Proto-Uralic/distribution: Difference between revisions

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==Missing in 0-1 branches==
==Missing in 0-1 branches==
(73 roots)
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
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|-
|-
|
|
* pronouns: '''*ku-''' "who", '''*me-''' "1PP", '''*mi-''' "what", '''*minä''' ¹ "1PS", '''*to''' "that"
* pronouns: '''*ku-''' 'who', '''*me-''' '1PP', '''*mi-''' 'what', '''*minä''' ¹ '1PS', '''*to''' 'that'
* basic verbs: '''*elä-''' ² "to live", '''*kalə-''' "to die", '''*kaĺa-''' "to disappear", '''*ńalə-''' "to lick", '''*ńälə-''' "to swallow", '''*puna-''' "to plait", '''*ujə-''' "to swim"
* basic verbs: '''*elä-''' ² 'to live', '''*kalə-''' 'to die', '''*kad₂a-''' 'to disappear', '''*ńalə-''' 'to lick', '''*ńälə-''' 'to swallow', '''*puna-''' 'to plait', '''*ujə-''' 'to swim'
* body parts: '''*künčə''' ³ "nail", '''*mëksa''' "liver", '''*sënə''' "vein", '''*sülə''' "bosom", '''*śilmä''' "eye", '''*śɜðäm(ə)''' "heart"
* body parts: '''*künčə''' ³ 'nail', '''*mëksa''' 'liver', '''*sënə''' 'vein', '''*sülə''' 'bosom', '''*śilmä''' 'eye', '''*śɜd₁äm(ə)''' 'heart'
* other nouns: '''*ëla''' "low", '''*ńëlə''' "arrow", '''*nimə''' "name", '''*pälä''' ⁴ "half", '''*pesä''' "nest", '''*purkə''' ⁵ "blizzard", '''#wäśkä''' "metal"
* other nouns: '''*ëla''' 'low', '''*nimə''' 'name', '''*ńëlə''' 'arrow', '''*ńërə''' 'moist/wet', '''*pälä''' ⁴ 'half', '''*pesä''' 'nest', '''*purkə''' ⁵ 'smoke/blizzard', '''#wäśkä''' 'metal'
* etc: '''*kuma-''' "overturned", '''#kɜk/ttA''' "2", '''#wittə''' "5"
* etc: '''*kuma-''' 'overturned', '''#kɜk/ttA''' '2', '''#wittə''' '5'
|
|
# Ms. *äm, Hu. ''én'' questionable
# Ms. *äm, Hu. ''én'' questionable
Line 15: Line 17:
# Smy. *kəčä irregular
# Smy. *kəčä irregular
# S. *pealē irregular
# S. *pealē irregular
# Hu. ''forr'' "to boil" questionable
# Hu. ''forr'' 'to boil' questionable
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Samoyedic
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Samoyedic
|-
|-
|
|
* numerals: '''#kormɜ''' "3", '''#kuwtə''' "6", '''*ńeljä''' "4", '''*śëta''' "100"
* numerals: '''#kormɜ''' '3', '''#kuwtə''' '6', '''*neljä''' '4', '''*śëta''' '100'
* others: '''*jäŋə''' "ice", '''*jećə''' ¹ "soul", '''*kälä-''' "to wade", '''*kätə''' "hand", '''*keččä''' ² "ring", '''*kerə''' "skin", '''#kuwlə-''' "to hear", '''*tälwə''' "winter", '''*sükśə''' "autumn", '''*śarw/pə''' "horn", '''*wajə''' "butter", '''*wäkə''' "power", '''*werə''' "blood", '''*wɜðɜm''' "marrow"
* others: '''*jäŋə''' 'ice', '''*jećə''' ¹ 'soul', '''*kälä-''' 'to wade', '''*kätə''' 'hand', '''*keččä''' ² 'ring', '''*kerə''' 'bark', '''#kuwlə-''' 'to hear', '''*tälwä''' 'winter', '''*sükśə''' 'autumn', '''*śarw/pə''' ³ 'horn', '''*wajə''' 'butter', '''*wäkə''' 'power', '''*werə''' 'blood', '''*wɜd₁ɜm''' 'marrow'
| ¹ K. ''ać'' unclear
| ¹ K. ''ać'' unclear
² Mo. ''či'' "sun" unclear
² Mo. ''či'' 'sun' unclear
³ Ms/Kh 'elk' unclear
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Khanty
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Khanty
|-
|-
| '''*lämə''' "broth"
| '''*lämə''' 'broth', '''*wetə''' ¹ 'water'
| ¹ S. ''*vëcë'' 'newly fallen snow' questionable
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Hungarian
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Hungarian
|-
|-
| '''#kowsə''' "spruce", '''*ĺëmə''' "bird cherry", '''*poŋə''' "bosom", '''*porə-''' "to bite", '''*wü/ilɜ''' "upper"
| '''#kowsə''' 'spruce', '''*kärə-''' 'to wrap', '''*d₂ëmə''' 'bird cherry', '''*poŋə''' 'bosom', '''*porə-''' 'to bite', '''*wü/ilɜ''' 'upper'
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Permic
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Permic
|-
|-
| '''*joŋsə''' "bow", '''*kala''' "fish", '''*muna''' "egg", '''*śinśä''' ¹ "inside"
| '''*joŋsə''' 'bow', '''*kala''' 'fish', '''*konta''' 'group', '''*muna''' 'egg', '''*śinśä''' ¹ 'inside'
| ¹ Kh. *ćuućii unclear
| ¹ Kh. *ćuućii unclear
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Mari
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Mari
|-
|-
| '''*pelə-''' "to fear", '''*tulka''' ¹ "feather", '''*tu/üĺkA''' "prod",
| '''*pelə-''' 'to fear', '''*tulka''' ¹ 'feather', '''*tu/üd₂kA''' 'prod'
| ¹ F. ''*sulka''?!
| ¹ F. ''*sulka''?!
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Mordvinic
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Mordvinic
|-
|-
| '''*kunśə'''(-) "(to) pee", '''*menə-''' "to go", '''*pončə''' "tail", '''#sɜja''' "sleeve"¹, '''*śälə-''' "to cut"
| '''*kunśə'''(-) '(to) pee', '''*menə-''' 'to go', '''*pončə''' 'tail', '''#sɜja''' 'sleeve'¹, '''*śälə-''' 'to cut'
| ¹ F. ''hija'' unclear
| ¹ F. ''hija'' unclear
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Finnic
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Finnic
|-
|-
| '''*ipsə/ä-''' "(to) smell", '''#sejə''' "pus"
| '''*ipsə/ä-''' '(to) smell', '''#sejə''' 'pus'
| ¹ Mo. unclear
| ¹ Mo. unclear
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Samic
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Samic
|-
|-
| '''*küńä''' "elbow", '''*piŋə''' ¹ "tooth", '''*walə-''' "to be"
| '''*küńä''' 'elbow', '''*piŋə''' ¹ 'tooth', '''*walə-''' 'to be'
| ¹ Smy. *pəj "flint" unclear
| ¹ Smy. *pəj 'flint' unclear
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Totals
|-
! S !! F !! Mo !! Ma !! P !! H !! Ms !! Kh !! Smy
|-
| 70 || 70 || 67 || 69 || 67 || 66 || 72 || 71 || 54
|}
|}


==Missing in 2 branches==
==Missing in 2 branches==
(65 roots)
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
Line 65: Line 79:
|-
|-
! Samic
! Samic
| '''*kuńa-''' "to blink" || '''*täwðə''' "full" (Ma. irreg.) || '''*sewə-''' "to eat" ||
| '''*kuńa-''' 'to blink' || '''*täwd₁ə''' 'full' (Ma. irreg.) || '''*sewə-''' 'to eat' || '''*kompa''' 'wave'
| '''*lowə''' "bone"<br/>'''*pAnə-''' "to put" || || '''*wetə''' "water"
| '''*lowə''' 'bone'<br/>'''*pAnə-''' 'to put'<br/>'''*śača-''' 'to grow' || ||
| '''*kiwə''' "stone"<br/>'''*sula-''' "to melt"
| '''*kiwə''' 'stone'<br/>'''*sula-''' 'to melt'
|-
|-
! Finnic
! Finnic
| style="background:lightgray"|
| style="background:lightgray"|
| || '''*ëńa''' "aunt"<br/>'''*soŋə-''' "to go thru" || '''*këččə''' "bitter"<br/>'''*ńërə''' "cartilage" || || '''*oŋə''' "mouth" (?) ||
| || '''*ëńa''' 'aunt'<br/>'''*soŋə-''' 'to go thru' || '''*këččə''' 'bitter'<br/>'''*ńërə''' 'cartilage'<br/>(if not = 'moist') || || '''*oŋə''' 'mouth' (?) ||
| '''*mälkə''' "breast"<br/>'''*peljä''' "ear"
| '''*mälkə''' 'breast'<br/>'''*peljä''' 'ear'
|-
|-
! Mordv.
! Mordv.
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgray"|
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgray"|
| '''*mińä''' "dtr-in-law"<br/>'''*pura''' "bore"<br/>'''*pušə-''' "to blow"
| '''*mińä''' 'dtr-in-law'<br/>'''*pura''' 'bore'<br/>'''*pušə-''' 'to blow'
| '''*ëppə''' "pa-in-law"<br/>'''*śojə(-)''' "(to) sound"<br/>'''*śowə''' "mouth" || '''*suxə-''' "to row"<br/>'''*sɜnśɜ-''' "to stand" || || '''*jɜxə-''' "to drink"
| '''*ëppə''' 'pa-in-law'<br/>'''*śojə(-)''' '(to) sound'<br/>'''*śowə''' 'mouth' || '''*suxə-''' 'to row'<br/>'''*sɜnśɜ-''' 'to stand' || || '''*jɜxə-''' 'to drink'
| '''*puća-''' "to squeeze" (Ma. irreg.)<br/>'''*tärä''' "root"
| '''*puća-''' 'to squeeze' (Ma. irreg.)<br/>'''*särä''' 'root'
|-
|-
! Mari
! Mari
| colspan="3" style="background:lightgray"|
| colspan="3" style="background:lightgray"|
| '''*nüðə''' "handle" (H. irreg.)<br/>'''*pala''' "bit"
| '''*nüd₁ə''' 'handle' (H. irreg.)<br/>'''*pala''' 'bit'
| '''*enä''' "big" (P. irreg.)<br/>'''*jëka-''' "to divide"<br/>'''*karə''' "crust"<br/>'''*kälə''' "tongue"<br/>'''*mexə-''' "to sell"<br/>'''#näjə''' "girl, woman"
| '''*enä''' 'big' (P. irreg.)<br/>'''*jëka-''' 'to divide'<br/>'''*karə''' 'crust'<br/>'''*kälə''' 'tongue'<br/>'''*mexə-''' 'to sell'<br/>'''#näjə''' 'girl, woman'
| '''*kulkə-''' "to go" ||
| '''*kulkə-''' 'to go' ||
| '''*ćäŋkə-''' "to cut" (Mo. irreg.)<br/>'''#kiśkä-''' "to rip"<br/>'''*kulə-''' "to run out"<br/>'''*näkə-''' "to see"<br/>'''*omtə''' "cavity"<br/>'''*śëlka''' "pole"<br/>'''*ü/ejə''' "night"
| '''*ćäŋkə-''' 'to cut' (Mo. irreg.)<br/>'''#kiśkä-''' 'to rip'<br/>'''*kulə-''' 'to run out'<br/>'''*näkə-''' 'to see'<br/>'''*omtə''' 'cavity'<br/>'''*śëlka''' 'pole'<br/>'''*ü/ejə''' 'night'
|-
|-
! Permic
! Permic
| colspan="4" style="background:lightgray"|
| colspan="4" style="background:lightgray"|
| '''*kanta-''' "to carry"<br/>'''*sala-''' "to steal"<br/>'''*śüĺə''' "coal" || '''#wiŋü''' "son-in-law" (messy!) || || '''*pućka''' "shit" (F. irreg.)<br/>'''*wëlka-''' "to leave"
| '''*kanta-''' 'to carry'<br/>'''*sala-''' 'to steal'<br/>'''*śüdₓə''' 'coal' || '''#wiŋü''' 'son-in-law' (messy!) || || '''*pućka''' 'shit' (F. irreg.)<br/>'''*wëlka-''' 'to leave'
|-
|-
! Hung.
! Hung.
| colspan="5" style="background:lightgray"|
| colspan="5" style="background:lightgray"|
| '''*ëkta-''' "to put" || '''#kośkə''' "dry"<br/>'''*śečä''' "uncle"
| '''*ëkta-''' 'to put' || '''#kośkə''' 'dry'<br/>'''*śečä''' 'uncle'
| '''*śepä''' "neck"<br/>'''*śëmə''' "scales"<br/>'''*śoð(ka)''' "goldeneye"<br/>'''*śülkə''' "spit"
| '''*śepä''' 'neck'<br/>'''*śëmə''' 'scales'<br/>'''*śod₁(ka)''' 'goldeneye'<br/>'''*śülkə''' 'spit'
|-
|-
! Mansi
! Mansi
| colspan="6" style="background:lightgray"|
| colspan="6" style="background:lightgray"|
| '''*kajwa-''' "to dig" (S. irreg.)<br/>'''*lomə''' "snow" (H. q:ble)<br/>'''*te-''' "2PP"<br/>'''*tinä''' "2PS"
| '''*kajwa-''' 'to dig' (S. irreg.)<br/>'''*lomə''' 'snow' (H. q:ble)<br/>'''*te-''' '2PP'<br/>'''*tinä''' '2PS'<br/>'''*wod₂ə''' 'new'
| '''*kota''' "house"<br/>'''*pilwə''' "cloud"<br/>'''*śalə''' "intestine" (H. q:ble)
| '''*kota''' 'house'<br/>'''*pilwə''' 'cloud'<br/>'''*śalə''' 'intestine' (H. q:ble)
|-
|-
! Khanty
! Khanty
| colspan="7" style="background:lightgray"|
| colspan="7" style="background:lightgray"|
| '''*miŋä''' "behind"
| '''*miŋä''' 'behind'
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Total missing
|-
! S !! F !! Mo !! Ma !! P !! H !! Ms !! Kh !! Smy
|-
| 9 || 8 || 12 || 22 || 14 || 21 || 12 || 9 || 23
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Correlations
|-
! !! F !! Mo !! Ma !! P !! H !! Ms !! Kh !! Smy
|-
! S
| 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 2
|-
! F
| style="background:lightgrey"|
| 0 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 2
|-
! Mo
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="2"|
| 3 || 3 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 2
|-
! Ma
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="3"|
| 2 || 6 || 1 || 0 || 7
|-
! P
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="4"|
| 3 || 1 || 0 || 2
|-
! H
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="5"|
| 1 || 2 || 4
|-
! Ms
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="6"|
| 5 || 3
|-
! Kh
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="7"|
| 1
|}
|}


==Missing in 3 branches==
==Missing in 3 branches==
(62 roots)
(69 roots)


{|
{|
|-
|-
|
|
* '''*čača-''' "to be born" (S F H, or with F *sato "crops"?)
* '''*ad₁əma''' 'sleep' (S F Smy)
* '''*aðəma''' "sleep" (S F Smy)
* '''*kojəra''' 'male animal', '''*sälɜ-''' 'to load', '''*warə''' 'mountain' (S Mo Ma)
* '''*kojəra''' "male animal", '''*sälɜ-''' "to load", '''*warə''' "mountain" (S Mo Ma)
* '''*pata''' 'pot' (S Mo P)
* '''*pata''' "pot" (S Mo P)
* '''*kütkə-''' 'to tie' (S Mo Kh)
* '''*kütkə-''' "to tie" (S Mo H)
* '''*kama''' 'crust' (messy!), '''*üćä''' 'small' (S Mo Kh)
* '''*kama''' "crust" (messy!), '''*üćä''' "small" (S Mo Kh)
* '''*täjə''' 'louse' (?S Mo Smy)
* '''*täjə''' "louse" (S Mo Smy)
* '''*šiŋərə''' 'mouse' (S Ma Smy)
* '''*šiŋərə''' "mouse" (S Ma Smy)
* '''*ń/nükə-''' 'to pull', '''*totkə''' 'tench' (S P Kh)
* '''*totkə''' "tench" (S P Kh)
* '''*aśkəl''' 'step' (S H Kh)
* '''*aśkəl''' "step" (S H Kh)
* '''*käjä''' 'moth', '''*pićlä''' ~ '''*pećrä''' 'rowan', '''*śawə''' 'clay' (S H Smy)
* '''*käjä''' "moth", '''*pićlä''' ~ '''*pećrä''' "rowan", '''*śawə''' "clay" (S H Smy)
* '''#küjə(wä)''' 'adder', '''*mośkə-''' 'to wash' (S Ms Kh)
* '''#küjə''' "adder", '''*mośkə-''' "to wash" (S Ms Kh)
* '''*jorə-''' 'to go round' (F Mo Ma; H. q:ble)
* '''*ńälmä''' "tongue" (F Mo P)
* '''*ńëkćəm''' 'gills', '''*wanča-''' 'to go carefully' (F Mo H)
* '''*ńëkćəm''' "gills", '''*wanča-''' "to go carefully" (F Mo H)
* '''#läpd₁ä''' 'spleen' (F Mo Ms)
* '''#läpðä''' "spleen" (F Mo Ms)
* '''*soskə-''' 'to chew', '''*ulkə''' 'pole' (F Ma H)
* '''*soskə-''' "to chew", '''*ulkə''' "pole" (F Ma H)
* '''*küjə-''' 'to follow' (F Ma Smy)
* '''*čaŋa-''' "to hit" (F P H)
* '''*čaŋa-''' 'to hit', '''*këččɜ''' 'rotten' (F P H)
* '''*ńärə''' "nose" (F H Ms)
* '''*närə''' 'nose' (F H Ms)
* '''*panča-''' "to open" (F H Smy)
* '''*panča-''' 'to open' (F H Smy)
* '''*ćappa-''' "to hit" (F Kh Smy)
* '''*ćappa-''' 'to hit' (F Kh Smy)
* '''#kïra-''' "to curse", '''*woča''' "fish trap" (Mo Ma P)
* '''#kïra-''' 'to curse', '''*woča''' 'fish trap' (Mo Ma P)
* '''*käwðə''' "rope", '''*parwə''' "raft" (Mo Ma H)
* '''*käwd₁ə''' 'rope', '''*parwə''' 'raft' (Mo Ma H)
* '''*kixə-''' "to rut", '''*(ń)imə-''' "to suck" (Mo Ma Ms)
* '''*kixə-''' 'to rut', '''*(ń)imə-''' 'to suck' (Mo Ma Ms)
* '''*wolka''' "shoulder" (Mo Ma Kh)
* '''*wolka''' 'shoulder' (Mo Ma Kh)
* '''*kolɜ''' "hole", '''*lewlə''' "soul", '''#wïča-''' "to scrape" (Mo Ma Smy)
* '''*kod₁(wa)''' 'while', '''*kolɜ''' 'hole', '''*lewlə''' 'soul', '''#wïča-''' 'to scrape' (Mo Ma Smy)
* '''*ëptə''' "hair" (Mo P H)
* '''*ëptə''' 'hair' (Mo P H)
* '''#lïntɜ''' "bird" (Mo P Smy)
* '''#lïntɜ''' 'bird' (Mo P Smy)
* '''*siwə''' "year ring" (Mo H Kh; S. irreg.)
* '''*pud₂a-''' 'to break', '''*siwə''' 'year ring' (Mo H Kh; S. irreg.)
* '''*läppä''' "cover", '''*śänä''' ~ '''*śenä''' "mushroom" (Mo H Smy)
* '''*läppä''' 'cover', '''*śänä''' ~ '''*śenä''' 'mushroom' (Mo H Smy)
* '''#üwä''' "belt" (Mo Ms Kh)
* '''#üwä''' 'belt' (Mo Ms Kh)
* '''*mu-''' "other" (Mo Kh Smy)
* '''*kurɜ''' 'cleft' (Mo Ms Smy)
* '''*toxə-''' "to bring" (Ma P H)
* '''*mu-''' 'other' (Mo Kh Smy)
* '''*tekə-''' "to do" (Ma P Smy)
* '''*toxə-''' 'to bring' (Ma P H)
* '''*kälü''' "sis-in-law", '''*šarəwa''' "dry" (Ma H Ms)
* '''*tekə-''' 'to do' (Ma P Smy)
* '''*laśkɜ-''' "to let go", '''*tarkə-''' "to tremble" (Ma H Smy)
* '''*kälü''' 'sis-in-law', '''*šarəwa''' 'dry' (Ma H Ms)
* '''*säppä''' "gall", '''*päŋə''' "head", '''*waja-''' "to sink" (Ma Kh Smy)
* '''*kačka-''' 'to bite', '''*laśkɜ-''' 'to let go', '''*tarkə-''' 'to tremble' (Ma H Smy)
* '''*marja''' "berry" (P H Smy)
* '''*säppä''' 'gall', '''*päŋə''' 'head', '''*waja-''' 'to sink' (Ma Kh Smy)
* '''*ićä''' "father; big" (P Kh Smy)
* '''*marja''' 'berry' (P H Smy)
* '''*lëmtə''' "land", '''*no-''' "those", '''*ora''' "squirrel" (H Ms Kh)
* '''*ićä''' 'father; big' (P Kh Smy)
* '''*läktə-''' "to depart" (H Ms Smy)
* '''*no-''' 'those', '''*ora''' 'squirrel', '''*pečä''' 'pine', '''tulə''' 'fire' (H Ms Kh)
* '''*loŋə-''' "to throw" (messy!), '''*penä''' "dog", '''*woĺə''' "new" (Ms Kh Smy)
* '''*läktə-''' 'to depart', '''*oksənta-''' 'to vomit' (H ?Kh Smy)
* '''*loŋə-''' 'to throw' (messy!), '''*penä''' 'dog' (Ms Kh Smy)
| width="15"|
| width="15"|
| valign="top"|
| valign="top"|
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Totals
|+ Total missing
|-
|-
! S !! F !! Mo !! Ma !! P !! H !! Ms !! Kh !! Smy
! S !! F !! Mo !! Ma !! P !! H !! Ms !! Kh !! Smy
|-
|-
| 18 || 12 || 29 || 25 || 12 || 29 || 16 || 21 || 27
| 18 || 13 || 32 || 29 || 13 || 32 || 17 || 25 || 31
|}
|}


Line 169: Line 229:
|-
|-
! S
! S
| 2 || 8 || 4 || 2 || 6 || 2 || 6 || 6
| 1 || 8 || 4 || 3 || 4 || 2 || 8 || 6
|-
|-
! F
! F
| style="background:lightgrey"|
| style="background:lightgrey"|
| 4 || 2 || 2 || 8 || 2 || 1 || 3
| 4 || 4 || 2 || 8 || 2 || 1 || 4
|-
|-
! Mo
! Mo
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="2"|
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="2"|
| 13 || 6 || 9 || 4 || 6 || 8
| 15 || 5 || 9 || 5 || 8 || 10
|-
|-
! Ma
! Ma
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="3"|
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="3"|
| 4 || 9 || 4 || 4 || 10
| 4 || 10 || 4 || 4 || 13
|-
|-
! P
! P
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="4"|
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="4"|
| 4 || 0 || 2 || 4
| 5 || 0 || 3 || 4
|-
|-
! H
! H
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="5"|
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="5"|
| 7 || 5 || 10
| 8 || 8 || 12
|-
|-
! Ms
! Ms

Latest revision as of 13:07, 1 February 2019

Missing in 0-1 branches

(73 roots)

Found in all branches
  • pronouns: *ku- 'who', *me- '1PP', *mi- 'what', *minä ¹ '1PS', *to 'that'
  • basic verbs: *elä- ² 'to live', *kalə- 'to die', *kad₂a- 'to disappear', *ńalə- 'to lick', *ńälə- 'to swallow', *puna- 'to plait', *ujə- 'to swim'
  • body parts: *künčə ³ 'nail', *mëksa 'liver', *sënə 'vein', *sülə 'bosom', *śilmä 'eye', *śɜd₁äm(ə) 'heart'
  • other nouns: *ëla 'low', *nimə 'name', *ńëlə 'arrow', *ńërə 'moist/wet', *pälä ⁴ 'half', *pesä 'nest', *purkə ⁵ 'smoke/blizzard', #wäśkä 'metal'
  • etc: *kuma- 'overturned', #kɜk/ttA '2', #wittə '5'
  1. Ms. *äm, Hu. én questionable
  2. Mo. *eŕa- irregular
  3. Smy. *kəčä irregular
  4. S. *pealē irregular
  5. Hu. forr 'to boil' questionable
Found everywhere except Samoyedic
  • numerals: #kormɜ '3', #kuwtə '6', *neljä '4', *śëta '100'
  • others: *jäŋə 'ice', *jećə ¹ 'soul', *kälä- 'to wade', *kätə 'hand', *keččä ² 'ring', *kerə 'bark', #kuwlə- 'to hear', *tälwä 'winter', *sükśə 'autumn', *śarw/pə ³ 'horn', *wajə 'butter', *wäkə 'power', *werə 'blood', *wɜd₁ɜm 'marrow'
 ¹ K. ać unclear

² Mo. či 'sun' unclear ³ Ms/Kh 'elk' unclear

Found everywhere except Khanty
*lämə 'broth', *wetə ¹ 'water' ¹ S. *vëcë 'newly fallen snow' questionable
Found everywhere except Hungarian
#kowsə 'spruce', *kärə- 'to wrap', *d₂ëmə 'bird cherry', *poŋə 'bosom', *porə- 'to bite', *wü/ilɜ 'upper'
Found everywhere except Permic
*joŋsə 'bow', *kala 'fish', *konta 'group', *muna 'egg', *śinśä ¹ 'inside' ¹ Kh. *ćuućii unclear
Found everywhere except Mari
*pelə- 'to fear', *tulka ¹ 'feather', *tu/üd₂kA 'prod' ¹ F. *sulka?!
Found everywhere except Mordvinic
*kunśə(-) '(to) pee', *menə- 'to go', *pončə 'tail', #sɜja 'sleeve'¹, *śälə- 'to cut' ¹ F. hija unclear
Found everywhere except Finnic
*ipsə/ä- '(to) smell', #sejə 'pus' ¹ Mo. unclear
Found everywhere except Samic
*küńä 'elbow', *piŋə ¹ 'tooth', *walə- 'to be' ¹ Smy. *pəj 'flint' unclear
Totals
S F Mo Ma P H Ms Kh Smy
70 70 67 69 67 66 72 71 54

Missing in 2 branches

(65 roots)

Finnic Mordvinic Mari Permic Hungarian Mansi Khanty Samoyedic
Samic *kuńa- 'to blink' *täwd₁ə 'full' (Ma. irreg.) *sewə- 'to eat' *kompa 'wave' *lowə 'bone'
*pAnə- 'to put'
*śača- 'to grow'		 *kiwə 'stone'
*sula- 'to melt'
Finnic *ëńa 'aunt'
*soŋə- 'to go thru'		 *këččə 'bitter'
*ńërə 'cartilage'
(if not = 'moist')		 *oŋə 'mouth' (?) *mälkə 'breast'
*peljä 'ear'
Mordv. *mińä 'dtr-in-law'
*pura 'bore'
*pušə- 'to blow' 		*ëppə 'pa-in-law'
*śojə(-) '(to) sound'
*śowə 'mouth'		 *suxə- 'to row'
*sɜnśɜ- 'to stand'		 *jɜxə- 'to drink' *puća- 'to squeeze' (Ma. irreg.)
*särä 'root'
Mari *nüd₁ə 'handle' (H. irreg.)
*pala 'bit' 		*enä 'big' (P. irreg.)
*jëka- 'to divide'
*karə 'crust'
*kälə 'tongue'
*mexə- 'to sell'
#näjə 'girl, woman' 		*kulkə- 'to go' *ćäŋkə- 'to cut' (Mo. irreg.)
#kiśkä- 'to rip'
*kulə- 'to run out'
*näkə- 'to see'
*omtə 'cavity'
*śëlka 'pole'
*ü/ejə 'night'
Permic *kanta- 'to carry'
*sala- 'to steal'
*śüdₓə 'coal'		 #wiŋü 'son-in-law' (messy!) *pućka 'shit' (F. irreg.)
*wëlka- 'to leave'
Hung. *ëkta- 'to put' #kośkə 'dry'
*śečä 'uncle' 		*śepä 'neck'
*śëmə 'scales'
*śod₁(ka) 'goldeneye'
*śülkə 'spit'
Mansi *kajwa- 'to dig' (S. irreg.)
*lomə 'snow' (H. q:ble)
*te- '2PP'
*tinä '2PS'
*wod₂ə 'new' 		*kota 'house'
*pilwə 'cloud'
*śalə 'intestine' (H. q:ble)
Khanty *miŋä 'behind'
Total missing
S F Mo Ma P H Ms Kh Smy
9 8 12 22 14 21 12 9 23
Correlations
F Mo Ma P H Ms Kh Smy
S 1 1 1 1 3 0 0 2
F 0 2 2 0 1 0 2
Mo 3 3 2 0 1 2
Ma 2 6 1 0 7
P 3 1 0 2
H 1 2 4
Ms 5 3
Kh 1

Missing in 3 branches

(69 roots)

  • *ad₁əma 'sleep' (S F Smy)
  • *kojəra 'male animal', *sälɜ- 'to load', *warə 'mountain' (S Mo Ma)
  • *pata 'pot' (S Mo P)
  • *kütkə- 'to tie' (S Mo Kh)
  • *kama 'crust' (messy!), *üćä 'small' (S Mo Kh)
  • *täjə 'louse' (?S Mo Smy)
  • *šiŋərə 'mouse' (S Ma Smy)
  • *ń/nükə- 'to pull', *totkə 'tench' (S P Kh)
  • *aśkəl 'step' (S H Kh)
  • *käjä 'moth', *pićlä ~ *pećrä 'rowan', *śawə 'clay' (S H Smy)
  • #küjə(wä) 'adder', *mośkə- 'to wash' (S Ms Kh)
  • *jorə- 'to go round' (F Mo Ma; H. q:ble)
  • *ńëkćəm 'gills', *wanča- 'to go carefully' (F Mo H)
  • #läpd₁ä 'spleen' (F Mo Ms)
  • *soskə- 'to chew', *ulkə 'pole' (F Ma H)
  • *küjə- 'to follow' (F Ma Smy)
  • *čaŋa- 'to hit', *këččɜ 'rotten' (F P H)
  • *närə 'nose' (F H Ms)
  • *panča- 'to open' (F H Smy)
  • *ćappa- 'to hit' (F Kh Smy)
  • #kïra- 'to curse', *woča 'fish trap' (Mo Ma P)
  • *käwd₁ə 'rope', *parwə 'raft' (Mo Ma H)
  • *kixə- 'to rut', *(ń)imə- 'to suck' (Mo Ma Ms)
  • *wolka 'shoulder' (Mo Ma Kh)
  • *kod₁(wa) 'while', *kolɜ 'hole', *lewlə 'soul', #wïča- 'to scrape' (Mo Ma Smy)
  • *ëptə 'hair' (Mo P H)
  • #lïntɜ 'bird' (Mo P Smy)
  • *pud₂a- 'to break', *siwə 'year ring' (Mo H Kh; S. irreg.)
  • *läppä 'cover', *śänä ~ *śenä 'mushroom' (Mo H Smy)
  • #üwä 'belt' (Mo Ms Kh)
  • *kurɜ 'cleft' (Mo Ms Smy)
  • *mu- 'other' (Mo Kh Smy)
  • *toxə- 'to bring' (Ma P H)
  • *tekə- 'to do' (Ma P Smy)
  • *kälü 'sis-in-law', *šarəwa 'dry' (Ma H Ms)
  • *kačka- 'to bite', *laśkɜ- 'to let go', *tarkə- 'to tremble' (Ma H Smy)
  • *säppä 'gall', *päŋə 'head', *waja- 'to sink' (Ma Kh Smy)
  • *marja 'berry' (P H Smy)
  • *ićä 'father; big' (P Kh Smy)
  • *no- 'those', *ora 'squirrel', *pečä 'pine', tulə 'fire' (H Ms Kh)
  • *läktə- 'to depart', *oksənta- 'to vomit' (H ?Kh Smy)
  • *loŋə- 'to throw' (messy!), *penä 'dog' (Ms Kh Smy)
Total missing
S F Mo Ma P H Ms Kh Smy
18 13 32 29 13 32 17 25 31
Correlations
F Mo Ma P H Ms Kh Smy
S 1 8 4 3 4 2 8 6
F 4 4 2 8 2 1 4
Mo 15 5 9 5 8 10
Ma 4 10 4 4 13
P 5 0 3 4
H 8 8 12
Ms 9 4
Kh 9
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