User:Masako/pataka: Difference between revisions
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There are three coordinating conjunctions in Kala and three correlative conjunctions: | There are three coordinating conjunctions in Kala and three correlative conjunctions: | ||
==== coordinating ==== | ==== coordinating ==== | ||
* '''ma''' - and; also | * '''ma''' - and; also | ||
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:: <small>dog eat but sleep-NEG</small> | :: <small>dog eat but sleep-NEG</small> | ||
:: ''The dog eats but does not sleep.'' | :: ''The dog eats but does not sleep.'' | ||
==== correlative ==== | ==== correlative ==== | ||
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:: <small>dog eat neither.X.nor.Y run</small> | :: <small>dog eat neither.X.nor.Y run</small> | ||
:: ''The dog is neither eating nor running.'' | :: ''The dog is neither eating nor running.'' | ||
{ | |||
pi - although; even though; even if | |||
ku - and; also; too; as well [CONJ] {clause level] | |||
ma / -m / -lo - and; also; too; as well [CONJ] | |||
ehe [me] - but; yet; however | |||
impo - therefore; as a result; so; consequently; thus | |||
ua - or; either | |||
ue - either X or Y | |||
uenke [uek] - neither X nor Y | |||
yatli - if X then Y | |||
yema - both X and Y | |||
=== interjections === | === interjections === | ||
Revision as of 10:05, 13 January 2017
Content words
Function words
Function words serve only grammatical functions. They have no meaning by themselves. Function words have to be used together with Content Words to form a meaningful sentence or phrase. Function words are a much smaller category in number but more frequently used. Kala function words are divided into a few subcategories; particles, conjunctions, and interjections.
Particles
ke
- The direct object particle. It can often be omitted, especially in simple phrases, when the object is understood.
- na mita anya
- 1sg dog see
- I see the dog.
- na tahe yempa ke mita anyaye
- 1sg be.under table O dog see-PST
- I saw the dog under the table.
Conjunctions
There are three coordinating conjunctions in Kala and three correlative conjunctions:
coordinating
- ma - and; also
- mita ina ma moku
- dog eat and sleep
- The dog eats and sleeps.
- ua - or
- mita ina ua moku
- dog eat or sleep
- The dog eats or sleeps.
- ehe (me) - but; yet
- mita ina me mokunke
- dog eat but sleep-NEG
- The dog eats but does not sleep.
correlative
- yema - both X and Y
- mita ina yema empa
- dog eat both.X.and.Y run
- The dog both eats and runs.
The dog is eating and running simultaneously.
- ue - either X or Y
- mita ina ue empa
- dog eat either.X.or.Y run
- The dog is either eating or running.
- uenke (uek) - neither X nor Y
- mita ina uenke empa
- dog eat neither.X.nor.Y run
- The dog is neither eating nor running.
pi - although; even though; even if
ku - and; also; too; as well [CONJ] {clause level]
ma / -m / -lo - and; also; too; as well [CONJ]
ehe [me] - but; yet; however
impo - therefore; as a result; so; consequently; thus
ua - or; either
ue - either X or Y
uenke [uek] - neither X nor Y
yatli - if X then Y
yema - both X and Y
interjections
The most common interjections in Kala are as follows;
- kya - imperative particle
- kyo - imperative particle
- kyo'a - imperative particle
- nka - emphatic negative
- ya - vocative particle
- a - affirmative
- aya - expresses strong emotions such as surprise ('ah', 'argh') and pain ('ow')
