Kala/affixes/use: Difference between revisions
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== Tense == | == Tense == | ||
* '''-hye''' marks [[wp:Past_tense|Recent]] past tense ('''REC''') <small>(action just finished)</small> | |||
: from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''aye''']] + '''-hi''' | |||
:: '''ota namyo akya<span style="color:red">hye</span>''' - <small>father 1pl.GEN wake-REC</small> - ''Our father just woke.'' | |||
* '''-tli''' marks the [[wp:Future_tense|Future Tense]] ('''FUT''') | |||
: from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''atli''']] | |||
:: '''naka tahi tlepa<span style="color:red">tli</span>''' - <small>woman boy teach-FUT</small> - ''The woman will teach the boy.'' | |||
* '''-tlai''' marks the [[wp:Future_tense|Immediate Future]] ('''IMM''') | |||
: from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''atli''']] and [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''ahi''']] | |||
:: '''na tlela<span style="color:red">tlai</span>''' - <small>1s bathe-IMM</small> - ''I'll bathe soon.'' <tt>(within the day)</tt> | |||
* '''-ye''' marks the [[wp:Past_tense|Past Tense]] ('''PST''') | |||
: from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''aye''']] | |||
:: '''naka mita anya<span style="color:red">ye</span>''' - <small>woman dog see-PST</small> - ''The woman saw the dog.'' | |||
== Aspect == | == Aspect == | ||
Revision as of 16:41, 25 December 2017
See also: Kala lexicon & Kala word formation
These are the functional affixes used in Kala, by usage.
Verbal modifiers
Tense
- -hye marks Recent past tense (REC) (action just finished)
- from aye + -hi
- ota namyo akyahye - father 1pl.GEN wake-REC - Our father just woke.
- -tli marks the Future Tense (FUT)
- from atli
- naka tahi tlepatli - woman boy teach-FUT - The woman will teach the boy.
- -tlai marks the Immediate Future (IMM)
- -ye marks the Past Tense (PST)
- from aye
- naka mita anyaye - woman dog see-PST - The woman saw the dog.
Aspect
- -pua marks the Perfective (PFV)
- from opua
- kam inapua - 3pl eat-PFV - They have eaten.
Mood
- -pa marks the Abilitative (ABIL)
- from pala
- na mokuyepak - 1s sleep-PST-ABIL-NEG - I was unable to sleep.
- nam mue pana ke mauam anyapak - 1pl without rain O flower-PL see-ABIL-NEG - We cannot see the flowers without rain.
- -po marks the Compulsive (COMP)
- from nipo
- ke ntahi mokupoye - O child sleep-COMP-PST - The child was compelled to sleep.
- -pya marks the Attemptative (ATT)
- from upya
- neko ke panya matapya - cat O mouse kill-ATT - The cat is trying to kill the mouse.
- ima ha inapyak - now 3s eat-ATT-NEG - She hasn't tried to eat yet.
- -te marks the Precative (PREC)
- from teya
- ke asi yetate - O salt give-PREC - Will you please pass me the salt?
- simate - sit-PREC - Please, sit.
Evidentiality
- -tai marks Hearsay (HSY)
- from ata
- ha inatai - 3s eat-HSY - She eats (I hear). / (It's said) She is eating.
Nominal
Derivational
- -pe marks "piece; part of ~" (part)
- from peya
- mita ke inape yatsi - dog O food-part chew - The dog is chewing the morsel.
- -pu marks "clothing of/for ~" (wear)
- from puku
- naya tayo ke anapu nomo ka - wife 2sg.GEN O head-wear like Q - Does your wife like hats?
- -pyo marks "disease (of ~); ill; sick" (ill)
- from pyoki
- ha ke tsinipyo yoha - 3sg O sugar-ill have - He has diabetes.
- -pao marks "crooked; warped; unbalanced" (warp)
- from payo
- ke mita hayo anyapao yoha - O dog 3sg.GEN eye-warp have - Her dog has a crooked eye (Strabismus).
- -mpu marks "~ formed/shaped" (shape)
- from umpu
- na'am ke panu tsakampu inaye - 1pl.EXCL O cake house-shape eat-PST - We ate a house-shaped cake.
Gender
Number
Quality
- -mpo marks "bad; unfavorable; unpleasant" (bad)
- from mala
- ke naku nayo kehampo - O sister 1s.GEN body-bad - My sister is infirmed.
