Sounds of Old Adpihi: Difference between revisions
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[[Aspirated voiceless velar stop|kʰ]] | [[Aspirated voiceless velar stop|kʰ]] | ||
[[Aspirated voiceless bilabial stop|pʰ]] | [[Aspirated voiceless bilabial stop|pʰ]] | ||
[[Voiceless postalveolar affricate| | [[Voiceless postalveolar affricate|t̠ʃ]] | ||
[[Voiced postalveolar affricate| | [[Voiced postalveolar affricate|d̠ʒ]] | ||
'''Vowels''' | '''Vowels''' | ||
Revision as of 14:18, 20 July 2006
Proto-Adpihi's Consonants
Most of Proto-Adpihi's consonants, like all of Old and Middle Adpihi's and Reptigan's consonants, were on an egressive pulmonic airstream.
Pulmonic Consonants
| Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal | |
| Plosive | p b | t̪ d̪ | t d | c | k ɡ | ʔ | |||||
| Nasal | m | n̪ | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||||||
| Trill | r | ||||||||||
| Tap or Flap | ɽ | ||||||||||
| Fricative | f v | θ | s z | ʃ ʒ | x | h | |||||
| Lateral fricative | |||||||||||
| Approximant | β̞ | j | |||||||||
| Lateral approximant | l |
Proto-Adpihi apparently had one ejective consonant.
Non-pulmonic Consonants
| Clicks | Voiced Implosives | Ejectives |
| kʼ Velar | ||
Also there were, apparently; kʰ pʰ t̠ʃ d̠ʒ
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |||
| Close | i · y | ɨ · ʉ | ɯ · u | ||
| ɪ · ʏ | ʊ | ||||
| Close-mid | e · ø | ɘ · ɵ | ɤ · o | ||
| ə | |||||
| Open-mid | ɛ · œ | ɜ · ɞ | ʌ · ɔ | ||
| æ | ɐ | ||||
| Open | a · ɶ | ɑ · ɒ |
Other Symbols
| ʍ Voiceless labial-velar fricative |
| w Voiced labial-velar approximant |
| ɥ Voiced labial-palatal approximant |
| ʜ Voiceless epiglottal fricative |
| ʢ Voiced epiglottal fricative |
| ʔ Epiglottal plosive |
| ɕ ʑ Alveolo-palatal fricatives |
| ɺ Lateral alveolar flap |
| ɧ Simultaneous ʃ and x. |
| Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary. |
Suprasegmentals
| ˈ | Primary stress | ˌfoʊnəˈtɪʃən |
| ˌ | Secondary stress | |
| ː | Long | eː |
| ˑ | Half-long | eˑ |
| ˘ | Extra short | ĕ |
| . | Syllable break | ɹi.ækt |
| Minor (foot) group | ||
| Major (intonation) group | ||
| ‿ | Linking (absence of a break) |
Tones & Word Accents
| Level | Contour |
|---|---|
| e̋ or ˥ | |
| é ˦ | |
| ē ˧ | |
| è ˨ | |
| ȅ ˩ |
Diacritics
| ̥ | Voiceless n̥ d̥ | ̤ | Breathy voiced b̤ a̤ | ̪ | Dental t̪ d̪ | |
| ̬ | Voiced s̬ t̬ | ̰ | Creaky voiced b̰ a̰ | ̺ | Apical t̺ d̺ | |
| ʰ | Aspirated tʰ dʰ | ̼ | Linguolabial t̼ d̼ | ̻ | Laminal t̻ d̻ | |
| ˒ | More rounded ɔ̜ | ʷ | Labialized tʷ dʷ | ~ | Nasalized ẽ | |
| ˓ | Less rounded ɔ̹ | ʲ | Palatalized tʲ dʲ | |||
| ˖ | Advanced u̟ | ˠ | Velarized tˠ [[Voiced velarized alveolar stop | dˠ]] | ˡ | Lateral release dˡ |
| ˗ | Retracted i̠ | ˤ | Pharyngealized tˤ dˤ | ̚ | No audible release d̚ | |
| ¨ | Centralized ë | ̴ | Velarized or pharyngealized ɫ | |||
| ̽ | Mid-centralized e̽ | ˔ | Raised e̝ (ɹ̝ = Voiced alveolar fricative) |
