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== Kannada ==
따ㅧ語/'''Dans-mal''' is a Korean-Germanic language, spoken on the island of Ulleungo by descendants of Vikings.  According to folklore, they made a undocumented crossing of Arctic Sea, and began raiding Hokkaido, mainly taking Ainu brides. 
 
== Phonology ==
 
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|
|+ Consonants
! ø || a || ä || e || ë || i || ï || o || ö || u || ü
|-
! Ø
| {{No|}}  <!--    a A e E i I o O u U    hold option to get combining form //-->
| ಅ || ಆ || ಎ || ಏ || ಇ || ಈ || ಉ || ಊ || ಲ || ಊ
|-
! m  <!--  m  //-->
| ಮ್ || ಮ || ಮಾ || ಮೆ || ಮೇ || ಮಿ|| ಮೀ || ಮೊ || ಮೋ || ಮು || ಮೂ
|-
! n    <!--  n  //-->
| ನ್ || ನ || ನಾ || ನೆ || ನೇ || ನಿ || ನೀ || ನೊ || ನೋ || ನು || ನೂ
|-
! ṇ    <!--  N    //-->
| ಣ್ || ಣ || ಣಾ || ಣೆ || ಣೇ || ಣಿ || ಣೀ || ಣೊ || ಣೋ || ಣು || ಣೂ
|-
! ñ    <!--    z  //-->
|
|-
! ŋ  <!--    Z  //-->
|-
! f  <!--  ೞ  //-->
| ೞ್ || ೞ || ೞಾ
|-
! s  <!--    s  //-->
|-
! ṣ  <!--  x  //-->
|-
|-
! ç  <!--   S  //-->
| || Bilabial || Dental || Post-Alveolar || Velar || Labio-Velar || Gutteral
|-
|-
! x  <!--  ಱ
! Nasal
|  
| ㅁ m || ㄴ n || || ㅇ ŋ || ||
|-
|-
! l    <!--  l    //-->
! Voiceless Stop
| ㅂ p || ㄷ t || || ㄱ k || ㅈ kʷ  ||
|-
|-
! r  <!--    r    //-->
! Voiced Stop
|  
| ㅃ b || ㄸ d || || ㄲ g || ㅉ gʷ ||  
|-
|-
! j  <!--    y    //-->
! Voiceless Fricative
| rowspan="2" valign="middle"  | ㅍ ɸ~v || rowspan="2" valign="middle" | ㅌ θ~ð || ㅅ s~ɕ || rowspan="2" valign="middle" | ㅋ ʁ~x || rowspan="2" valign="middle" | ㅊ w~ʍ || rowspan="2" valign="middle" | ㅎ h~ɦ
|-
|-
! w <!--    v  //-->
! Voiced Fricative
| ㅆ z~ʑ
|-
|-
! g  <!--  G  //-->
! Liquid
| || || ㄹ l~ɾ || || ||
|-
|-
! h  <!--  h  //-->
! Approximant
| || || j || ɰ || ||
|}
|}
<!--  unused  H    //-->
 
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|
|+ Vowels
! ø || a || ä || e || ë || i || ï || o || ö || u || ü
|  
|-
! Front-UR || Front-R || Back-R
! Ø
|-
! p    <!--  p  //-->
|-
! ph  <!--  P  //-->
|-
! p'    <!--  b  //-->
|-
! pq    <!--  B  //-->
|-
! npq
|-
! t  <!--    t  //-->
|-
! th  <!--    T    //-->
|-
! t'    <!--  d    //-->
|-
! tq  <!--  D    //-->
|-
! ntq
|-
! z  <!-- L  //-->
|-
! zq  <!--  J  //-->
|-
! nzq
|-
! ʈ  <!--    q    //-->
|-
! ʈh  <!--  Q  //-->
|-
! ʈ'    <!--  w  //-->
|-
! ʈq  <!--    W    //-->
|-
! nʈq
|-
! c  <!--    c    //-->
|-
! ch  <!--    C    //-->
|-
! c'    <!--  j    //-->
|-
! k <!--    k  //-->
|-
! kh  <!--  K  //-->
|-
|-
! k'  <!---  g  //-->
! High
| 이 i~ɪ || 으 y || 우 u
|-
|-
! '    <!--  ಋ
! High-Mid
| 에 e || 위  ø || 오 o
|-
|-
! 'h  <!--  ೠ
! Mid
| 애 æ || 외 œ  || 어 ɔ
|-
|-
! ` 
! Low
| colspan="3" align="center" | 아 a
|}
|}
== Devarangi ==
Diphthongs: ei -> ᆀ ,
 
== Nominals ==
'''Dans-mal''' has two numbers, seven cases, and two genders.  Deixis is 3-way.  Topic-comment structures are somewhat common.  Number is only seen on pronouns, though the particle 들/dyl can be attached to animate nouns.  The genders are "animate" and "inanimate"


{| class="wikitable" style="float:right;"
* Topical: 은/는 (C/V)
|
* Nominative : -
! Ø
* Accusative: 을/를 (C/V)
! m || n || ṇ || ñ || ŋ
* Genitive: 의
! f || z || s || ṣ || ç || x
* Dative: 에/에게 (I/A)
! l || r || j || w || g || h
* Locative:  에서/에게서 (I/A)
|-
* Instrumental: 로/으로 (V/C)
! a
| अ
| म || न || ण || ञ || ङ
| फ़ || ळ || स || ष || श || ख़
| ल || र || य || व || हँ || ह
|-
! ä
| आ
| मा || ना || णा || ञा || ङा
| फ़ा || ळा || सा || षा || शा || ख़ा
| ला || रा || या || वा || हँा || हा
|-
! e
| ए
| मे || ने || णे || ञे || ङे
| फ़े || ळे || से || षे || शे || ख़े
| ले || रे || ये || वे || हंे || हे
|-
! ë
| ऐ
| मै || नै || णै || ञै || ङै
| फ़ै || ळै || सै || षै || शै || ख़ै
| लै || रै || यै || वै || हैं || है
|-
! i
| इ
| मि || नि || णि || ञि || ङि
| फ़ि || ळि || सि || षि || शि || ख़ि
| लि || रि || यि || वि || हंि || हि
|-
! ï
| ई
| मी || नी || णी || ञी || ङी
| फ़ी || ळी || सी || षी || शी || ख़ी
| ली || री || यी || वी || हीं || ही
|-
! o
| ओ
| मो || नो ||  णो || ञो || ङो
| फ़ो || ळो || सो || षो || शो || ख़ो
| लो || रो || यो || वो || हों || हो
|-
! ö
| औ
| मौ || नौ || णौ || ञौ || ङौ
| फ़ौ || ळौ || सौ || षौ || शौ || ख़ौ
| लौ || रौ || यौ || वौ || हौं || हौ
|-
! u
| उ
| मु || नु || णु || ञु || ङु
| फंु || ळु || सु || षु|| शु || खंु
| लु || रु || यु || वु || हँु || हु
|-
! ü
| ऊ
| मू || नू || णू || ञू || ङू
| फंू || ळू || सू || षू || शू || खंू
| लू || रू || यू || वू || हँू || हू
|-
! ø
| style="background:#aaa;" |
| मऽ || नऽ || णऽ || ञऽ || ङऽ
| फ़ऽ || ळऽ || सऽ || षऽ || शऽ || ख़ऽ
| लऽ || रऽ || यऽ || वऽ || हँऽ || हऽ
|}
In India, a method for writing Parseltongue in Devanāgarī arose independently.  Some general principles are.
* The ''avagraha'' (ऽ) is used for consonants without immediately subsequent vowels.
* The ''visarga'' (ः) is used for geminate consonants and long vowels
* The long-vowel symbols were used as -ATR symbols.
* /e/ and /i/ use /ai/ and /au/ as their -ATR symbols.
* The ''candrabindu/anunāsika'' is used on nasalized clicks and '''g''', while ''nukta/anusvāra'' is a general diacritic.
=== Ø, Nasals, Fricatives, and Approximants ===


* The 'p'-series plus ''nukta'' makes the /θ̟/ fricative series.
Note: 'h' stands for "humble"
** The ''nukta'' becomes an ''anunāsika'' to make room in '''fu''' and '''fü'''.
{| class="wikitable"
* The 'kh'-series plus ''nukta'' makes the /x/ series.
|+ Pronouns
** The ''nukta'' becomes an ''anunāsika'' to make room in '''xu''' and '''xü'''.
! # || T || N || A || G || D || L || I
* The ळ-series has been utilized to make the lateral (/ɬ/) series.
* The 'h'-series plus ''candrabindu'' makes the /ħ/ series.
** The ''candrabindu'' becomes an ''anunāsika'' to make room in '''ge''', '''gë''', '''gi''', '''gï''', '''go''', and '''gö'''.
* The use of 'v' for 'w' is ''consistent'' (i.e. there are no 'v's).
<br clear="both" />
=== Stops and Clicks ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:left;"
| rowspan="2" |
! colspan="5" | Interdental
! colspan="5" | Alveolar
! colspan="2" | Lateral
! colspan="5" | Retroflex
! colspan="3" | Palatal
! colspan="3" | Velar
! colspan="3" | *Glottal
|-
! p || ph || p' || pq || npq
! t || th || t' || tq || ntq
! zq || nzq
! ʈ || ʈh || ʈ' || ʈq || nʈq
! c || ch || c'
! k || kh || k'
! ' || 'h || `
|-
! a
| प || फ || ब || भ || भँ
| त || थ || ध || ध || धँ
| ऌ || ऌँ
| ट || ठ || ड || ढ || ढँ
| च || छ || ज <!--झ//--> <!--झँ//-->
| क || ख || ग <!--घ//--> <!--घँ//-->
| ॽ || ॽं || ॻ
|-
! ä
| पा || फा || बा || भा || भँा
| ता || था || दा || धा || धँा
| ऌा || ऌँा
| टा || ठा || डा || ढा || ढँा
| चा || छा || जा
| का || खा || गा
| ॽा || ॽंा || ॻा
|-
! e
| पे || फे || बे || भे || भें
| ते || थे || दे || धे || धें
| ऌे || ऌंे
| टे || ठे || डे || ढे || ढें
| चे || छे || जे
| के || खे || गे
| ॽे || ॽंे || ॻे
|-
! ë
| पै || फै || बै || भै || भैं
| तै || थै || दै || धै || धैं
| ऌै || ऌंै
| टै || ठै || डै || ढै || ढैं
| चै || छै || जै
| कै || खै || गै
| ॽै || ॽंै|| ॻै
|-
! i
| पि || फि || बि || भी || भँि
| ति || थि || दि || धी || धँि
| ऌि || ऌँि
| टि || ठि || दि || ढि || ढँि
| चि || छि || जि
| कि || खि || गि
| ॽि || ॽंि || ॻि
|-
! ï
| पी || फी || बी || भी || भीं
| ती || थी || दी || धी || धीं
| ऌी || ऌीं
| टी || ठी || डी || ढी || ढीं
| ची || छी || जी
| की || खी || गी
| ॽी || ॽीं || ॻी
|-
! o
| पो || फो || बो || भो || भों
| तो || थो || दो || धो || धों
| ऌो || ऌों
| टो || ठो || डो || ढो || ढों
| चो || छो || जो
| को || खो || गो
| ॽो || ॽों || ॻो
|-
! ö
| पौ || फौ  || बौ || भौ || भौं
| तौ || थौ || दौ || धौ || धौं
| ऌौ || ऌौं
| टौ || ठौ || डौ || ढौ || ढौं
| चौ || छौ || जौ
| कौ || खौ || गौ
| ॽौ || ॽौं || ॻौ
|-
|-
! u
! 1s
| पु || फु || बु || भु || बँु
|       난 || 엑 || 믹 || 민 || 멬 || 엑게서 || 나로
| तु || थु || दु || धु || धँु
| ऌु || ऌँू
| टु || ठु || डु || ढु || ढँु
| चु || छु || जु
| कु || खु || गु
| ॽु || ॽंु || ॻु
|-
|-
! ü
! 1p
| पू || फू || बू || भू || भँू
|     핀 || 핃 || 옸 || 팤 || 으탴 || 우리에게서 || 우리로
| तू || थू || दू || धू || धँू
| ऌू || ऌँू
| टू || ठू || डू || ढू || ढँू
| चू || छू || जू
| कू || खू || गू
| ॽू || ॽंू || ॻू
|-
|-
! ø
! 1h
| style="background:#aaa;" |  
|     전 || 제가 || 절 || 제 ||  
| style="background:#aaa;" | 
| style="background:#aaa;" |
| भऽ || भँऽ
| style="background:#aaa;" |
| style="background:#aaa;" |
| style="background:#aaa;" |
| धऽ || धँऽ
| ऌऽ || ऌँऽ
| style="background:#aaa;" |
| style="background:#aaa;" |
| style="background:#aaa;" |
| ढऽ || ढँऽ
| style="background:#aaa;" |
| style="background:#aaa;" |
| style="background:#aaa;" |
| style="background:#aaa;" |
| style="background:#aaa;" |
| style="background:#aaa;" |
| style="background:#aaa;" |
| style="background:#aaa;" |
| style="background:#aaa;" |  
|}
|}


 
== Sino-Dans ==
* The voiced stops serve as ejectives.
; 語 : (수ᄕ) 어 , (캍) 말 - language
* The aspirated voiced stops serve as clicks.
; 人 : (수ᄕ) 인 , (캍) 꾸미 - person, human, man
* The modern glottal stop symbol (ॽ) is used for ''''a''', or with a ''visarga'' for ''''ha'''.
; 一 : (수ᄕ) 일 , (캍) ㅇᆀㄴ - one
** The ingressive ॻ is used for the epiglottal stop.
; 二 : (수ᄕ) 이 , (캍) 도 - two
* The ''dantya'' (ऌ) is used for the lateral click.
; 三 : (수ᄕ) 삼 , (캍) ㄷ리 - three
* The ''candrabindu'' becomes an ''anunāsika'' before an '''e''', '''ë''', '''ï''', '''o''', or '''ö''' in all cases.
; 口 : (수ᄕ) 구 , (캍) 뭍  - mouth, opening
; 子 : (수ᄕ) 자 , (캍)  뫾  - son, child
; 女 : (수ᄕ) 녀/여 , (캍) ㅍ롵 - woman

Latest revision as of 16:21, 26 January 2014

따ㅧ語/Dans-mal is a Korean-Germanic language, spoken on the island of Ulleungo by descendants of Vikings. According to folklore, they made a undocumented crossing of Arctic Sea, and began raiding Hokkaido, mainly taking Ainu brides.

Phonology

Consonants
Bilabial Dental Post-Alveolar Velar Labio-Velar Gutteral
Nasal ㅁ m ㄴ n ㅇ ŋ
Voiceless Stop ㅂ p ㄷ t ㄱ k ㅈ kʷ
Voiced Stop ㅃ b ㄸ d ㄲ g ㅉ gʷ
Voiceless Fricative ㅍ ɸ~v ㅌ θ~ð ㅅ s~ɕ ㅋ ʁ~x ㅊ w~ʍ ㅎ h~ɦ
Voiced Fricative ㅆ z~ʑ
Liquid ㄹ l~ɾ
Approximant j ɰ
Vowels
Front-UR Front-R Back-R
High 이 i~ɪ 으 y 우 u
High-Mid 에 e 위 ø 오 o
Mid 애 æ 외 œ 어 ɔ
Low 아 a

Diphthongs: ei -> ᆀ ,

Nominals

Dans-mal has two numbers, seven cases, and two genders. Deixis is 3-way. Topic-comment structures are somewhat common. Number is only seen on pronouns, though the particle 들/dyl can be attached to animate nouns. The genders are "animate" and "inanimate"

  • Topical: 은/는 (C/V)
  • Nominative : -
  • Accusative: 을/를 (C/V)
  • Genitive: 의
  • Dative: 에/에게 (I/A)
  • Locative: 에서/에게서 (I/A)
  • Instrumental: 로/으로 (V/C)

Note: 'h' stands for "humble"

Pronouns
# T N A G D L I
1s 난 엑 믹 민 멬 엑게서 나로
1p 핀 핃 옸 팤 으탴 우리에게서 우리로
1h 전 제가 절 제

Sino-Dans

語
(수ᄕ) 어 , (캍) 말 - language
人
(수ᄕ) 인 , (캍) 꾸미 - person, human, man
一
(수ᄕ) 일 , (캍) ㅇᆀㄴ - one
二
(수ᄕ) 이 , (캍) 도 - two
三
(수ᄕ) 삼 , (캍) ㄷ리 - three
口
(수ᄕ) 구 , (캍) 뭍 - mouth, opening
子
(수ᄕ) 자 , (캍) 뫾 - son, child
女
(수ᄕ) 녀/여 , (캍) ㅍ롵 - woman
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