User:Masako/pataka: Difference between revisions
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" | ||
! | ! | ||
! | ! affix | ||
! | ! from | ||
|-align=center | |-align=center | ||
! | ! direct participation (dir) | ||
| '''-''' | | '''-''' | ||
| '''-''' | |||
|-align=center | |||
! sensory perception (sens) | |||
| '''-''' | | '''-''' | ||
| '''-''' | | '''-''' | ||
|-align=center | |-align=center | ||
! from | ! inferred from evidence (evid) | ||
| '''-''' | | '''-''' | ||
| '''-''' | | '''-''' | ||
|-align=center | |||
! assumption; guess (ass) | |||
| '''-ho''' | |||
| '''toho''' | | '''toho''' | ||
|-align=center | |||
! hearsay; fiction (rep) | |||
| '''-tai''' | |||
| '''ata''' | | '''ata''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Revision as of 06:00, 12 December 2017
Syntax
Simple sentences
Complex sentences
Clause coordination
Clause-level conjunctions such as ku "and", ua "or", or ehe "but, however" are placed clause-initially. Note that these conjunctions cannot be used to connect noun phrases.
- tahi tohyo ku nahi pina
- boy brave CL.CONJ girl intelligent
- The boy is brave and the girl is intelligent.
- ima kihu saman ehe pakyotlai
- now weather sun-ADJ however storm-IMM
- Now the weather is sunny, but a storm will come soon.
Coordination of noun phrases
Non-subject noun phrases are coordinated using the conjunction ma "and" (sometimes "with").
- yomaye na ke tanka ma pato anya
- day-PST 1sg O eagle CONJ duck see
- I saw an eagle and a duck yesterday.
- kinti ke tsaka kamyo ma'a yosu sapotle ma siuem muya
- squirrel O house 3pl.POSS with moss soft-REL and leaf.PL make
- The squirrels make their nest comfortable with soft moss and leaves.
- ona ma ota kyosanku
- mother and father fornicate-RECP
- Mother and father have sex [with each other].
- ta ma'a na ke molihuelatli
- 2sg with 1sg O forest-LOC-MOT-FUT
- You and I will go to the forest together.
Noun phrases can be presented as alternatives to each other with the conjunction ua "or; other". This conjunction can be used with both subjects and non-subjects. The conjunction ue "(exclusive) either X or Y" is used to delimit other nouns from the conjunction phrase.
- ta ke nasi ua poma inamyo
- 2sg O pear or apple eat-PERM
- You may eat an apple or a pear.
- tsola ue otso itsikua mataye
- fox either.X.or.Y wolf PROX-bird kill-PST
- It must have been a fox or a wolf that killed this bird.
Contrastive coordination of noun phrases ("but") is achieved with ehe "but; however" (or me more informally) if the noun phrases appear in subject position.
- yomaye mita'u ehek mitana ke kutsu kapya
- day-PST dog-MASC but-NEG O meat receive
- The male dog but not the female dog received meat yesterday.
- na itlaka mek inaka unya
- 1sg PROX-man but-NEG PROX-woman know
- I know this man, but not this woman.
Complement clauses
Relative clauses
Relative clauses, i.e. subordinated clauses acting as an attribute to a noun phrase, are marked with the relativizer -tle (or -le if the last syllable has tl). A pronoun referring to the relativized noun is retained within the relative clause:
- na ka naka amyatle pesoue
- 1sg O woman liked-REL meet-VOL
- I want to meet a girl who is friendly.
- naku nayo ke yakokua na tikuyetle inapua
- sister 1sg.POSS O strawberry-all 1sg pick-PST-REL eat-PFV
- My sister has eaten all the strawberries that I picked.
- kam tananitle ke teki tlalitli
- 3pl fight-nice-REL O enemy defeat-FUT
- They who fight well will defeat the enemy.
Evidentiality
| affix | from | |
|---|---|---|
| direct participation (dir) | - | - |
| sensory perception (sens) | - | - |
| inferred from evidence (evid) | - | - |
| assumption; guess (ass) | -ho | toho |
| hearsay; fiction (rep) | -tai | ata |
