Senjecas - by: Difference between revisions
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==Pronunciation table== | |||
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align: | {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:500px;" | ||
!p | !p | ||
!b | !b | ||
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==Glossing abbreviations== | |||
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" | |||
|1s/p = first person singular/plural | |1s/p = first person singular/plural | ||
|V(.s/p) = vocative (singular/plural) | |V(.s/p) = vocative (singular/plural) | ||
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|EQU = equative degree | |EQU = equative degree | ||
|INS = instrument | |INS = instrument | ||
| | |PST = past | ||
|- | |- | ||
|2s/p = second person singular/plural | |2s/p = second person singular/plural | ||
|ABS = absolutive (an unmarked modifying adjective) | |ABS = absolutive (an unmarked modifying adjective) | ||
| | |CONV = conversive | ||
|F = feminine | |F = feminine | ||
|INT = intensive prefix | |INT = intensive prefix | ||
| | |Q = [[Wikipedia:Interrogative word|interrogative particle]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
|ADV = adverb | |ADV = adverb | ||
| | |DES = [[Wikipedia:Desiderative mood|desiderative]] | ||
|FRQ = [[Wikipedia:Frequentative|frequentative]] | |FRQ = [[Wikipedia:Frequentative|frequentative]] | ||
|M = masculine | |M = masculine | ||
| | |QUOT = direct quotation | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
|AG = [[Wikipedia:Agent (grammar)|agent]] | |AG = [[Wikipedia:Agent (grammar)|agent]] | ||
| | |DIM = diminutive | ||
|FUT = future | |FUT = future | ||
| | |OCC = occupation suffix | ||
|RPRF = recent perfective | |RPRF = recent perfective | ||
|- | |- | ||
|A(.s/p) = accusative (singular/plural) | |A(.s/p) = accusative (singular/plural) | ||
|AP = agent (active) participle | |AP = agent (active) participle | ||
| | |ELIS = [[Wikipedia:Elision|elision]] | ||
|IMP = imperative | |IMP = imperative | ||
| | |PP = patient (past) participle | ||
|SBJ = subjunctive | |SBJ = subjunctive | ||
|- | |- | ||
|G(.s/p) = genitive (singular/plural) | |G(.s/p) = genitive (singular/plural) | ||
|AUG = augmentative | |AUG = augmentative | ||
| | |EP = [[Wikipedia:Epenthesis#As a grammatical rule|epenthesis]] | ||
|INC = [[Wikipedia:Inchoative aspect|inchoative]] | |INC = [[Wikipedia:Inchoative aspect|inchoative]] | ||
| | |PRF = perfect | ||
|SUP = [[Wikipedia:Supine|supine]] | |SUP = [[Wikipedia:Supine|supine]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|N(.s/p) = nominative (singular/plural) | |N(.s/p) = nominative (singular/plural) | ||
| | | | ||
| | |ELT = [[Wikipedia:Elative case|elative]] | ||
|IND = indicative | |IND = indicative | ||
| | |PRV = [[Wikipedia:Privative|privative prefix]] | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Postposition== | |||
*1. '''ȝóba''' - near or next to | *'''1.''' '''ȝóba''' - near or next to | ||
*His house is by the river. | |||
*'''eȝu-m̃e̋e̋so daae̋s ȝóba e̋sa:''' | |||
:{| | |||
!eȝu=m̃e̋e̋s-o||daa-e̋s||ȝóba||e̋s-a | |||
! | |||
|- | |- | ||
|his=house-N.s||river-G.s||by||be-IND | |his=house-N.s||river-G.s||by||be-IND | ||
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*2. '''dúna''' - at some time before (the given time), or before the end of a given time interval | *'''2.''' '''dúna''' - at some time before (the given time), or before the end of a given time interval | ||
*We have to be back by Sunday. | |||
*'''m̃us ilmaha̋s dúna na̋a̋nu ke̋la:''' | |||
:{| | |||
!m̃-us||ilm-ah-a̋s||dúna||na̋a̋n-u||ke̋l-a | !m̃-us||ilm-ah-a̋s||dúna||na̋a̋n-u||ke̋l-a | ||
|- | |- | ||
|1p- | |1p-N||Ilmu-day-G.s||by||return-SUP||must-IND | ||
|} | |} | ||
*3. '''kía''' - the actor in a clause with its verb in the passive voice: through the action or presence of | *'''3.''' '''kía''' - the actor in a clause with its verb in the passive voice: through the action or presence of | ||
*The shepherd was protected from the rain by his rain cape. | |||
*'''om̃ta̋ðlu suum̃e̋s ápa eȝu-ðuukuurős kía m̃űűraþu e-ı̋la:''' | |||
:{| | |||
!om̃ta̋ðl-u||suum̃-e̋s||ápa|eȝu=ðuu-kuur-ős||kía||m̃űűr-a-þ-u||e=ı̋l-a | |||
!om̃ta̋ðl-u||suum̃-e̋s||ápa| | |||
|- | |- | ||
|shepherd-N.s||rain-G.s||from||his=storm-cape-G.s||by||protect-IND-PP-N.s||PST=become-IND | |shepherd-N.s||rain-G.s||from||his=storm-cape-G.s||by||protect-IND-PP-N.s||PST=become-IND | ||
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*4. '''kía''' - the creator of a work | *'''4.''' '''kía''' - the creator of a work | ||
*This poem was written by that little girl. | |||
*'''i-m̃e̋lo pı̋nu a-neskűs kía ȝa̋raþo e-ı̋la:''' | |||
:{| | |||
!i=m̃e̋l-o||pı̋nu-Ø||a=nesk-űs||kía||ȝa̋r-a-þ-o||e=ı̋l-a | |||
!i=m̃e̋l-o||pı̋nu-Ø||a= | |||
|- | |- | ||
|this=poem-N.s||little-ABS||that=girl-G.s||by||write-IND-PP-N.s||PST=become-IND | |this=poem-N.s||little-ABS||that=girl-G.s||by||write-IND-PP-N.s||PST=become-IND | ||
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*5. '''ha''' - the cause of a condition or event: through the action of, caused by, responsibility for; by dint of | *'''5.''' '''ha''' - the cause of a condition or event: through the action of, caused by, responsibility for; by dint of | ||
*The army was prevented by the snow from leaving the base. | |||
*'''őmu tom̃ős ha voutı̋ȝom vı̋du áfa sa̋baþu e-ı̋la:''' | |||
:{| | |||
!őm-u||tom̃-ős||ha||voutı̋ȝ-om||vı̋d-u||áfa||sa̋b-a-þ-u||e=ı̋l-a | !őm-u||tom̃-ős||ha||voutı̋ȝ-om||vı̋d-u||áfa||sa̋b-a-þ-u||e=ı̋l-a | ||
|- | |- | ||
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*6. '''móóda''' - a means: involving/using the means of | *'''6.''' '''móóda''' - a means: involving/using the means of | ||
*We can avoid the rapids by crossing at the ford. | |||
*'''m̃us m̃aðős éna ta̋ru móóda kőskom t̨e̋gu ma̋ƣa:''' | |||
:{| | |||
!m̃-us||m̃að-ős||éna||ta̋r-u||móóda||kősk-om||t̨e̋g-u||ma̋ƣ-a | |||
!m̃-us||m̃að-ős||éna||ta̋r-u||móóda||kősk-om||t̨e̋g-u|| | |||
|- | |- | ||
|1p-N||ford-G.s||at||cross-SUP||by||rapids-A.s||avoid-SUP||be.able-IND | |1p-N||ford-G.s||at||cross-SUP||by||rapids-A.s||avoid-SUP||be.able-IND | ||
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*7. '''f̨óþa''' - using a source of light | *'''7.''' '''f̨óþa''' - using a source of light | ||
*The hunter saw the deer by the light of the moon. | |||
*'''ve̋e̋ðlu zeere̋s f̨óþa e̋inem e-na̋ka:''' | |||
:{| | |||
!ve̋e̋ðl-u||zeer-e̋s||f̨óþa||e̋in-em||e=na̋k-a | !ve̋e̋ðl-u||zeer-e̋s||f̨óþa||e̋in-em||e=na̋k-a | ||
|- | |- | ||
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*8. '''dása''' - an authority, rule, or permission followed. | *'''8.''' '''dása''' - an authority, rule, or permission followed. | ||
*The land was sold by the court. | |||
*'''na̋a̋lo meðsedős dása fa̋a̋raþo e-ı̋la:''' | |||
:{| | |||
!na̋a̋l-o||með-sed-ős||dása||fa̋a̋r-a-þ-o||e=ı̋l-a | !na̋a̋l-o||með-sed-ős||dása||fa̋a̋r-a-þ-o||e=ı̋l-a | ||
|- | |- | ||
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*9. '''mém̃a''' - in the formulae ”X by X" and "by Xs", indicates a steady progression, one X after another. | *'''9.''' '''mém̃a''' - in the formulae ”X by X" and "by Xs", indicates a steady progression, one X after another. | ||
*Day by day, for five years, they worked in the fields. | |||
*'''éȝus a̋ham aha̋s mém̃a pe̋n dı̋lan gazőm éna e-da̋a̋ra''': | |||
:{| | |||
!éȝ-us||a̋h-am||ah-a̋s||mém̃a||pe̋n||dı̋l-an||gaz-őm||éna||e=da̋a̋r-a | |||
! | |||
|- | |- | ||
|3-N.p||day-A. | |3-N.p||day-A.s||day-G.s||by||five||year-A.p||field-G.p||in||PST=work-IND | ||
|} | |} | ||
*10. '''épa''' - according to. | *'''10.''' '''épa''' - according to. | ||
*By his own admission the boy burned the stable. | |||
*'''hűsu eȝu-še̋ða żeena̋s épa dődom e-a̋iða:''' | |||
:{| | |||
!hűs-u||eȝu-še̋ða-Ø||żeen-a̋s||épa||dőd-om||e=a̋ið-a | |||
!hűs-u|| | |||
|- | |- | ||
|boy-N.s||his-own-ABS||admission-G.s||by||stable-A.s||PST=burn-IND | |boy-N.s||his-own-ABS||admission-G.s||by||stable-A.s||PST=burn-IND | ||
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*11. '''óita''' - indicates an oath: in the name of. | *'''11.''' '''óita''' - indicates an oath: in the name of. | ||
*By all the stars above, I will do it. | |||
*'''mu űpe ṡuke̋m óita éȝom u-kı̋a:''' | |||
:{| | |||
!m-u||űpe-Ø||ṡuk-e̋m||óita||n-om||u=kı̋-a | |||
!m- | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |1s-N||above-ABS||star-G.p||by||it-A.s||FUT=do-IND | ||
|} | |} | ||
*12. '''nóóla''' - separates dimensions when describing the size of something | *'''12.''' '''nóóla''' - separates dimensions when describing the size of something | ||
*The farmer's east pasture measures three kilometers by four. | |||
*'''zǫðlűs auste̋ro le̋sm̃o na̋a̋l venhőm nóóla tı̋r ve̋nhon ka̋a̋pa:''' | |||
:{| | |||
!zǫðl-űs||auste̋ro-Ø||le̋sm̃-o||na̋a̋l||venh-őm||nóóla||tı̋r||ve̋nh-on||ka̋a̋p-a | |||
! | |||
|- | |- | ||
|farmer-G.s||east-ABS||pasture-N.s||four||kilometer-G.p||by||three||kilometer-A.p||measure-IND | |farmer-G.s||east-ABS||pasture-N.s||four||kilometer-G.p||by||three||kilometer-A.p||measure-IND | ||
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==Adverb== | |||
*13. ''' | *'''13.''' '''ǫ́nu''' - along a path which runs by the speaker | ||
*The women watched as the soldiers rode by. | |||
*'''ǧe̋nus e-ge̋þa—méti sőþlus ǫ́nu e-mı̋ma:''' | |||
:{| | |||
!ǧe̋n-us||e=ge̋þ-a||méti||sőþl-us||ǫ́nu||e=mı̋m-a | |||
!ǧe̋n-us||e=ge̋þ-a||méti||sőþl-us|| | |||
|- | |- | ||
|woman-N.p||PST=watch-IND||as||soldier-N.p||by||PST=ride-IND | |woman-N.p||PST=watch-IND||as||soldier-N.p||by||PST=ride-IND | ||
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*14. '''kómu''' - in the vicinity, near | *14. '''kómu''' - in the vicinity, near | ||
*The father stood by as his son swam in the lake. | |||
*'''ta̋a̋ta kómu e-ṡűra—méti eȝu-pőiku ehe̋rom éna e-še̋ma:''' | |||
:{| | |||
!ta̋a̋t-a||kómu||e=ṡűr-a||méti||eȝu=pőik-u||ehe̋r-om||éna||e=še̋m-a | |||
!ta̋a̋t-a||kómu||e=ṡűr-a||méti|| | |||
|- | |- | ||
|father-N.s||by||PST=stand-IND||as||his=son-N.s||lake-A.s||in||PST=swim-IND | |father-N.s||by||PST=stand-IND||as||his=son-N.s||lake-A.s||in||PST=swim-IND | ||
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*15. '''énu''' - to or at a place, as a residence or place of business | *'''15.''' '''énu''' - to or at a place, as a residence or place of business | ||
*We'll stop by after work. | |||
*'''m̃us daara̋s pósa én' u-de̋usa:''' | |||
:{| | |||
!m̃-us||daar-a̋s||pósa||én-'||u=de̋us-a | !m̃-us||daar-a̋s||pósa||én-'||u=de̋us-a | ||
|- | |- | ||
|1p-N||word-G.s||after||by-ELIS||FUT=stop-IND | |1p-N||word-G.s||after||by-ELIS||FUT=stop-IND | ||
|} | |} |
Revision as of 12:38, 19 March 2018
Pronunciation table
p | b | f | v | m̃ | m | t | d | þ | ð | ɫ | l | ṡ | ż | s | z | r | n | k | g | x | ƣ | h | ȝ | š | s̨ | i | e | a | ǫ | o | u | ĭ | ĕ | ŭ | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
/p/ | /b/ | /ɸ/ | /β/ | /m̥/ | /m/ | /t/ | /d/ | /θ/ | /ð/ | /l̥/ | /l/ | /ʦ/ | /ʣ/ | /s/ | /z/ | /ɾ̥/ | /n/ | /k/ | /g/ | /ç/ | /ʝ/ | /j̊/ | /j/ | /sʷ/ | /sʲ/ | /i/ | /e/ | /ä/ | /ɒ/ | /o/ | /u/ | /ɪ/ | /ɛ/ | /ʊ/ |
Glossing abbreviations
1s/p = first person singular/plural | V(.s/p) = vocative (singular/plural) | CAUS = causative | EQU = equative degree | INS = instrument | PST = past |
2s/p = second person singular/plural | ABS = absolutive (an unmarked modifying adjective) | CONV = conversive | F = feminine | INT = intensive prefix | Q = interrogative particle |
ADV = adverb | DES = desiderative | FRQ = frequentative | M = masculine | QUOT = direct quotation | |
AG = agent | DIM = diminutive | FUT = future | OCC = occupation suffix | RPRF = recent perfective | |
A(.s/p) = accusative (singular/plural) | AP = agent (active) participle | ELIS = elision | IMP = imperative | PP = patient (past) participle | SBJ = subjunctive |
G(.s/p) = genitive (singular/plural) | AUG = augmentative | EP = epenthesis | INC = inchoative | PRF = perfect | SUP = supine |
N(.s/p) = nominative (singular/plural) | ELT = elative | IND = indicative | PRV = privative prefix |
Postposition
- 1. ȝóba - near or next to
- His house is by the river.
- eȝu-m̃e̋e̋so daae̋s ȝóba e̋sa:
eȝu=m̃e̋e̋s-o daa-e̋s ȝóba e̋s-a his=house-N.s river-G.s by be-IND
- 2. dúna - at some time before (the given time), or before the end of a given time interval
- We have to be back by Sunday.
- m̃us ilmaha̋s dúna na̋a̋nu ke̋la:
m̃-us ilm-ah-a̋s dúna na̋a̋n-u ke̋l-a 1p-N Ilmu-day-G.s by return-SUP must-IND
- 3. kía - the actor in a clause with its verb in the passive voice: through the action or presence of
- The shepherd was protected from the rain by his rain cape.
- om̃ta̋ðlu suum̃e̋s ápa eȝu-ðuukuurős kía m̃űűraþu e-ı̋la:
om̃ta̋ðl-u suum̃-e̋s eȝu=ðuu-kuur-ős kía m̃űűr-a-þ-u e=ı̋l-a shepherd-N.s rain-G.s from his=storm-cape-G.s by protect-IND-PP-N.s PST=become-IND
- 4. kía - the creator of a work
- This poem was written by that little girl.
- i-m̃e̋lo pı̋nu a-neskűs kía ȝa̋raþo e-ı̋la:
i=m̃e̋l-o pı̋nu-Ø a=nesk-űs kía ȝa̋r-a-þ-o e=ı̋l-a this=poem-N.s little-ABS that=girl-G.s by write-IND-PP-N.s PST=become-IND
- 5. ha - the cause of a condition or event: through the action of, caused by, responsibility for; by dint of
- The army was prevented by the snow from leaving the base.
- őmu tom̃ős ha voutı̋ȝom vı̋du áfa sa̋baþu e-ı̋la:
őm-u tom̃-ős ha voutı̋ȝ-om vı̋d-u áfa sa̋b-a-þ-u e=ı̋l-a army-N.s snow-G.s by base-A.s leave-SUP from prevent-IND-PP-N.s PST=become-IND
- 6. móóda - a means: involving/using the means of
- We can avoid the rapids by crossing at the ford.
- m̃us m̃aðős éna ta̋ru móóda kőskom t̨e̋gu ma̋ƣa:
m̃-us m̃að-ős éna ta̋r-u móóda kősk-om t̨e̋g-u ma̋ƣ-a 1p-N ford-G.s at cross-SUP by rapids-A.s avoid-SUP be.able-IND
- 7. f̨óþa - using a source of light
- The hunter saw the deer by the light of the moon.
- ve̋e̋ðlu zeere̋s f̨óþa e̋inem e-na̋ka:
ve̋e̋ðl-u zeer-e̋s f̨óþa e̋in-em e=na̋k-a hunter-N.s moon-G.s by.the.light.of deer-A.s PST=see-IND
- 8. dása - an authority, rule, or permission followed.
- The land was sold by the court.
- na̋a̋lo meðsedős dása fa̋a̋raþo e-ı̋la:
na̋a̋l-o með-sed-ős dása fa̋a̋r-a-þ-o e=ı̋l-a land-N.s judge-seat-G.s on.the.authority.of sell-IND-PP-N.s PST=become-IND
- 9. mém̃a - in the formulae ”X by X" and "by Xs", indicates a steady progression, one X after another.
- Day by day, for five years, they worked in the fields.
- éȝus a̋ham aha̋s mém̃a pe̋n dı̋lan gazőm éna e-da̋a̋ra:
éȝ-us a̋h-am ah-a̋s mém̃a pe̋n dı̋l-an gaz-őm éna e=da̋a̋r-a 3-N.p day-A.s day-G.s by five year-A.p field-G.p in PST=work-IND
- 10. épa - according to.
- By his own admission the boy burned the stable.
- hűsu eȝu-še̋ða żeena̋s épa dődom e-a̋iða:
hűs-u eȝu-še̋ða-Ø żeen-a̋s épa dőd-om e=a̋ið-a boy-N.s his-own-ABS admission-G.s by stable-A.s PST=burn-IND
- 11. óita - indicates an oath: in the name of.
- By all the stars above, I will do it.
- mu űpe ṡuke̋m óita éȝom u-kı̋a:
m-u űpe-Ø ṡuk-e̋m óita n-om u=kı̋-a 1s-N above-ABS star-G.p by it-A.s FUT=do-IND
- 12. nóóla - separates dimensions when describing the size of something
- The farmer's east pasture measures three kilometers by four.
- zǫðlűs auste̋ro le̋sm̃o na̋a̋l venhőm nóóla tı̋r ve̋nhon ka̋a̋pa:
zǫðl-űs auste̋ro-Ø le̋sm̃-o na̋a̋l venh-őm nóóla tı̋r ve̋nh-on ka̋a̋p-a farmer-G.s east-ABS pasture-N.s four kilometer-G.p by three kilometer-A.p measure-IND
Adverb
- 13. ǫ́nu - along a path which runs by the speaker
- The women watched as the soldiers rode by.
- ǧe̋nus e-ge̋þa—méti sőþlus ǫ́nu e-mı̋ma:
ǧe̋n-us e=ge̋þ-a méti sőþl-us ǫ́nu e=mı̋m-a woman-N.p PST=watch-IND as soldier-N.p by PST=ride-IND
- 14. kómu - in the vicinity, near
- The father stood by as his son swam in the lake.
- ta̋a̋ta kómu e-ṡűra—méti eȝu-pőiku ehe̋rom éna e-še̋ma:
ta̋a̋t-a kómu e=ṡűr-a méti eȝu=pőik-u ehe̋r-om éna e=še̋m-a father-N.s by PST=stand-IND as his=son-N.s lake-A.s in PST=swim-IND
- 15. énu - to or at a place, as a residence or place of business
- We'll stop by after work.
- m̃us daara̋s pósa én' u-de̋usa:
m̃-us daar-a̋s pósa én-' u=de̋us-a 1p-N word-G.s after by-ELIS FUT=stop-IND