rain-G.s from his=storm-cape-G.s by protect-IND-PP-N.s PST=become-IND


  • 4. móóda - a means: involving/using the means of
  • We can avoid the rapids by crossing at the ford.
  • m̃us m̃aðős éna ta̋ru móóda kőskom t̨e̋gu ma̋ƣa:
m̃-us m̃að-ős éna ta̋r-u móóda kősk-om t̨e̋g-u ma̋ƣ-a
1p-N ford-G.s at cross-SUP by rapids-A.s avoid-SUP be.able-IND


  • 5. kía - the creator of a work
  • This poem was written by that little girl.
  • i-m̃e̋lo pı̋nu a-neskűs kía ȝa̋raþo e-ı̋la:
i=m̃e̋l-o pı̋nu-Ø a=nesk-űs kía ȝa̋r-a-þ-o e=ı̋l-a
this=poem-N.s little-ABS that=girl-G.s by write-IND-PP-N.s PST=become-IND


  • 6. ha - the cause of a condition or event: through the action of, caused by, responsibility for; by dint of
  • The army was prevented by the snow from leaving the base.
  • őmu tom̃ős ha voutı̋ȝom vı̋du áfa sa̋baþu e-ı̋la:
őm-u tom̃-ős ha voutı̋ȝ-om vı̋d-u áfa sa̋b-a-þ-u e=ı̋l-a
army-N.s snow-G.s by base-A.s leave-SUP from prevent-IND-PP-N.s PST=become-IND


  • 7. f̨óþa - using a source of light
  • The hunter saw the deer by the light of the moon.
  • ve̋e̋ðlu eide̋s f̨óþa e̋inem e-na̋ka:
ve̋e̋ðl-u eid-e̋s f̨óþa e̋in-em e=na̋k-a
hunter-N.s moon-G.s by.the.light.of deer-A.s PST=see-IND


  • 8. dása - an authority, rule, or permission followed.
  • The land was sold by the court.
  • na̋a̋lo meðsedős dása fa̋a̋raþo e-ı̋la:
na̋a̋l-o með-sed-ős dása fa̋a̋r-a-þ-o e=ı̋l-a
land-N.s judge-seat-G.s on.the.authority.of sell-IND-PP-N.s PST=become-IND


  • 9. mém̃a - in the formulae "X by/after X" and "by Xs", indicates a steady progression, one X after another.
  • Day by day, for five years, they worked in the fields.
  • éȝus a̋ham aha̋s mém̃a pe̋n dı̋lan gazőm éna e-da̋a̋ra:
éȝ-us a̋h-am ah-a̋s mém̃a pe̋n dı̋l-an gaz-őm éna e=da̋a̋r-a
3-N.p day-A.s day-G.s by five year-A.p field-G.p in PST=work-IND


  • 10. épa - according to.
  • By his own admission the boy burned the stable.
  • hűsu pa̋ta eȝu-żeena̋s épa dődom e-a̋iða:
hűs-u pa̋ta-Ø eȝu-żeen-a̋s épa dőd-om e=a̋ið-a
boy-N.s own-ABS his-admission-G.s by stable-A.s PST=burn-IND


  • 11. óita - indicates an oath: in the name of.
  • By all the stars above, I will do it.
  • mu űpe ṡuke̋m óita éȝom u-kı̋a:
m-u űpe-Ø ṡuk-e̋m óita n-om u=kı̋-a
1s-N above-ABS star-G.p by it-A.s FUT=do-IND


  • 12. nóóla - separates dimensions when describing the size of something
  • The farmer's east pasture measures three kilometers by four.
  • zǫðlűs auste̋ro le̋sm̃o na̋a̋l venhőm nóóla tı̋r ve̋nhon me̋a:
zǫðl-űs auste̋ro-Ø le̋sm̃-o na̋a̋l venh-őm nóóla tı̋r ve̋nh-on me̋-a
farmer-G.s east-ABS pasture-N.s four kilometer-G.p by three kilometer-A.p measure-IND


Adverb

  • 13. ǫ́nu - along a path which runs by the speaker
  • The women watched as the soldiers rode by.
  • ǧe̋nus e-ge̋þa—méti sőþlus ǫ́nu e-mı̋ma:
ǧe̋n-us e=ge̋þ-a méti sőþl-us ǫ́nu e=mı̋m-a
woman-N.p PST=watch-IND as soldier-N.p by PST=ride-IND


  • 14. kómu - in the vicinity, near
  • The father stood by as his son swam in the lake.
  • ta̋a̋ta kómu e-ṡűra—méti eȝu-pőiku ehe̋rom éna e-še̋ma:
ta̋a̋t-a kómu e=ṡűr-a méti eȝu=pőik-u ehe̋r-om éna e=še̋m-a
father-N.s by PST=stand-IND as his=son-N.s lake-A.s in PST=swim-IND


  • 15. énu - to or at a place, as a residence or place of business
  • We'll stop by after work.
  • m̃us daara̋s pósa én' u-de̋usa:
m̃-us daar-a̋s pósa én-' u=de̋us-a
1p-N word-G.s after by-ELIS FUT=stop-IND
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