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__NOTOC__
'''Śituul''' is a language isolate spoken by the Khongall people on [[Carnassus]] in a region known only as Khong.  The name of the language is a compound word meaning "speaking tongue" ('''śi-''' being an archaic verbal root for "to speak" and '''tuul''' meaning "tongue").
{{SCBar|name=Shitullian|#Grammar{{!}}Grammar|/Lexicon{{!}}Lexicon|#Script{{!}}Writing & Script|:Category:Shitullian Glyphs{{!}}''Glyph Category''|:Category:Shitullian Images{{!}}''Image Category''}}
 
The language is mostly isolating, except for the usage of noun incorporation to express the morphosyntactic alignment (absolutive arguments are incorporated), and in the process of verb serialization in which verb stems can sometime merge.
{{/Infobox}}
{{/Infobox}}


== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
'''Śituul''' has 19 consonants, six pure vowels (three short, three long), one reduced vowel, and six diphthongs (two with off-glides, and four with on-glides).
'''Śitaal''' has 22 consonants and 7 distinct vowels (if you include the syllabic rhotic).  It also has a system that was once phonemic tone, but is now most commonly seen as combination of phonational qualities and vowel lengths.
 
Plosives and certain approximants in '''Śituul''' are classified as either plain or strong.  Aspirated consonants are known as strong; this term is a holdover from Old Śii in which strong consonants played  more pervasive role in allophony.
 
In the past, /j/ had a prominent impact on allophony in Śituul. It caused strong consonants to become affricates, and in one case a fricative.  It also was responsible for the emergence of /ʃ/ as well as /t͜ʃ/.  In the modern language, one affricate has merged with /h/, and several other features have become permanent phonemes in the language and are no longer conditioned by environment.  However, they do restrict syllables somewhat (which will be described later).


=== Consonants ===
=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="60%"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; border: none; background: none;"
! colspan="2" | !! Labial !! Coronal !! Dorsal
| width="125px" style="border: none; background: none;" |  
! width="125px" | Labial !! width="125px" | Alveolar !! width="125px" | "Palatal" !! width="125px" | Velar
|-
|-
! width="100px" colspan="2" | Nasal
! Nasal
| '''m''' [m] || '''n''' [n] || '''ŋ''' [ŋ]
| '''m''' /m/ || '''n''' /n/ || '''ń''' /ɲ/ || '''ŋ''' ('''ng''') /ŋ/ 
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Plosive
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;" | Plosive
! width="30px" | {{small|Plain}}
| rowspan="2" | '''b''' /b/ || '''t''' /t/ || rowspan="2" |   || '''k''' /k/
| '''b''' [p] || '''d''' [t] || '''g''' [k]
|-
|-
! {{small|Aspir.}}
| '''d''' /d/ || '''g''' /g/
| '''p''' [pʰ] || '''t''' [tʰ] || '''k''' [kʰ]
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Fricative
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;" | Fricative
| '''f''' [f] || '''s''' [s] and '''ś''' [ʃ] || rowspan="3" | '''h''' [x~h]
| rowspan="2" | '''v''' /β/ ~ [ɸ] || '''s''' /s/ || '''ś''' /ʃ/ || rowspan="4" | '''h''' /x/ ~ [ɣ]
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Affricate
| '''z''' /z/ || '''ź''' /ʒ/
! width="30px" | {{small|Plain}}
| '''β''' [p͜f] || '''z''' [t͜s] and '''ź''' [t͜ʃ]
|-
|-
! width="30px" | {{small|Aspir.}}
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;" | Affricate
| '''ϕ''' [p͜fʰ] || '''c''' [t͜sʰ] and '''ć''' [t͜ʃʰ]
| rowspan="2" | '''bv''' /b͜β/ ~ [p͜ɸ] || '''ts''' /t͜s/ || '''tś''' /t͜ʃ/
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Approximant
| '''dz''' /d͜z/ || '''dź''' /d͜ʒ/
| || '''r''' or '''-l''' /ɾ~ɺ~l/ ||
|-
! Approximant
| || '''l''' /ɺ/ || || '''ll''' ('''ļ''') /ʟ/
|}
|}


=== Vowels ===
=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="35%"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; border: none; background: none"
! !! width="25%" | Front !! Central !! width="25%" | Back
| style="border: none; background: none;" |  
! width="125px" | Front !! width="125px" | Central !! width="125px" | Back
|-
|-
! width="100px" | High
! width="125px" | High
| '''i''' /i/ || '''į''' /ɨ/ || '''u''' /u/
| '''i''' /i/ || rowspan="2" | '''a''' /ə/ || '''u''' /ɯ/
|-
|-
! Middle
! Middle
| '''e''' /e/ || '''ə''' /ə/ || '''ọ''' /o~ɔ/
| '''e''' /e/ || rowspan="2" | '''o''' /ɔ/
|-
|-
! Low
! Low
| '''ẹ''' /ɛ/<br>'''a''' /æ~a/ || || <br>'''o''' /ɒ/
| colspan="2" | '''ạ''' /æ/ ~ [a]
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; border: none; background: none;"
| style="border: none; background: none;" | &nbsp;
! width="386px" | Syllabic
|-
! width="125px" | Approximant
| '''ŗ''' ('''r''') /ɹ̩/ ~ [ɚ]
|}
|}


=== Tone ===
=== Tones ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="35%"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; border: none; background: none;"
! !! High !! Low !! Third
| style="border: none; background: none;" | &nbsp;
! width="125px" | Level !! width="125px" | "Falling" !! width="125px" | "Dipping"
|-
|-
! width="100px" | Orthography
! width="125px" | Tone
|  width="25%" | '''a''' [a˦] ||  '''ạ''' [a˨~a̰] ||  width="25%" | '''jǎ''' or '''aa''' [aː(˨˩˦)]
| '''a''' /ə/ ~ [ə˦] ||  '''ã''' /ə̰/ ~ [ə˥˩] ||  '''aa''' /əː/ ~ [ə˨˩˦]
|-
! width="100px" | Allowed
| '''a''', '''oC''', '''ja''' || '''a''', '''oC''', '''ja''' || '''aa''', '''ja''', '''aA'''
|}
|}
Not all tones in Śituul can be realized on all vowels.  Only low and high tone may be realized on a vowel in a checked syllable (i.e. a reduced vowel) which is noted in the table above with '''oC''', while most diphthongs (all but rising) or un-checked vowels may accept any tone.  Likewise, long vowels and rising diphthongs (noted above as '''aA''') are restricted to only taking "third" tone.


Some speakers render low tone as a phonation quality rather than a true "tone" and pronounce low tone syllables as though they were creaky-voiced ones instead.  For these speakers, high tone may have more range in possible tonal qualities and third tone is rendered as just a long vowel with almost no presence of a discernible tone contour.
Tones in Shitullian are not always rendered strictly as tone.  Some speakers use length and different phonation qualities to render the same phonemic distinctions for which others would use more traditional tonal contours.  Falling tone (which may also be a low tone in some dialects), when pronounced this way, is seen as a creaky-voiced phonation while the dipping tone would exist as increased vowel length with no presence of tone or alternate phonation.  A syllable with a level tone in this situation would be "plain," that is with no noticeable alternate phonation and an unlengthened vowel.


=== Phonotactics ===
=== Phonotactics ===
Syllable formation in Śituul is relatively free, but there are certain constraints upon where tone may arise, when vowels are reduced and which consonants are allowed to form codas.  In general, each syllable can be constructed thusly: '''(C)V(N,P,l)τ''', where V is any vowel (including long vowels and diphthongs), C is any consonant, N is any nasal, P is any stop and lastly τ stands for the tone applied to the syllable.  In reality, no labial or post-alveolar consonants may form the coda, and neither the velar nasal nor laterals are found initially.  Further, /j/ and /w/ can never be preceded by a strong consonant or approximant.  There are also restrictions on tone, which are described above.
The building of a syllable in modern Shitullian is governed by this basic expression: '''(C)V(K)τ''', where '''V''' is any vowel, '''C''' is any consonant, '''K''' is any velar consonant. Finally, '''τ''' stands for the tone applied to that syllable.


=== Allophony ===
==== Stress ====
Due to the above mentioned syllable restrictions, and the emergence of phonemes as the result of past allophonic changes, Śituul currently has a relatively small amount of allophony throughout.
The system of stress is one of weight governed on the moraic level. By that, it is meant that a syllable can only be stressed if it is the heaviest syllable in the word, or else is the backmost heavy syllable in the word (should there be multiple of the same weight). Heavy, here, means that the syllable has the most morae. In addition, a noun class suffix, or a separable verb suffix will never receive stress.


The combination /nj/ changes to [ɲ] syllable initially, but remains distinct when it occurs across word or syllable boundaries.
Morae are counted in Shitullian according to the following system:
* A bare vowel or an initial consonant and vowel count as a single mora
* Coda consonants add one additional mora
* Long vowels count as an additional mora
* Creaky voiced phonation adds an additional ½ mora (due to it relating to a tonal contour vs. a level tone)


In the case of /ɾ/, it freely alternates with [ɻ], but in final position, it is realized as [l~ɭ].  While the retroflex pronunciations are the more common pronunciations, [ɾ] and [l] are heard often as well.
Due to this system, many stressed syllables will either end in a coda consonant or contain a long vowel.


One place in which allophony is universal in the vowel system is in the case of a checked syllable.  Any short vowel that appears in a checked syllable is reduced to [ə]. This is due to a gradual merger of the various vowel qualities that once existed as reduced forms of each of the "pure" vowels in the past.  The diphthongs are all treated like long vowels and as such they are never reduced. However, unlike the rising diphthongs ('''ay''' and '''aů''') the diphthongs that begin with a glide can carry any tone, not just third.
==== Allophony ====
One of the most marked places of allophonic variation in Shitullian, is with the "tones." At this point, it might be more accurate to describe them instead as plain, long and creaky voiced vowels. However, they can also be described as high level tone, a falling tone, and a "dipping" tone akin to the third tone in Mandarin.


Owing to the fact that /ɯ/ is unrounded, it does round to [u] when following a bilabial consonant.
* If /ɲi/ would occur, it is instead pronounced as [ɲə]. (This change does not result in a change in spelling.) Other consonants in the "palatal" group do not have similar synchronic changes.
* The "vowel" [ɹ̩] alternates with [ɚ] depending upon if that syllable is stressed and the position in the word, when in unstressed initial or final position [ɚ] surfaces. However, in all other cases, the sound remains [ɹ̩].


== Script ==
== Script ==
The native script is called '''Ćaanśoŋ''' (interpreted as "speaking paper" or "written speech").  '''Ćaanśoŋ''' is similar to an abugida, except that a letter's location can impact the status of its inherent vowel, and separate glyphs exist to represent the vowels in isolation as well as to write a long vowel.  The following table lists all of the glyphs used to write Śituul and their meaning as bare consonants (or vowels as the case may be).
The native script is called '''Tśaaśuŋ''' (interpreted as "paper-speak" and anglicized as Chaashung).  Chaashung is similar to an abugida, except that a letter's location can impact the status of its inherent vowel, and separate glyphs exist to represent the vowels in isolation as well as to write a long vowel.  The following table lists all of the glyphs used to write Shitullian and their meaning as bare phonemes.


{| class = "wikitable"
{|
! p !! t !! k !! width="32px" | &nbsp; !! a !! ı !! u !! o !! !! -y 
|
{| class = "wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="5" | Initials
|-
! width="60px" | ma !! colspan="2" | na !! colspan="2" | nja
|-
| {{SHI|ma|32px}} || colspan="2" | {{SHI|na|32px}} || colspan="2" | {{SHI|nja|32px}}
|-
! ba !! ta !! da !! colspan="2" | &nbsp;
|-
| {{SHI|ba|32px}} || {{SHI|ta|32px}} || {{SHI|ta|32px}}{{SHI|!|13px}} || colspan="2" | &nbsp;
|-
! width="60px" | va !! width="60px" | sa !! width="60px" | za !! width="60px" | śa !! width="60px" | źa
|-
| {{SHI|va|32px}} || {{SHI|sa|32px}} || {{SHI|sa|32px}}{{SHI|!|13px}} || {{SHI|sha|32px}} || {{SHI|sha|32px}}{{SHI|!|13px}}
|-
! bva !! tsa !! dza !! tśa !! dźa
|-
| {{SHI|bva|44px}} || {{SHI|tsa|44px}} || {{SHI|tsa|44px}}{{SHI|!|13px}} || {{SHI|tsha|44px}} || {{SHI|tsha|44px}}{{SHI|!|13px}}
|-
! Øa !! colspan="2" | la !! colspan="2" | &nbsp;
|-
| {{SHI|0|32px}} || colspan="2" | {{SHI|la|32px}} || colspan="2" | &nbsp;
|}
|
{| class = "wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Nuclei
|-
! width="48px" | i !! width="48px" | u
|-
| {{SHI|i|32px}} || {{SHI|u|32px}}
|-
! ạ !! o
|-
| {{SHI|ae|32px}} || {{SHI|o|32px}}
|-
! a !! e
|-
| {{SHI|a|32px}} || {{SHI|e|32px}}
|-
! colspan="2" | ŗ
|-
| colspan="2" | {{SHI|r|32px}}
|-
! colspan="2" | &nbsp;
|-
| colspan="2" | {{SHI|blank|32px}}
|}
|
{| class = "wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!! colspan="2" | Codas
|-
! colspan="2" | -ŋ
|-
| colspan="2" | {{SHI|-ng|32px}}
|-
! -k !! -g
|-
| width="48px" | {{SHI|-k|32px}} || width="48px" | {{SHI|-g|32px}}
|-
! colspan="2" | -h
|-
|-
| {{SHI|p|32px}} || {{SHI|t|32px}} || {{SHI|k|32px}} ||  || {{SHI|a|32px}} || {{SHI|i|32px}} ||{{SHI|u|32px}} || {{SHI|o|32px}} || width="32px" | &nbsp; || {{SHI|y|32px}}
| colspan="2" | {{SHI|-h|32px}}
|-
|-
! f !! s !! h !!  !! ja !! ju !! wa !! wı !! !! -ů
! colspan="2" | &nbsp;
|-
|-
| {{SHI|f|32px}} || {{SHI|s|32px}} || {{SHI|h|32px}} ||  ||{{SHI|ja|32px}} || {{SHI|ju|32px}} || {{SHI|wa|32px}} || {{SHI|wi|32px}} || || {{SHI|w|32px}}
| colspan="2" | {{SHI|blank|32px}}
|-
|-
! !! ś !! !! !! r !! m !! n !! ŋ !! !! +◌̱
! colspan="2" | -ll
|-
|-
| || {{SHI|sh|32px}} || || || {{SHI|r|32px}} || {{SHI|m|32px}} || {{SHI|n|32px}} || {{SHI|ng|32px}} || || {{SHI|emph|32px}}
| colspan="2" | {{SHI|-ll|32px}}
|}
|}
|}
Chaashung is ordinarily written in two horizontal rows from left to right. Consonants have an inherent vowel, '''a'''. In order to over-ride that vowel, a sign can be added to indicate what vowel stands in its place. There are two types of signs: strong signs, and weak signs. Strong signs are always written above the consonant glyph that is affected and never change positions. However, weak signs are generally written below the consonant glyph. That is, except when that syllable contains a following coda consonant. In that case, the weak sign is instead written above the consonant glyph. It is that movement that distinguishes weak and strong signs. (Also, in general, weak signs are simpler in appearance.) Each vowel, except the inherent '''a''', has a sign to indicate it. The following table uses the "null" glyph to illustrate which vowels take which signs.


'''Ćaanśoŋ''' is ordinarily written in two horizontal rows from left to right.  Originally, it was written on strips of a bamboo-like wood with brushes.  Each consonant glyph carries an inherent /ɑ/ when written upon the "baseline." If a long vowel is desired, a vowel glyph must be written after a consonant glyph.  There are two diacritics that exist to alter the inherent vowel to /i/ and /ɯ/, they are (respectively) a dot placed just above a glyph or an upward slanting "accent" placed just below the baseline. A long vowel's corresponding glyph must match the vowel of the previous glyph or it will be interpreted as a separate syllable (so an /i/ glyph must be used following a dotted /ka/ glyph to create /kiː/).
{|
|
{| class = "wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" width="48px" style="vertical-align: middle;" | Weak<br>Signs !! i !! u !! ạ
|-
| {{SHI|0i-below|32px}} || {{SHI|0u-below|32px}} || {{SHI|0ae-below|32px}}
|}
|
|
{| class = "wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" width="48px" style="vertical-align: middle;" | Neutral<br>Sign !! a  
|-
| {{SHI|0|32px}}
|}
|
{| class = "wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" width="48px" style="vertical-align: middle;" | Strong<br>Signs !! e !! o !! ŗ
|-
| {{SHI|0e|32px}} || {{SHI|0o|32px}} || {{SHI|0r|32px}}
|}
|}


Final consonants are written below the baseline of the last vowel or consonant glyph in that syllable. As such, the syllable /kət/ is written by placing a /ka/ glyph on the baseline and then writing the /ta/ glyph below it. Any consonant glyph written below the baseline is understood to lack its inherent vowel.
There is one way in which Chaashung is a defective script. That way is that tone is underspecified in the written language. Only long vowels are indicated, whereas the falling/creaky tone is never noted. This is rarely confusing, as context is usually sufficient to determine what is meant. (This is shown in the first example below.)


In order to write a syllable containing an "iotated" vowel, the glyph for /ja/ is written below the baseline for a syllable containing '''ja''' and a special form of /ja/ is written below the baseline for '''ju''' (it lacks the middle connecting stroke).  Should an iotated syllable also contain a final consonant, it is written below the baseline as well and to the right of the vowel glyph.  The space above this consonant glyph is not written in to keep from confusion as to which syllable contains the final consonant.
=== Examples ===
The following are a series of words and phrases written in Shitullian script.


For affricates, a special diacritic written to the right of a consonant is used, this diacritic is in the form of a line that extends from the height of a standard glyph through the baseline to touch where the bottom of a glyph written below the baseline would end.  Writing /pa/ with this bar forms the labial affricate, /ta/ the alveolar affricate, and the velar affricate has since merged with /h/, but would have been written with the /ka/ glyph.  To disambiguate between /t͜s/ and /t͜ʃ/, a variant form of the "affricate bar" is used for /t͜ʃa/ that actually connects to the right-most stroke of the /ta/ glyph.
{{SHI!}}
{{SHI+|sh|i}}
{{SHI+|ta|}}
{{SHI+|a|ll}}
{{SHI+|nj|ae}}
{{SHI+|she|}}
|}
'''Śitaall-ńạśe''' is spelled in Chaashung as in the above sample.


In order to write a syllable that begins with a reduced vowel, one must use the "null" vowel sign above noted as '''o'''.  In any other case in which the reduced vowel appears, the normal version of the glyph can be used, it is just assumed to contain /ə/ rather than the inherent /ɑ/.
{{SHI!}}
{{SHI+|o|ll}}
{{SHI+|nja|}}
{{SHI+|_|}}
{{SHI+|s|ae}}
{{SHI+|tsa|}}
{{SHI+|a|}}
{{SHI+|m|u}}
|}
And '''ollńa sạ̃-tsaamũ''' (which means "(There) exists a phrase/sentence") is written above.


Finally, to write a strong consonant, one must use the "emphatic" mark directly following the glyph containing the consonant to be strengthened. If this syllable ends in a consonant, the consonant glyph is written below the baseline and under the consonant portion, not below the emphatic mark.
{{SHI!}}
{{SHI+|t|u}}
{{SHI+|u|k}}
{{SHI+|o|}}
{{SHI+|nae|h}}
|}
'''tuukõ·nạh''' — (''n. cl:S'') stone, rock


There is one respect in which '''Ćaanśoŋ''' is considered a "defective" script, and that is that tone is never indicated in the written  script.  It must either be determined from context and knowing the correct word, or some measure of ambiguity will result.  For instance, '''ḵara''' means fruit, but '''ḵarạ''' means beer, so some confusion could definitely result from the written word in isolation (however, if the word is accompanied by the verb 'eat' it becomes quite clear which is meant).
{{SHI!}}
 
{{SHI+|tsh|ae}}
The following examples show some of the different results one can achieve by writing the glyphs in differing combinations:
{{SHI+|ae|ll}}
 
{{SHI+|u|}}
{| cellpadding="0" border="0"
|- valign="top"
| {{SHI|p}} || {{SHI|a}} || width="10px" align="center" | {{!}} || {{SHI|p}} || {{SHI|o}} || width="10px" align="center" | {{!}} || {{SHI|p}} || {{SHI|a}} || {{SHI|t}} || width="10px" align="center" | {{!}} || {{SHI|p}} || width="10px" align="center" | {{!}} || {{SHI|p}} ||
|- valign="top"
| || {{SHI|t}} || || || {{SHI|t}} || || || || || || {{SHI|t}} || || {{SHI|ju}} || {{SHI|t}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" width="240px"
! width="20%" | paat !! width="20%" | pa.ot !! width="60px" | paa.ta !! pot !! width="20%" | pjut
|}
|}
'''tśạạll·u''' — (''n. cl:Æ'') bird, ptero-


=== Examples ===
== Grammar ==
The following written examples serve to help illustrate how these elements work together in the native script.
=== Nouns ===
 
{| class = "wikitable floatright" style="text-align:center;"
{|
! width="48px" | Solid !! width="48px" | Liquid !! width="48px" | Aether
|
{| cellpadding="0" border="0"
|- valign="top"
| {{SHI|dot}} || {{SHI|dot}}
|- valign="top"
| {{SHI|sh}} || {{SHI|sh}} || {{SHI|t}} || {{SHI|u}} || {{SHI|ja}} || {{SHI|a}} || {{SHI|wa}}
|- valign="top"
| ||  || {{SHI|grave}} || {{SHI|r}} ||  || {{SHI|n}} 
|}
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="4" | Śıśıtuuljaan wa.
|-
| Śı || śıtuul || jaan || wa
|-
| speak || Śıtuul.{{SC|abs}} || do.{{gloss|{{SC|vol}}|Volitional}} || 1{{SC|sg.erg}}
|-
|-
| colspan="4" | ''I (am) speak(ing) Śituul.*''
| ·mŗ || ·(C)og || ·niiŋ
|}
|
{| cellpadding="0" border="0"
|- valign="too"
| ||  ||  ||  ||  || || ||  || ||  || {{SHI|dot}}
|- valign="top"
| {{SHI|m}} || {{SHI|a}} || {{SHI|p}} || rowspan="2" width="7px" | {{SHI|bar|7px}} || {{SHI|n}} || {{SHI|a}} || {{SHI|k}} || {{SHI|stroke|7px}} || {{SHI|r}} || {{SHI|j}} || {{SHI|n}}
|- valign="top"
| || || || || {{SHI|n}} || || || || {{SHI|ng}}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="6" | Maa βanaanḵarajoŋ nı?
|-
|-
| Maa || βa || naan || ḵara || joŋ || nı
| ·ńũk || ·tsã || ·mek
|-
|-
| {{SC|int}} || {{SC|neg}} || eat || fruit.{{SC|abs}} || occur.{{gloss|{{SC|avol}}|Avolitional}} || 2{{SC|sg.erg}}
| ·dull || ·(ź)ŗ || ·bvaah
|-
|-
| colspan="6" | ''Don't you (accidentally) eat fruit?''
| ·nạh || ·so || ·(C)uuh
|}
|
{| cellpadding="0" border="0"
|- valign="top"
| {{SHI|dot}}
|- valign="top"
| {{SHI|f}} || {{SHI|i}} || {{SHI|wa}} || {{SHI|t}} || rowspan="2" width="7px" | {{SHI|bar|7px}} || {{SHI|y}} || {{SHI|o}} 
|- valign="top"
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  || {{SHI|r}}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" | Fııwacayol.
|-
|-
| Fıı || wacay || ol
| ·(C)akõ || ·(C)ạśe || ·(C)iig
|-
|-
| flow || water.{{SC|abs}} || be.{{gloss|{{SC|stat}}|Stative}}
| ·(C)a || ·(C)e || ·(C)i
|-
|-
| colspan="3" | ''Water flows.''
| ·(C)o || ·(C)ạ || ·(C)u
|}
|}
|}
Nouns in Shitullian all have what is referred to as a "separable suffix" appended to them. These suffixes do not carry (much) inherent meaning, but are loosely tied to the remnants of a much older (and more complex) noun class system. There are 15 total suffixes that make up this category. Whenever a noun is incorporated into a verb (among some other occasions) the separable suffix is dropped. The table to the right is grouped into columns based on to which noun class each suffix now refers, but they are not completely uniform and there are exceptions.
* {{small|''Note: It would also be possible to translate this sentence as using the stative ending, but that translation would have less emphasis on what is happening, and more on the fact of being able to speak the language. As is, the action is in the speaking the language, not in being able to.''}}
 
Also of note, is that when a noun is used as a personal name, the suffix is also dropped. However, should someone wish to be very formal and respectufl, it may be re-added only if it agrees with the person's preferred gender where solid generally refers to males, liquid generally refers to females, and aether could refer to either.
 
==== Number ====
Shitullian nouns are inherently collective in number. Should a single entity of something need to be referred to, a singulative ({{sc|sgv}}) suffix must be added between the stem, and the separable suffix. What this means, is that the noun '''tuukõ·nạh''', it does not simply mean "stone" but rather, "stones" in general. Should one single rock or stone be meant, for example in: "he flung a rock with his sling" the singulative suffix would need to be used. This means that as a direct consequence, any noun that is incorporated will automatically be using the collective form of the noun without its suffix as a noun in singulative cannot be incorporated. The singulative suffix is -('''i''')'''l'''. The '''i''' only makes an appearance when the stem ends in a consonant. This also means that it has the following allomorphs depending on its environment: -'''ill''', -'''il''', -'''ll''' or -'''l'''.


== Grammar ==
{{Clear|right}}
Coming... at some point. (Soon™)
=== Verbs ===
''Stuff will go here...''


== Lexicon ==
== Lexicon ==
:—''For a full list of words in Śituul, see: [[Śituul/Lexicon|Lexicon]].''
:—''For a full list of words in Śituul, see: [[/Lexicon|Lexicon]].''


The word list for Śituul is small at the moment, but expanding.
The word list for Śituul is small at the moment, but expanding.


==Creator Comments==
==Creator Comments==
I have worked on many different conlangs in the past, and all have died a slow painful death.  This one was meant to be one I could focus on for the long haul and finally move from being a "scrapper" (i.e. someone who creates the skeleton of a language and then immediately stops working on it in favor of a new language) into being more of a "completist."  I have had some success, but my attention has wandered still.
I have worked on many different conlangs in the past, and all have died a slow painful death.  This one was meant to be one I could focus on for the long haul and finally move from being a "scrapper" (i.e. someone who creates the skeleton of a language and then immediately stops working on it in favor of a new language) into being more of a "completist."  I have had some success, but my attention has wandered still. What I aimed to do here, was to create a mostly naturalistic language that integrates features from some of my scrapped languages over the years, as well as develop a language that is pleasing to me.  This page will likely be slow to update, but rest assured that the script, at the very least, will be described fully here!  ''(Scripts tend to be the feature of languages that I work on the hardest and enjoy creating the most.)''


What I aim to do here, is create a mostly naturalistic language that integrates features from some of my scrapped languages over the years, as well as develop a language that is pleasing to me. This page will likely be slow to update, but rest assured that the script, at the very least, will be described fully here!  ''(Scripts tend to be the feature of languages that I work on the hardest and enjoy creating the most.)''
Since my original work on this language, it has gone through a goodly number of changes. The script has, of course, been altered yet again. But, it does seem as though I have something that I like. The entirety of the lexicon needs to get re-done, as the phonology and the rules to construct a syllable have changed significantly. Also, I have changed how things work in terms of incorporation as well as serial verb constructions. What this means, is that I can now have a finite list of verbs (19 total, I believe) that forms a closed class. With luck, I can maintain a bit of focus on this project and continue plugging away at it.


[[Category:A priori conlangs]][[Category:Thirty7]]
[[Category:A priori conlangs]][[Category:Thirty7]]

Latest revision as of 22:56, 3 February 2018


Flag-SHI.png
Shitullian
Śitaall
Pronounced: Native: /ʃi.təːʟ/
Anglicized: /ʃiː.tʌl.i.ən/
Timeline and Universe: Alternate Earth
Species: Human
Spoken: Carnassus
Writing system: "Abugida"
Genealogy: Language Isolate
Typology
Morphological type: Somewhat Isolating
Morphosyntactic alignment: Ergative-Absolutive
Basic word order: Typically VSO
Credits
Creator: Thrice Xandvii | ✎
Created: January 2014

Phonology

Śitaal has 22 consonants and 7 distinct vowels (if you include the syllabic rhotic). It also has a system that was once phonemic tone, but is now most commonly seen as combination of phonational qualities and vowel lengths.

Consonants

  Labial Alveolar "Palatal" Velar
Nasal m /m/ n /n/ ń /ɲ/ ŋ (ng) /ŋ/
Plosive b /b/ t /t/   k /k/
d /d/ g /g/
Fricative v /β/ ~ [ɸ] s /s/ ś /ʃ/ h /x/ ~ [ɣ]
z /z/ ź /ʒ/
Affricate bv /b͜β/ ~ [p͜ɸ] ts /t͜s/ tś /t͜ʃ/
dz /d͜z/ dź /d͜ʒ/
Approximant l /ɺ/ ll (ļ) /ʟ/

Vowels

  Front Central Back
High i /i/ a /ə/ u /ɯ/
Middle e /e/ o /ɔ/
Low ạ /æ/ ~ [a]
  Syllabic
Approximant ŗ (r) /ɹ̩/ ~ [ɚ]

Tones

  Level "Falling" "Dipping"
Tone a /ə/ ~ [ə˦] ã /ə̰/ ~ [ə˥˩] aa /əː/ ~ [ə˨˩˦]

Tones in Shitullian are not always rendered strictly as tone. Some speakers use length and different phonation qualities to render the same phonemic distinctions for which others would use more traditional tonal contours. Falling tone (which may also be a low tone in some dialects), when pronounced this way, is seen as a creaky-voiced phonation while the dipping tone would exist as increased vowel length with no presence of tone or alternate phonation. A syllable with a level tone in this situation would be "plain," that is with no noticeable alternate phonation and an unlengthened vowel.

Phonotactics

The building of a syllable in modern Shitullian is governed by this basic expression: (C)V(K)τ, where V is any vowel, C is any consonant, K is any velar consonant. Finally, τ stands for the tone applied to that syllable.

Stress

The system of stress is one of weight governed on the moraic level. By that, it is meant that a syllable can only be stressed if it is the heaviest syllable in the word, or else is the backmost heavy syllable in the word (should there be multiple of the same weight). Heavy, here, means that the syllable has the most morae. In addition, a noun class suffix, or a separable verb suffix will never receive stress.

Morae are counted in Shitullian according to the following system:

  • A bare vowel or an initial consonant and vowel count as a single mora
  • Coda consonants add one additional mora
  • Long vowels count as an additional mora
  • Creaky voiced phonation adds an additional ½ mora (due to it relating to a tonal contour vs. a level tone)

Due to this system, many stressed syllables will either end in a coda consonant or contain a long vowel.

Allophony

One of the most marked places of allophonic variation in Shitullian, is with the "tones." At this point, it might be more accurate to describe them instead as plain, long and creaky voiced vowels. However, they can also be described as high level tone, a falling tone, and a "dipping" tone akin to the third tone in Mandarin.

  • If /ɲi/ would occur, it is instead pronounced as [ɲə]. (This change does not result in a change in spelling.) Other consonants in the "palatal" group do not have similar synchronic changes.
  • The "vowel" [ɹ̩] alternates with [ɚ] depending upon if that syllable is stressed and the position in the word, when in unstressed initial or final position [ɚ] surfaces. However, in all other cases, the sound remains [ɹ̩].

Script

The native script is called Tśaaśuŋ (interpreted as "paper-speak" and anglicized as Chaashung). Chaashung is similar to an abugida, except that a letter's location can impact the status of its inherent vowel, and separate glyphs exist to represent the vowels in isolation as well as to write a long vowel. The following table lists all of the glyphs used to write Shitullian and their meaning as bare phonemes.

Initials
ma na nja
SHI-ma.png SHI-na.png SHI-nja.png
ba ta da  
SHI-ba.png SHI-ta.png SHI-ta.pngSHI-!.png  
va sa za śa źa
SHI-va.png SHI-sa.png SHI-sa.pngSHI-!.png SHI-sha.png SHI-sha.pngSHI-!.png
bva tsa dza tśa dźa
SHI-bva.png SHI-tsa.png SHI-tsa.pngSHI-!.png SHI-tsha.png SHI-tsha.pngSHI-!.png
Øa la  
SHI-0.png SHI-la.png  
Nuclei
i u
SHI-i.png SHI-u.png
ạ o
SHI-ae.png SHI-o.png
a e
SHI-a.png SHI-e.png
ŗ
SHI-r.png
 
SHI-blank.png
Codas
-ŋ
SHI--ng.png
-k -g
SHI--k.png SHI--g.png
-h
SHI--h.png
 
SHI-blank.png
-ll
SHI--ll.png

Chaashung is ordinarily written in two horizontal rows from left to right. Consonants have an inherent vowel, a. In order to over-ride that vowel, a sign can be added to indicate what vowel stands in its place. There are two types of signs: strong signs, and weak signs. Strong signs are always written above the consonant glyph that is affected and never change positions. However, weak signs are generally written below the consonant glyph. That is, except when that syllable contains a following coda consonant. In that case, the weak sign is instead written above the consonant glyph. It is that movement that distinguishes weak and strong signs. (Also, in general, weak signs are simpler in appearance.) Each vowel, except the inherent a, has a sign to indicate it. The following table uses the "null" glyph to illustrate which vowels take which signs.

Weak
Signs		 i u ạ
SHI-0i-below.png SHI-0u-below.png SHI-0ae-below.png
Neutral
Sign		 a
SHI-0.png
Strong
Signs		 e o ŗ
SHI-0e.png SHI-0o.png SHI-0r.png

There is one way in which Chaashung is a defective script. That way is that tone is underspecified in the written language. Only long vowels are indicated, whereas the falling/creaky tone is never noted. This is rarely confusing, as context is usually sufficient to determine what is meant. (This is shown in the first example below.)

Examples

The following are a series of words and phrases written in Shitullian script.

Śitaall-ńạśe is spelled in Chaashung as in the above sample.

And ollńa sạ̃-tsaamũ (which means "(There) exists a phrase/sentence") is written above.

tuukõ·nạh — (n. cl:S) stone, rock

tśạạll·u — (n. cl:Æ) bird, ptero-

Grammar

Nouns

Solid Liquid Aether
·mŗ ·(C)og ·niiŋ
·ńũk ·tsã ·mek
·dull ·(ź)ŗ ·bvaah
·nạh ·so ·(C)uuh
·(C)akõ ·(C)ạśe ·(C)iig
·(C)a ·(C)e ·(C)i
·(C)o ·(C)ạ ·(C)u

Nouns in Shitullian all have what is referred to as a "separable suffix" appended to them. These suffixes do not carry (much) inherent meaning, but are loosely tied to the remnants of a much older (and more complex) noun class system. There are 15 total suffixes that make up this category. Whenever a noun is incorporated into a verb (among some other occasions) the separable suffix is dropped. The table to the right is grouped into columns based on to which noun class each suffix now refers, but they are not completely uniform and there are exceptions.

Also of note, is that when a noun is used as a personal name, the suffix is also dropped. However, should someone wish to be very formal and respectufl, it may be re-added only if it agrees with the person's preferred gender where solid generally refers to males, liquid generally refers to females, and aether could refer to either.

Number

Shitullian nouns are inherently collective in number. Should a single entity of something need to be referred to, a singulative (sgv) suffix must be added between the stem, and the separable suffix. What this means, is that the noun tuukõ·nạh, it does not simply mean "stone" but rather, "stones" in general. Should one single rock or stone be meant, for example in: "he flung a rock with his sling" the singulative suffix would need to be used. This means that as a direct consequence, any noun that is incorporated will automatically be using the collective form of the noun without its suffix as a noun in singulative cannot be incorporated. The singulative suffix is -(i)l. The i only makes an appearance when the stem ends in a consonant. This also means that it has the following allomorphs depending on its environment: -ill, -il, -ll or -l.

Verbs

Stuff will go here...

Lexicon

—For a full list of words in Śituul, see: Lexicon.

The word list for Śituul is small at the moment, but expanding.

Creator Comments

I have worked on many different conlangs in the past, and all have died a slow painful death. This one was meant to be one I could focus on for the long haul and finally move from being a "scrapper" (i.e. someone who creates the skeleton of a language and then immediately stops working on it in favor of a new language) into being more of a "completist." I have had some success, but my attention has wandered still. What I aimed to do here, was to create a mostly naturalistic language that integrates features from some of my scrapped languages over the years, as well as develop a language that is pleasing to me. This page will likely be slow to update, but rest assured that the script, at the very least, will be described fully here! (Scripts tend to be the feature of languages that I work on the hardest and enjoy creating the most.)

Since my original work on this language, it has gone through a goodly number of changes. The script has, of course, been altered yet again. But, it does seem as though I have something that I like. The entirety of the lexicon needs to get re-done, as the phonology and the rules to construct a syllable have changed significantly. Also, I have changed how things work in terms of incorporation as well as serial verb constructions. What this means, is that I can now have a finite list of verbs (19 total, I believe) that forms a closed class. With luck, I can maintain a bit of focus on this project and continue plugging away at it.

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