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Weddish is a conservative Judeo-Christian auxlanglanguage spoken only between a husband and a wife.  It is meant to appeal to Indo-European and Semitic language speakers.  It sounds like Anglish (Germanic English without Latin influence), has Hebrew/Aramaic verbs but a variety of other influences.
따ㅧ語/'''Dans-mal''' is a Korean-Germanic language, spoken on the island of Ulleungo by descendants of Vikings.  According to folklore, they made a undocumented crossing of Arctic Sea, and began raiding Hokkaido, mainly taking Ainu brides.


== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
Generally speaking, Wedish has British English consonants, Spanish vowels, and Yiddish phonotactics.  The Roman alphabet (plus two unusual letters) is used as a partial abjad, though the Hebrew alphabet can be used.  The writing of vowels is typically skipped, except in dictionaries and some poetry.  '''A''', '''H''', and '''E''' (and '''W''' and '''Y''') are used a ''mater lectionis'', i.e. hints as to the unwritten vowels.  '''A''' usually means an /a/ or /o/ at the beginning of a word, '''H''' at the end. '''E''' indicates initial /e/ or /i/


'''Y''' is not used.  '''H''' is placed after '''S''' and '''Z''' in electronic contexts where '''Š''' and '''Ž''' are not available (i.e. '''SH'''='''Š''' and '''ZH'''='''Ž''').
=== Consonants ===
There are about 25 consonants in Weddish, which is average<ref>http://wals.info/chapter/1</ref>.  This is consistent with English, German, Yiddish, and Modern Hebrew.
{| style="text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; float:left;"
!colspan=17 style="text-align:center; background: #efefef;"| Consonants in IPA
|- style="vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em"
| ||colspan=2| Labial ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Nasal || || {{IPA|m}}  ||  || {{IPA|n}} || || || || || || {{IPA|ŋ}}<ref>Hebrew speakers are unable to make this sound, but are understood without difficulty. See http://wals.info/chapter/9</ref>
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Plosive || {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|b}}  || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}} || || || || || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|g}} || {{IPA|ʔ}}<ref>Only when a word beginning with a vowel follows a word ending with a vowel is a glottal stop epenthesized.</ref>
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Fricative  || {{IPA|f}} || {{IPA|v}} || {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|z}} || {{IPA|ʃ}} || {{IPA|ʒ}} || || || {{IPA|x}}~{{IPA|χ}} || || {{IPA|h}}
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Affricate || || || || || {{IPA|tʃ}}~{{IPA|θ}}<ref>/θ/ is so rare, I feel compel to include it only as an allophone, in the interest of being as appealing as possible across Europe and the Middle-East. http://wals.info/chapter/19</ref> || {{IPA|dʒ}}~{{IPA|ð}}
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Approximants || || {{IPA|w}}  ||  || {{IPA|l}} || || || || {{IPA|j}}
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Trill || || || || {{IPA|r}}~{{IPA|ʁ}} ({{IPA|ɻ}})
|}
{| style="text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;float:left;"
!colspan=17 style="text-align:center; background: #efefef;"| Consonants as Written
|- style="vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em"
| ||colspan=2| Labial ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Nasal || || M || || N || || || || || ||
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Plosive || P || B  || T || D || || || || || K || G ||
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Fricative  || F || V || S || Z || Š || Ž || || || X || || H
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Affricate || || || || || C || J
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Approximants || || U~W<ref>Ideally, only W's with curly bottoms (not pointed) should be used, so as to look as the name literally says "double u".</ref>  || || L || || || || I~II
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Trill || || || || R
|}
{| style="text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;"
!colspan=17 style="text-align:center; background: #efefef;"| Consonants in Hebrew Alphabet
|- style="vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em"
| ||colspan=2| Labial ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Nasal || || מ/ם  || <!--xxx//--> || נ/ן || || || || || <!--xx//--> ||
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Plosive || פּ/ףּ || <!--xxx//--> בּ  || <!--xxx//--> ת || <!--xxx//--> ד || || || <!--xxx//--> || || כ/ך || <!--xxx//--> ג ||
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Fricative  || פ/ף || <!--xxx//--> ב || <!--xxx//--> שׂ || <!--xxx//--> ז || <!--xxx//--> שׁ || <!--xxx//--> ס || || || <!--xxx//--> ח || || <!--xxx//-->ה
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Affricate || || || || || <!--xxx//--> צ/ץ || <!--xxx//--> ט
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Approximants || || ו~װ  || || <!--xxx//--> ל || || || || <!--xxx//--> י~ײ
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Trill || || || || ר
|}
<br clear="both" />
'''Q''' (ק) is used for the uvular sound /q/ (as in Quran/Koran), but is /k/ in everything but one dialect.  '''R''' is pronounced as a alveolar or uvular trill, but Americans tend to produce it as a retroflex approximant (which can make them hard to understand!).
<br clear="both" />
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right;"
! Latin || Hebrew || Name || Name
|-
! A || א
| A̱L̩F || ālef
|-
! B || בּ
| B̤YT || beyt
|-
! C || שׁ
| C̣N || shīn
|-
! D || דּ
| ḎL̩T || dalet
|-
! E || ע
| E̤ỴN || eyin
|-
! F || פ/ף
| E̤F || ēff
|-
! G || ג
| G̣M̩L || gimel
|-
! H || ה
| H̤H || hēh
|-
! Ð || ס
| Ð̱M̩K || zhāmek
|-
! K || כ/ך
| ḴF || kāf
|-
! L || ל
| ḺM̩D || lamed
|-
! M || מ/ם
| M̤M || mēm
|-
! N || נ/ן
| N̖N || nūn
|-
! P || פּ/ףּ
| P̤Y || pei
|-
! Q || ק
| Q̇F || qōf
|-
! R || ר
| R̤C || rēsh
|-
! S || שׂ
| E̤S || ēss
|-
! T || ת
| ṮW || tau
|-
! V || ב
| ṾY || vī
|-
! W || ו
| W̱W || wau
|-
! X || ח
| X̤T || xēt
|-
! Y || י
| ẎD || yōd
|-
! Z || ז
| ẔỴN || zayin
|-
! J || ט
| J̤T || jēt
|-
! C || צ/ץ
| C̱D̤Y || chādei
|}
=== Vowels ===
Weddish has 7 vowels (just above average<ref>http://wals.info/chapter/2</ref>), which is more than Hebrew and Yiddish, but far less than English and German.  Like English, vowel length is not phonemic.  Technically, there are three vowel qualities (long, short, and reduced), but functionally it is better to contrast schwa with everything else.  Similar to the Hebrew practice of ''ketiv male'', certain letters are used to "hint" which vowels are meant.
{| style="text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;"
!colspan=11 style="text-align:center; background: #efefef;"| Vowels
|- style="vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em"
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Near-front ||colspan=2| Central  ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| High || {{IPA|i}}~{{IPA|ɪ}}<ref>/i/ and /e/ may be rounded without phonemic contrast. http://wals.info/chapter/11</ref> || || || || || || ||  {{IPA|u}}~{{IPA|ʊ}}
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| High-mid || || || {{IPA|e}}~{{IPA|ɛ}} || || || || || {{IPA|o}}~{{IPA|ɔ}}
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Mid || || || || || {{IPA|ə}}
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Near-low || || || {{IPA|æ}}
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Low || || || || || {{IPA|a}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align: middle; float:left;"
|+ Full Spelling
|
! Initially || Medially || Finally
|-
! /a/
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;"| A
| colspan="2" | A
|-
! /æ/
| E
| {{No}}
|-
! /e/
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;"| E
| Ø
| {{No}}
|-
! /i/
| I
| E
|-
! /j/
| I
| II
| {{No}}
|-
! /o/
| colspan="2" | O
| {{No}}
|-
! /u/
| colspan="3" | U
|-
! /w/
| colspan="2" | UU
| {{No}}
|-
! /ai/
| colspan="3" | AI
|-
! /ei/
| EI
| colspan="2" | I
|-
! /oi/
| colspan="3" | OI
|-
! /au/
| colspan="3" | AU
|-
! /ou/
| colspan="2" | OU
| O
|-
! /ə/
| {{No}}
| style="text-align:center;" |  ' <ref>When texting on older phones, a period may be used instead.</ref>
| {{No}}
|-
! ''cluster''
| colspan="3" | Ø
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;  "
|+ Defective Spelling
|
! Initially || Medially || Finally
|-
! /a/
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;" | A
| rowspan="4" style="vertical-align: middle;" | Ø
| A
|-
! /æ/
| {{No}}
|-
! /e/
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;" | E
| {{No}}
|-
! /i/
| colspan="2" | E
|-
! /j/
| I
| I
| {{No}}
|-
! /o/
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;" | O
| O
| {{No}}
|-
! /u/
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;" | U
| U
|-
! /w/
| U
| {{No}}
|-
! /ai/
| AI
| rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | I
|-
! /ei/
| EI
|-
! /oi/
| OI
|-
! /au/
| AU
| rowspan="2" colspan="2"  style="vertical-align: middle;" | U
|-
! /ou/
| OU
|-
! /ə/
| {{No}}
| Ø
| {{No}}
|-
! ''cluster''
| colspan="3" | Ø
|}
<br clear="left" />
==== Niqqud ====
The Hebrew vowel points are used around Latin letters, with only slight modification.  The glottal stop '''A''' is used here as a place holder.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Written || Sound || Name
|+ Consonants
|-
! Ạ
| /i/ as in feet or fit
| Hireq/ḤR̩Q
|-
! A̤
| /e/ as in bet or bait
| Sereh/S̤R̩H
|-
! A̞
| /æ/ as in Sally
| Qæmets/Q̞M̩T̩S
|-
! ֻA
| /u/ as in boot
| Shureq/C̖R̩Q
| 3 dots is formal.  A slanted line is also used, i.e. A̖
|-
|-
! Ȧ
| || Bilabial || Dental || Post-Alveolar || Velar || Labio-Velar || Gutteral
| /o/ as in boat*
| Holem/ḢL̩M
|-
|-
! A̱
! Nasal
| /a/ as in father
| ㅁ m || ㄴ n || || ㅇ ŋ || ||
| Pātax/P̱AṮX
|-
|-
! ְA
! Voiceless Stop
| /ə/ as in careen
| ㅂ p || ㄷ t || || ㄱ k || ㅈ kʷ ||
| Schwa/ְCW̱
| In typed contexts, the schwa is often written as a line: i.e. A̩
|}
The Schwa may or may not be indicative of a separate syllable (see Phonotactics below).
 
A tilde above a letter makes it syllabic, that is, the nucleus of a syllable. Only M̃, Ñ, and L̃ may take the tilde.
 
There are many diphthongs in quick speech, but they are pronounced separately (i.e. two syllables) in careful speech.
 
Vowel nazalization is non-phonemic<ref>http://wals.info/chapter/10</ref>.
=== Phonotactics/Prosody ===
Weddish has an average consonant-to-vowel ratio, which is the same as Hebrew and Yiddish, but higher than English or German<ref>http://wals.info/chapter/3</ref>. Neither vowel length nor stress is phonemic.  Long vowels indicate stress<ref>http://wals.info/chapter/16</ref>.  This is like German, English, and Yiddish, but unlike Hebrew<ref>http://wals.info/chapter/14</ref>.  So too, if the word is very long, one of the last three syllables must be primary stress<ref>http://wals.info/chapter/15</ref>.  Initial consonant clusters can only be two letters long, unless they start with '''S''' or '''C'''.  Final consonant clusters can only be two letters long, which even limits even combinations which would produce a third, epenthetic consonant.  This syllable structure may be relatively simpler, but it is still highly complex on the global scale<ref>http://wals.info/chapter/12</ref>, like English, German, Yiddish, and Hebrew.
 
The default rhythm of Weddish is trochaic, stress-unstressed<ref>http://wals.info/chapter/17</ref>.
 
==== Onset ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| All single consonant phonemes
! Voiced Stop
|
| ㅃ b || ㄸ d || || ㄲ g || ㅉ gʷ ||  
| except {{IPA|/ŋ/}}
|-
|-
| Stop or affricate plus approximant
! Voiceless Fricative
| PL, PR, BL, BR, KW, KL, KR, KY, GW, GL, GR, GY, TW, DW, ŦW, ŦL, ŦR, ŦJ, ÐR
| rowspan="2" valign="middle"  | ㅍ ɸ~v || rowspan="2" valign="middle" | ㅌ θ~ð || ㅅ s~ɕ || rowspan="2" valign="middle" | ㅋ ʁ~x || rowspan="2" valign="middle" | ㅊ w~ʍ || rowspan="2" valign="middle" | ㅎ h~ɦ
| but not PW, PY, BW, BY, TL, TR, TY, DL, DR, DY, ÐL, ÐY, ÐW
|-
|-
| Fricative plus approximant
! Voiced Fricative
| FW, FL, FR, FY, VW, VL, VR, VY, SW, SL, ZW, CW, CL, CR, JW, JL, JR, XW, XL, XR
| ㅆ z~ʑ
| but not SR, SY, ZL, ZR, ZY, CY, JY, XY
|-
|-
| S or C plus voiceless stop, M, or N
! Liquid
| SP, ST, SK, SM, SN, CP, CT, CK, CM, CN
| || || ㄹ l~ɾ || || ||  
|-
|-
| S or C plus voiceless stop or affricate plus approximant:
! Approximant
| SPL, SPR, SKW, SKL, SKR, SKY, STW, SŦW, SŦR, CPL, CPR, CKW, CKL, SKR, CKY, CTW, CŦW, CŦR
| || || j || ɰ || ||
| but not SPW, SPY, STL, STR, STY, SŦL, SŦJ, CPW, CPY, CTL, CTR, CTY, CŦL, CŦJ
|}
|}


==== Coda ====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+ Vowels
| The single consonant phonemes
|
| except H, W, Y, R
|-
| Lateral approximant plus stop or affricate:
| LP, LB, LT, LD, LC, LJ, LŦ, LÐ, LK, LG
|
|-
| Lateral approximant + fricative:
| LF, LV, LS, LZ, LC, LJ, LX
|
|-
| Lateral approximant + nasal:
| LM, LN
| but not LNG
|-
| Nasal + homorganic stop or affricate
| MP, MB, NT, ND, NŦ, NÐ, NGK, NGG
| NGK and NGG are just spelled NK and NG
|-
| Voiceless fricative plus voiceless stop:
| FP, FT, FK, SP, ST, SK, CP, CT, CK, XP, XT, XK
|  
|  
! Front-UR || Front-R || Back-R
|-
|-
|Two voiceless fricatives:
! High
| FS, FC, CS, XS, XC
| 이 i~ɪ || 으 y || 우 u
| But not FX, SF, SC, SX, CF, CX, XF
|-
| Two voiceless stops:
| PK, PT, KT,
| But not KP, TK, TP
|-
| Stop plus voice-matching fricative:
| PS, PC, BZ, BJ, TS, TX, DZ, KF, KS, KC, KX, GZ, GJ
| But not PF, PX, BV, TF, DV, GV
 
TC=Ŧ, DJ=Ð
|}
More complicated consonant clusters than these may be possible across syllable boundaries, but require epenthetic vowels.
 
== Grammar ==
Because this language is only ever spoken between two, specific people, a great deal of narrowing in scope is possible.
 
=== Person ===
Wedish lacks the full 3-person distinction on verbs but not in pronouns<ref>All languages have pronominal categories involving at least three persons and two numbers." - Greenberg's linguistic universals.  However, "A number languages make fewer than six distinctions.  These include Pidgin languages such as Samoan Plantation Pidgin English ... but also full languages. (La Typologiedes Langues Et Les Universaux Linguistiques, Martin Haspelmath (2001), 741)</ref>.  Recall the limited circumstances where this language is spoken.  To encourage the couple to remember that they are one, only "we" statements are possible, though non-subject pronouns exist for "me" and "you".  Thus, it is possible to say "I did this" by paraphrasis: "We did this via me."
 
{| class="wikitable"
! Person || Singular || Dual || Plural
|-
! 1st (Ego)
| {{Yes|Pronoun Only}}
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;"| Yes
| {{No}}
|-
! 2nd (Spouse)
| {{Yes|Pronoun Only}}
 
| {{No}}
|-
! 3 Animate
| style="text-align:center;" | Yes
| Yes
| Yes
|-
! 3 Nanimate
| style="text-align:center;" | Yes
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" {{Yes}}
|}
 
=== Case ===
Weddish is not a language with case, ''per se''.  Instead, like English, there are vestigial cases on the pronouns only<ref> "If in a language the verb follows both the nominal subject and nominal object as the dominant order, the language almost always has a case system." - Greenberg's linguistic universals #41</ref>
 
Like Hebrew (and a little like English), '''''inseparable preposition''''' mark the cases.  In more poetic registers, these pronouns as exist as whole words.  The attach before the articles.
 
{| class="wikitable"
! Proclitic form || Independent form || Meaning
|-
! H
| HN || Ergative
|-
|-
! D
! High-Mid
| DY || Genitive
| 에 e || 위  ø || 오 o
|-
|-
! L
! Mid
| LMO || Dative
| 애 æ || 외 œ  || 어 ɔ
|-
|-
! B
! Low
| BMO || Ablative
| colspan="3" align="center" | 아 a
|-
! M
| MN || Partitive/Elative
|-
! K
| KMO || Equative
|-
! EL
| EL || Locative
|-
! AL
| AL || Lative
|-
! ED
| ED || Terminative
|-
! EM
| EM || Comitative
|-
! TXT
| TXT || Subessive
|-
! BED
| BED || Behind
|-
! AXR
| AXRY || After
|-
! LFN
| LNFY || Before
|}
|}
Diphthongs: ei -> ᆀ ,


There are no truly ditransitive verbs in Wedish.  All truly modal auxiliary verbs take infinitive verb objects.
== Nominals ==
'''Dans-mal''' has two numbers, seven cases, and two genders.  Deixis is 3-way.  Topic-comment structures are somewhat common.  Number is only seen on pronouns, though the particle 들/dyl can be attached to animate nouns. The genders are "animate" and "inanimate"


=== Number ===
* Topical: 은/는 (C/V)
Broadly speaking,  Wedish recognizes three numbers: singular, dual, and plural<ref>"...No language has a dual unless it has a plural." - Greenberg's linguistic universals #34b, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenberg%27s_linguistic_universals</ref>.  However, there are three different plurals: collective, distributive and associative.  As with most languages, the unmarked form of the word is the singular.
* Nominative : -
* Accusative: 을/를 (C/V)
* Genitive: 의
* Dative: 에/에게 (I/A)
* Locative:  에서/에게서 (I/A)
* Instrumental: 로/으로 (V/C)


Note: 'h' stands for "humble"
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Word || Meaning
|+ Pronouns
|-
! # || T || N || A || G || D || L || I
! Ð̩Ŧ̱YLD
| the child  (1)
|-
! Ð̩Ŧ̱YLD̤M
| the children (2)
|-
|-
! Ð̩Ŧ̱YLD̤Z
! 1s
| the children (many, as a group)
|       난 || 엑 || 믹 || 민 || 멬 || 엑게서 || 나로
|-
|-
! Ð̩Ŧ̱YLD̤N
! 1p
| the children (many, as individuals)
|     핀 || 핃 || 옸 || 팤 || 으탴 || 우리에게서 || 우리로
|-
! Ð̩Ŧ̱YLD̤YR
| the child and his/her associates
|}
 
=== Gender/Animacy ===
There is more gender in Weddish than in English but less than in Hebrew, Yiddish, or German.  Basically, things of high animacy ''or importance'' are grammatically animate.  However, as in English, there is no agreement to keep track of, other than on the third person pronouns.<ref>"If a language has gender categories in the noun, it has gender categories in the pronoun." - Greenberg's linguistic universal #43</ref>
 
=== Definiteness ===
Exactly as in English, there are three kinds of definiteness in Wedish.  The definite and indefinite articles are particles that attach the ''front'' of a word and may be applied to nouns of any number (unlike English).  Without any article, nouns are by nature abstract.  For example, ÐŦYLD (the child) refers to one specific child of the couples, NŦYLD refers to one non-specific child of the couples, but ŦYLD refers to "the state of being one a child of ours".
 
== Verbs ==
<ref>This is the one area of grammar that is largely ablaut based.  Almost all other derivational morphology is concatenating. http://wals.info/chapter/20</ref>Wedish verbs agree with the subject/actor in person only.  Tense is the main idea encoded in the verb<ref> "If the verb has categories of person-number or if it has categories of gender, it always has tense-mode categories." - Greenberg's linguistic universals #30, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenberg%27s_linguistic_universals</ref>, with aspectual qualities typically requiring adverbs or postpositional phrases.  Noun incorporation is common.  Incorporated verb phrases may still take either an ergative or an absolutive subject, to indicate intentionality.  There is poly-personal agreement.
 
The future tense is intentional for the 1st person and suppositional for the 2nd and 3rd.
 
The only (but exceedingly common) auxiliary verb is the "to be" verb, which precedes the verb it modifies and is conjugated the same way.<ref>"If the nominal object always precedes the verb, then verb forms subordinate to the main verb also precede it." - Greenberg's linguistic universals #13</ref>
 
Kinds of Verbs
; Hollow Verbs : The middle consonant is a semi-vowel ('''Y''' or '''W''').  The resulting forms all have a long vowel or diphthong in the stem-based syllable.
; Initial Consonant Cluster : 2 or 3 consonants begin the verb and 1 ends it.  The initial group stays together and the theme vowel is /a/ or /e/.
; Final Consonant Cluster: The first consonant is alone, followed by the vowel /a/ or /e/, but then ended by a consonant cluster.  This final group is often broken up in conjugation.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left;"
|+ Hollow Verb Paradigm
! Tense || Number || Form
|-
! rowspan="3" | Past
! 1
| ḶYPN̖W
|-
! 2
| ḶYP̖W
|-
! 3
| ḶYP̱H
|-
! rowspan="3" | Present
! 1
| LỴP̤N
|-
! 2
| LỴP
|-
! 3
| LỴP̤T
|-
! rowspan="3" | Future
! 1
| N̖WḶYP
|-
! 2
| ṚḶYP
|-
! 3
| W̞ḶYP
|}
 
<br clear="both" />
 
The "to-be" verb is separated into two related verbs, like Korean 있다 and 이다, Japanese います and です, or Chinese 有 and 是. 
 
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left;"
|+ Copulative
|-
! colspan="6" | Past
! 1M
| TYYTY
|-
! 1F
| TYYNW
|-
! 2M
| HYYT
|-
! 2F
| HYYT
|-
! 2D
| HYYTW
|-
! 3
| HT
|-
! colspan="6" | Present
! 1M
|}
 
<br clear="both" />
 
==== Noun Incorporation ====
The Object of a verb may be folded into the verb.  Examples from English include "to sit" + "baby" = "to babysit", and "to pick" + "cherry" = "to cherry-pick".  This is only done with habitual actions, and implies a certain frequency to the action.  For example, only a professional student would say "to paper-write".  Such verbs may take an ergative or absolutive subject, or be made anti-passive.
 
== Nouns ==
Relative clauses immediately follow the noun they modify, as do adjectives and demonstratives, but not numerals<ref> "When the general rule is that the descriptive adjective follows, there may be a minority of adjectives which usually precede, but when the general rule is that descriptive adjectives precede, there are no exceptions." #19 but http://wals.info/chapter/89</ref>.  Genitives are post-nominal, expressed by a postclitic.
 
"If in apposition the proper noun usually precedes the common noun, then the language is one in which the governing noun precedes its dependent genitive. With much better than chance frequency, if the common noun usually precedes the proper noun, the dependent genitive precedes its governing noun." #23
 
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Pronoun table
! # ||  Ergative || Absolutive || Genitive || Dative || Ablative
|-
! 1S
| {{No}} || MR || NW || NY || BNW
|-
! 1D
| ẈY || O̖S || O̱AS || WY || BRS
|-
! 2S
| {{No}} || DK/DX || DYN || DY || DR
|-
! 3AS
| HW || O ||
|-
! 3AD
|-
! 3AP
|-
! 3NS
|-
! 3NP
|}
== Adjectives/Participles ==
Adjectives may not be used as substantives without being changed into a noun.  Only then may they take inflection for number.  Otherwise, adjectives are always unadorned and follow the noun they modify.
 
"When any or all of the items (demonstrative, numeral, and descriptive adjective) precede the noun, they are always found in that order. If they follow, the order is either the same or its exact opposite." #20
 
== Derivational Morphology ==
Grammatical parts of speech are somewhere stricter than in English.  For example, adjectives cannot be used substantively without a suffix.  Somewhat like German, however, rich compounding and word-building is possible<ref>"If a language has inflection, it always has derivation." - Greenberg's linguistic universals #29, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenberg%27s_linguistic_universals</ref>
 
{| class="wikitable"
! Form || Expects || Produces || Meaning
|-
! -NS
| Adjective || Noun || "The quality of being ..." (cp. -ness)
|-
! C-
| Noun || Noun || "The language of ..." (cp. -ish)
|-
! YY-
| Noun || Noun || "An inhabitant of ..."
|}
 
== Discourse Participles ==
; XTATY : (Lit. Heb. "I have sinned") This is very much like the English opening phrase "I confess that".  While (like everything) it is possible to abuse this phrase, it typically begins an utterance with an air of confession, humility and perhaps even admission of guilt.
 
"With well more than chance frequency, when question particles or affixes are specified in position by reference to the sentence as a whole, if initial, such elements are found in prepositional languages, and, if final, in postpositional." - Greenberg's linguistic universals #9
 
== Lexicon ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! LYP
| to jump
| Hollow
|-
|-
! 1h
|    전 || 제가 || 절 || 제 ||
|}
|}


== References ==
== Sino-Dans ==
<references />
; 語 : (수ᄕ) 어 , (캍) 말 - language
; 人 : (수ᄕ) 인 , (캍)  꾸미 - person, human, man
; 一 : (수ᄕ) 일 , (캍) ㅇᆀㄴ - one
; 二 : (수ᄕ) 이 , (캍) 도 - two
; 三 : (수ᄕ) 삼 , (캍) ㄷ리 - three
; 口 : (수ᄕ) 구 , (캍) 뭍  - mouth, opening
; 子 : (수ᄕ) 자 , (캍)  뫾  - son, child
; 女 : (수ᄕ) 녀/여 , (캍) ㅍ롵 - woman

Latest revision as of 15:21, 26 January 2014

따ㅧ語/Dans-mal is a Korean-Germanic language, spoken on the island of Ulleungo by descendants of Vikings. According to folklore, they made a undocumented crossing of Arctic Sea, and began raiding Hokkaido, mainly taking Ainu brides.

Phonology

Consonants
Bilabial Dental Post-Alveolar Velar Labio-Velar Gutteral
Nasal ㅁ m ㄴ n ㅇ ŋ
Voiceless Stop ㅂ p ㄷ t ㄱ k ㅈ kʷ
Voiced Stop ㅃ b ㄸ d ㄲ g ㅉ gʷ
Voiceless Fricative ㅍ ɸ~v ㅌ θ~ð ㅅ s~ɕ ㅋ ʁ~x ㅊ w~ʍ ㅎ h~ɦ
Voiced Fricative ㅆ z~ʑ
Liquid ㄹ l~ɾ
Approximant j ɰ
Vowels
Front-UR Front-R Back-R
High 이 i~ɪ 으 y 우 u
High-Mid 에 e 위 ø 오 o
Mid 애 æ 외 œ 어 ɔ
Low 아 a

Diphthongs: ei -> ᆀ ,

Nominals

Dans-mal has two numbers, seven cases, and two genders. Deixis is 3-way. Topic-comment structures are somewhat common. Number is only seen on pronouns, though the particle 들/dyl can be attached to animate nouns. The genders are "animate" and "inanimate"

  • Topical: 은/는 (C/V)
  • Nominative : -
  • Accusative: 을/를 (C/V)
  • Genitive: 의
  • Dative: 에/에게 (I/A)
  • Locative: 에서/에게서 (I/A)
  • Instrumental: 로/으로 (V/C)

Note: 'h' stands for "humble"

Pronouns
# T N A G D L I
1s 난 엑 믹 민 멬 엑게서 나로
1p 핀 핃 옸 팤 으탴 우리에게서 우리로
1h 전 제가 절 제

Sino-Dans

語
(수ᄕ) 어 , (캍) 말 - language
人
(수ᄕ) 인 , (캍) 꾸미 - person, human, man
一
(수ᄕ) 일 , (캍) ㅇᆀㄴ - one
二
(수ᄕ) 이 , (캍) 도 - two
三
(수ᄕ) 삼 , (캍) ㄷ리 - three
口
(수ᄕ) 구 , (캍) 뭍 - mouth, opening
子
(수ᄕ) 자 , (캍) 뫾 - son, child
女
(수ᄕ) 녀/여 , (캍) ㅍ롵 - woman
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