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{| class="nounderlines" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding=0 style="text-align:center; background:transparent;"
{| class="IPA" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:right; background:none;"
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
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|style="padding-bottom:3px;"|  
| style="width:60px;" | '''Front'''
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-front'''
| style="width: 60px; word-spacing: -.3em;" | '''Near- front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Central'''
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Central'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-back'''
| style="width: 60px;word-spacing: -.3em;" | '''Near- back'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Back'''
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Back'''
|-
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| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close'''
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Close'''
| style="height:210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position:relative;width:300px;height:210px;">[[Image:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px]]<div style="background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;">
| style="height: 210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position: relative;">[[File:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px|link=]]<div style="background:none; position:absolute; top:0; left:0;">
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;"
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:none;"
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| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;" |
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:none; font-size:120%;"|


<!-- CLOSE VOWELS -->
<!-- CLOSE VOWELS -->
<div style="position:absolute; left:5%; width:2.33em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
<div style="position: absolute; left: 5%; width: 2.3em; top: 2%; background: white;">i</div>
i&nbsp;•&nbsp;</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 43%; width: 3.1em; top: 2%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:43.5%; width:2.33em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
<div style="position: absolute; left: 85%; width: 2.3em; top: 2%; background: white;">u&nbsp;&nbsp;</div>
&nbsp;•&nbsp;</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:82%; width:3em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
&nbsp;•&nbsp;u</div>


<!-- NEAR-CLOSE VOWELS -->
<!-- NEAR-CLOSE VOWELS -->
<div style="position:absolute; left:29%; width:2.33em; top:16%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
<div style="position: absolute; left: 28%; width: 2.33em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div>
&nbsp;•&nbsp;</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 44%; width: 4em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:47.5%; width:2.66em; top:16%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
<div style="position: absolute; left: 74%; width: 1.5em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div>
&nbsp;•&nbsp;</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 69%; width: 1.5em; top: 16%; height: 1.33em; font-size: 120%; background: white;">•&nbsp;</div>


<!-- CLOSE-MID VOWELS -->
<!-- CLOSE-MID VOWELS -->
<div style="position:absolute; left:16%; width:2.66em; top:30%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
<div style="position: absolute; left: 16%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;"></div>
&nbsp;•&nbsp;</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 50%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:47.5%; width:2.8em; top:30%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
<div style="position: absolute; left: 84%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;">o&nbsp;&nbsp;</div>
&nbsp;•&nbsp;</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:30%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
&nbsp;•&nbsp;o</div>


<!-- MID VOWELS -->
<!-- MID VOWELS -->
<div style="position:absolute; left:24.4%; width:2.33em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
<div style="position: absolute; left: 24%; width: 2.7em; top: 44%; background: white;"></div>
&nbsp;•&nbsp;</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 57%; width: 1em; top: 44%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:57.5%; width:1em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
<div style="position: absolute; left: 83%; width: 2.7em; top: 44%; background: white;"></div>
</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
&nbsp;•&nbsp;</div>


<!-- OPEN-MID VOWELS -->
<!-- OPEN-MID VOWELS -->
<div style="position:absolute; left:29.5%; width:2.66em; top:58%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
<div style="position: absolute; left: 30%; width: 3em; top: 58%; background: white;">ɛ</div>
ɛ&nbsp;•&nbsp;</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 57%; width: 2.7em; top: 58%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:57.6%; width:2.33em; top:58%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
<div style="position: absolute; left: 83%; width: 2.7em; top: 58%; background: white;"></div>
&nbsp;•&nbsp;</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:84.5%; width:2.33em; top:58%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
&nbsp;•&nbsp;</div>


<!-- NEAR-OPEN VOWELS -->
<!-- NEAR-OPEN VOWELS -->
<div style="position:absolute; left:38%; width:1.66em; top:73%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
<div style="position: absolute; left: 37%; width: 1.3em; top: 73%;"></div>
&nbsp;•</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 64%; width: 1em; top: 73%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:64.2%; width:1em; top:73%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
</div>


<!-- OPEN VOWELS -->
<!-- OPEN VOWELS -->
<div style="position:absolute; left:43%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
<div style="position: absolute; left: 44%; width: 3em; top: 86%; background: white;"></div>
&nbsp;•&nbsp;</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 68%; width: 1em; top: 86%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:66.9%; width:1em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
<div style="position: absolute; left: 85%; width: 2em; top: 86%; background: white;">ɑ&nbsp;</div>
</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:83.8%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
ɑ&nbsp;•&nbsp;</div>
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</div></div>
</div></div>
|-
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑close'''
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | &nbsp;&nbsp;'''Near-close'''
|-
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close‑mid'''
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Close-mid'''
|-
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Mid'''
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Mid'''
|-
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open‑mid'''
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Open-mid'''
|-
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑open'''
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Near-open'''
|-
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open'''
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Open'''
|}
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Revision as of 19:43, 10 September 2017

Lortho
Lortho
['loɾ.tʰo]
Spoken in: Dhamashi
Conworld: A circumbinary planet
Total Speakers: 6 million
Genealogical classification: under development
Basic word order: Verb-Subject-Object
Morphological Type: Agglutinating
Morphosyntactic Alignment: Nominative-Accusative
Created by:
Brian Bourque March 2017

Introduction

Lortho (IPA : [loɾtʰo]) is an a priori constructed language created by Brian Bourque in the beginning of 2003. It originally started as a prop for a strategy board game where only the script was created for aesthetics. Fast forward about 13 years and it has now evolved into an agglutinating language.

Inspiration

Brian got his main inspiration from his daughter. As she started progressing to the ability to make sounds and mimic speech, there were a few words that she had created to mean certain things. A few of these words have entered the Lortho lexicon.

Phonology

Consonants


Bilabial Labiodental Alveolar Postalveolar Velar Glottal
Plosive   p   pʰ   b   t   tʰ     d   dʰ     k   kʰ          
Nasal   m   mː   n   nː
Tap or Flap ɾ
Fricative f s ʃ h   
Lateral Approximant l lʰ

Vowels

Monophthongs

There are five vowels, four of which are written using diacritics. Lortho vowels are strictly pronounced regardless of placement or stress.


  Front Near- front Central Near- back Back
Close
Blank vowel trapezoid.svg
i
u  
o  
ɛ
ɑ 
  Near-close
Close-mid
Mid
Open-mid
Near-open
Open

Diphthongs

There are four diphthongs in Lortho: [aɪ],[eɪ], [aʊ], [ɔɪ]

Syllable Structure

The syllable structure is (C)V(V)(C).

Phonotactics

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Romanization System

For ease of reading outside of its script, a system of Romanization has been developed as shown in the tables below.

Consonants
IPA dʰ d kʰ k lʰ l tʰ t pʰ p ʃ s n nː m mː h b f ɾ
Romanization dh d kh k lh l th t ph p sh s n nn m mm h b f r
Monophthongs
IPA i ɑ ɛ o u
Romanization i a e o u
Diphthongs
IPA aɪ eɪ aʊ ɔɪ
Romanization ai ei au oi

The Romanization system will be used from here on throughout the page.

Orthography

Alphabet

Lortho is an alphabet written from left to right. It consists of 21 letters, one of which is a vowel.

Lortho Alphabet

Vowels

The vowels are written as ligatures:

Lortho Vowels
Lortho vowels

Grammar

Noun Cases

Lortho has ten cases:


Case Modifier Example English
Nominative - kansaptha forest, woods
Accusative -me kansapthame forest (direct obj.)
Dative -mela kansapthamela forest (indirect obj.)
Genitive -nalo kansapthanalo of the forest
Sublative -ina/ena kansapthaina in/into the forest
Ablative -(e)nat kansapthanat out of (from) the forest
Allative -dan kansapthadan to/towards the forest
Prolative -danar kansapthadanar through the forest
Instructive -len thomidin kansapthalan I live off of the forest
Vocative fa(l)- fakansaptha, lharid! Run, forest!

Possessives

The possessives are formed by using personal prefixes to the nouns. The same word kansaptha will be used in the table below.


Person Singular Plural
masc fem neut masc fem neut
1st person nikansaptha nukansaptha - nimakansaptha numakansaptha -
2nd person linkansaptha lunkansaptha - nanikansaptha nanukansaptha -
3rd person likansaptha lukansaptha lakansaptha limikansaptha limukansaptha limakansaptha

Gender and Number Agreement

There are three rules for noun-adjective-verb agreement:

  1. Verbs must match number and gender of the noun.
  2. Adjectives must match noun gender, but not number or grammatical case.
  3. When a specific noun is counted, the noun does not take the plural since the ordinal number denotes pluralization.

Examples


English Lortho
We walk through their forest malhirinan limakansapthadanar
He sat on his chair shailanikhi lidhammoina

Verbs

There are three major verb types: -o verbs, -t verbs, and -n verbs. Each follow a general rule for conjugation.

-o verbs

-o verbs are conjugated by subtracting the -o and adding the personal endings.

-t verbs

-t verbs are conjugated by changing the -t to -d then adding the personal endings

-n verbs

-n verbs keep their infinitive form and personal endings are simply added to the verb. The exception to this rule is the verb [hɑɾlɑn] to be, which will be discussed later.

Conjugation Table


Present Tense
-o Verbs konpharo [kon.'pʰɑ.ɾo] to speak
root: konphar- 		-t Verbs phramit ['pʰɾɑ.mit] to push
root: phramid- 		-n Verbs shailan [ʃɑɪ.'lɑn] to sit
root: shailan-
konpharin, konpharun konpharinan, konpharunan phramidin, phramidun phramidinan, phramidunan shailanin, shailanun shailaninan, shailanunan
konpharanni, konpharannu konpharamin, konpharamun phramidanni, phramidannu phramidamin, phramidamun shailananni, shailanannu shailanamin, shailanamun
konphari, konpharu, konphara konpharimi, konpharimu, konpharima phramidi, phramiu, phramia phramidimi, phramidimu, phramidima shailani, shailanu, shailana shailanimi, shailanimu, shailanima

Irregular Verbs

At present, there are very few irregular verbs in Lortho; however, the irregular verbs which do exist are somewhat regular in their own right. One such verb is harlan to be.

The verb harlan is conjugated slightly different from the regular -n verbs. The -an is dropped and then the personal endings are added to the root, harl-.

harlan [hɑɾlɑn] to be
root: harl-
Singular Plural
masc fem neut masc fem neut
1st person harlin harlun - harlinan harlunan -
2nd person harlanni harlannu - harlamin harlamun -
3rd person harli harlu harla harlimi harlimu harlima

Imperative

The imperative form of the verb is simply the root with the vocative case (which can be either implied or explicit).

Examples:

  1. famannu, konphar!
    • Hey you, speak!
  2. fanamin, nathar namineme!
    • Hey you, be quiet! (lit. quiet yourselves)
  3. fabrian, shailan!
    • Brian, sit!

Vocabulary:

  1. konpharo (konphar-) v. to speak
  2. natharo (nathar-) v. to quell, pacify
  3. mannu pronoun you (fem. sing.)
  4. namin pronoun you (masc. pl.)
  5. shailan (shailan-) v. to sit

Sample Text

Lortho Vowels
Text Translation
konpharin lorthome I speak Lortho


Relay 24 Text.jpg
Sample text in Lortho script. Text taken from Relay 24 in CALS

Resources

Linguistics

Endangered Alphabets - a not-for-profit organization to catalog 14 alphabets threatened by extinction
Glossika Phonics - a YouTube channel for IPA pronunciation
International Phonetic Alphabet
NativLang
Omniglot
Online Etymology Dictionary (English)
Reddit:Linguistics
Wikitongues
World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS)

Conlangs

Conlang Atlas of Language Structures (CALS)
Conlang Bulletin Board (CBB)
Conlang Critic - a YouTube vlogger who offers insights on conlangs
Conlang Mailing List
Conlang Relay Museum on CALS
ConWorkShop - an online one-stop-shop for cataloging your conlang
Fiat Lingua - an online archive of conlang articles
Language Creation Society
LCS on YouTube
Reddit: Conlangs
Reddit: Neography (Constructed Scripts)
Speculative Grammarian - A satirical periodical about linguistics and conlangery
Zompist Bulletin Board (ZBB)

Lortho

Lortho on CALS
Lortho in the 24th Conlang Relay
Lortho on ConWorkShop
Lortho Lexicon
Lortho on Linguifex


"Truth is stranger than fiction, but it is because Fiction is obliged to stick to possibilities; Truth isn't." - Mark Twain Brian Bourque (talk) 17:15, 18 March 2017 (PDT)

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