Proto-Austronesian Hebrew/Morphology: Difference between revisions

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== Nouns ==
== Nouns ==
Like everything in PAH, nouns are generally derived from tri-consonantal roots.  There are some one-letter-root words.  They are all masculine.
* グ/gu - noise
* ス/su - this
* プ/pu - mouth
* ス゚/͏cu - ship
* ク゚/͏ŋu - who
In the singular-construct state, they are monoptotic and the vowel changes to -ey.
PH segolates follow the form CvCCu in the absolute and CvCvC in the construct, in PAH.
=== Masculine ===
=== Masculine ===


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:left;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:left;"
|+ Absolute State
|+ Absolute State
|
| case
! Singular || Dual || Plural
! Singular || Dual || Plural
| case
|-
|-
! Direct
! Direct
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| -āmi
| -āmi
| -ūma
| -ūma
! D
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| -i
| -i
| rowspan="2" | -aymi
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | -aymi
| rowspan="2" | -īma
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | -īma
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
|-
|-
! Indirect
! Indirect
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:left;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:left;"
|+ Construct State
|+ Construct State
|
| case
! Singular || Dual || Plural
! Singular || Dual || Plural
| case
|-
|-
! Direct
! Direct
| -Ø
| rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | -Ø
| -ā
| -ām
| -ū
| -ūm
! D
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| -Ø
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | -aym
| rowspan="2" | -ay
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | -īm
| rowspan="2" | -ī
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
|-
|-
! Indirect
! Indirect
| -Ø
|}
|}


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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:left;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:left;"
|+ Absolute State
|+ Absolute State
|
| case
! Singular || Dual || Plural
! Singular || Dual || Plural
| case
|-
|-
! Direct
! Direct
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| -atōmi
| -atōmi
| -ōtu
| -ōtu
! D
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| -ati
| -ati
| rowspan="2" | -ataymi
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | -ataymi
| rowspan="2" | -ōti
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | -ōti
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
|-
|-
! Indirect
! Indirect
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:left;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:left;"
|+ Construct State
|+ Construct State
|
| case
! Singular || Dual || Plural
! Singular || Dual || Plural
| case
|-
|-
! Direct
! Direct
| -at
| rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | -at
| -atō
| -atōm
| -atū
| rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | -ōt
! D
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| -at
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | -ataym
| rowspan="2" | -atay
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
| rowspan="2" | -atī
|-
|-
! Indirect
! Indirect
| -at
|}
|}


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Personal pronouns are often omitted, except in verbless clauses.  There are two forms: one can exist independently and the other is a suffix attached to the construct/pronominal-state noun.
Personal pronouns are often omitted, except in verbless clauses.  There are two forms: one can exist independently and the other is a suffix attached to the construct/pronominal-state noun.


{| class="wikitable" style="float:left;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:left;"
|+ First person
|+ First person
| case
| case
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|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
| rowspan="2" | 'aku
| rowspan="2" | アク <br /> 'aku
! rowspan="2" | sing.
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | sing.
|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
| rowspan="2" | 'ani
| rowspan="2" | アニ <br /> 'ani
! rowspan="2" | dual
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | dual
|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
| 'anīnū
| アニ̅ヌ̅ <br /> 'anīnū
! rowspan="2" | pl.
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | pl.
|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
| 'anīnī
| アニ̅ニ̅ <br /> 'anīnī
|}
|}


{| class="wikitable" style="float:left;"
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left; text-align:center;"
|+ Second person
|+ Second person
| case
| case
Line 122: Line 138:
|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
| rowspan="2" | 'āttā
| rowspan="2" | ア̅ッタ̅ <br /> 'āttā
| rowspan="2" | 'ātti
| rowspan="2" | ア̅ッチ <br /> 'ātti
! rowspan="2" | sing
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | sing
|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
| colspan="2" | 'attumā
| colspan="2" | アッツマ̅ <br /> 'attumā
! rowspan="2" | dual
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | dual
|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
| colspan="2" | 'attumay
| colspan="2" | アッツマィ <br/> 'attumay
|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
| 'attumū
| アッツム̅ <br /> 'attumū
| rowspan="2" | 'attinnā
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | アッチッナ̅ <br /> 'attinnā
! rowspan="2" | plural
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | plural
|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
| 'attumī
| アッツミ̅ <br /> 'attumī
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left;"
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left; text-align:center;"
|+ Third person
|+ Third person
| case
| case
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|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
| huwa
| フワ <br /> huwa
| hiya
| ヒヤ <br /> hiya
! rowspan="2" | sing.
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | sing.
|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
| huwati
| フワチ <br /> huwati
| hiyati
| ヒヤチ <br /> hiyati
|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
| colspan="2" | humā
| colspan="2" | フマ̅ <br /> humā
! rowspan="2" | dual
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | dual
|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
| colspan="2" | humay
| colspan="2" | フマィ <br /> humay
|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
| humū
| フム̅ <br /> humū
| rowspan="2" | hinnā
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ヒッナ̅ <br /> hinnā
! rowspan="2" | plural
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | plural
|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
| humī
| フミ̅ <br /> humī
|}
|}
<br clear="both" />
<br clear="both" />


=== Personal - Suffix ===
=== Personal - Suffix ===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:right"
|+ align="bottom" |
|
|
! Sing. || Dual || Pl.
! Sing. || Dual || Pl.
|-
|-
! 1c
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | 1c
| -ī* <br /> -ya <br /> -nī
| -ī <br /> -nī
| -nayā
| style="vertical-align:middle;"  | -nayā
| -nū
| style="vertical-align:middle;"  | -nū
|-
|-
! 2m
! 2m
| -ka
| -kā
| rowspan="2" | -kumā
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | -kumā
| -kum
| -kem
|-
|-
! 2f
! 2f
| -ki
| -ki
| -kun
| -kin
|-
|-
! 3m
! 3m
| -ō/-hū
| -ō
| rowspan="2" | -humā
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | -humā
| -(hu)m
| -hem
|-
|-
! 3f
! 3f
| -ha/-ah
| -hā
| -(hi)n
| -hin
|}
|}
-ī takes the place of the nominative ending -u


The customary noun in Hebrew grammars to show the enclitic personal pronouns is סוּס/sūs, which means 'horse'.  Horses were unknown in Southeast Asai in the first millenium B.C., and so that meaning of the word became mythical.  The ordinary meaning of スス, however was 'canoe', the meaning we will use here.
{| class="wikitable"
! kana
! roman.
! gloss
|-
! スシ̅ <br /> スㇲニ̅
| susī <br /> susnī
| my canoe <br /> of my canoe
|-
! スㇲカ
| suska
| your (m) canoe
|-
! スㇲキ
| suski
| your (f) canoe
|-
! スソ̅
| susō
| his canoe
|-
! スㇲハ̅
| sushā
| her canoe
|-
! スㇲナヤ̅
| susnayā
| our² canoe
|-
! スㇲクマ̅
| suskumā
| y'all's² canoe
|-
! スㇲフマ̅
| sushumā
| their² canoe
|-
! スㇲヌ̅
| susnū
| our canoe
|-
! スㇲケㇺ
| suskem
| y'all's (m) canoe
|-
! スㇲキㇴ
| suskin
| y'all's (f) canoe
|-
! スㇲヘㇺ
| sushem
| their (m) canoe
|-
! スㇲヒㇴ
| sushin
| their (f) canoe
|}
=== Relative ===
=== Relative ===
The relative pronoun in PAH seems to be derived from the Akkadian/Ugaritic pronoun *ðu-.  The progress of the consonant seems to have been *ð > *z > *s.
The relative pronoun in PAH seems to be derived from the Aramaic pronoun *šu-.  The relative pronoun can act as a proclitic particle or it stands alone and receives stress on the penultimate/only syllable (as one would expect).
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
| case
| case
! Masc.
! Masc.
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|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
| ス̅<br />sū
| ク゚͏<br />ŋu
| サ̅ツ<br />sātu
| カ゚̅ツ͏<br />ŋātu
! rowspan="3" | sing.
! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | sing.
|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | G
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | G
| シ̅<br />sī
| キ゚͏<br />ŋi
| サ̅チ<br />sāti
| カ゚̅チ<br />ŋāti
|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | I
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | I
| サ̅<br />sā
| カ゚͏<br />ŋa
| サ̅タ<br />sāta
| カ゚̅タ<br />ŋāta
|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
| colspan="2" | ス̅ツ̅<br />sūtū
| colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ク゚̅ツ̅<br />ŋūtū
! rowspan="2"  style="vertical-align:middle;"| dual <br /> / <br /> plural
! rowspan="2"  style="vertical-align:middle;"| dual <br /> / <br /> plural
|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
| colspan="2" | ス̅チ̅<br />sūtī
| colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ク゚̅チ̅<br />ŋūtī
|}
|}
=== Demonstrative ===
=== Demonstrative ===
==== Near ====
==== Near ====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
| case
| case
! M
! Masc.
! F
! Fem.
| #
| #
|-
|-
! -
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
| hō
| ス<br />su
| hōt
| ソ̅ツ<br />sōtu
! sing.
! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | sing.
|-
|-
! -
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | G
| colspan="2" | hōni
| シ<br />si
! dual
| ソ̅チ<br />sōti
|-
|-
! -
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | I
| colspan="2" | 'illey
| サ<br />sa
! plural
| ソ̅タ<br />sōta
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
| colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | イッル゚̅ <br />'illū
! rowspan="2"  style="vertical-align:middle;"| dual <br /> / <br /> plural
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
| colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | イッリ゚̅ <br />'illī
|}
|}
==== Far ====
==== Far ====
The 3rd person personal pronoun is used as if it were a far-deitic pronoun/adjective.
The 3rd person personal pronoun is used as if it were a far-deitic pronoun/adjective.  It is also used in verbless clauses, like all pronouns.  More confusingly, huwa/hiya also functions like a relative pronoun, or better yet as "that is". "the one", "the very one", or "that one".


=== Interrogative and Indefinite ===
=== Interrogative and Indefinite ===
Unlike all the other pronouns, these inflect for personal vs. impersonal, not gender
Unlike all the other pronouns, these inflect for personal vs. impersonal, not gender.  Note, the dual and plural forms are sometimes used for emphasis against a single referent.


==== Interrogative ====
==== Interrogative ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
| case
! Who?
! What(ever)?
| #
|-
! D
| ミ̅ユ <br /> mīyu
| rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | マ̅ <br /> mā
! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | sing.
|-
! G
| ミ̅マ <br/> mīya
|-
! I
| ミ̅乂 <br /> mīyi
|-
! D
| ミ̅ヨ̅ミ <br /> mīyōmi
| マ̅マ̅ <br /> māmā
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | dual
|-
! O
| ミ̅マィミ <br /> mīyaymi
| マ̅マィ <br /> māmay
|-
! D
| ミ̅ユ̅マ <br />  mīyūma
| マ̅ム̅ <br />  māmū
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | plural
|-
! O
| ミ̅乂̅マ <br /> mīyīma
| マ̅ミ̅ <br /> māmī
|}


==== Indefinite ====
==== Indefinite ====
These forms often take enclitic pronouns.  Again, there are personal and impersonal forms, not genders.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ "Which(ever)"
| case
! personal
! impersonal
| #
|-
! D
| マッヌ <br /> mannu
| ミ̅ヌ <br /> mīnu
! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | sing.
|-
! G
| マッナ <br /> manna
| ミ̅ナ <br /> mīna
|-
! I
| マッニ <br /> manni
| ミ̅ニ <br /> mīni
|-
! D
| マッヌマ̅ <br /> mannumā
| ミ̅ヌマ̅ <br /> mīnumā
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | dual
|-
! O
| マッヌマィ <br /> mannumay
| ミ̅ヌマィ <br /> mīnumay
|-
! D
| マッヌム̅ <br /> mannumū
| ミ̅ヌム̅ <br /> mīnumū
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | plural
|-
! O
| マッヌミ̅ <br /> mannumī
| ミ̅ヌミ̅ <br /> mīnumī
|}
The dual and plural of '''mannu''' can be used impersonally.  The construct forms are '''man-''' and '''mīn-''' in the singular and '''mannum-''' and '''mīnum-''' in the dual/plural.
== Adverbs ==
=== Suffixing ===
These attach to the indirect/oblique case of the singular noun.
; -ㇷ/-h : This is similar to the Old English "-ward" suffix, as in 'earthward' or 'heavenward'.  It can be used locally or temporally. It attaches to the genitive/oblique case.<br /> e.g.  アㇽサ゚ㇷ/'arcah = towards the earth/groundward ; カ゚̅マィミㇷ/ŋāmaymih = towards the sky/heavenward.  There is a unique construction,  ア̅ダㇷ/'ādah = together (not "one-ward").
; -ㇺ/-m : This makes a noun into an adverb, like the English "-ly" suffix.  It attaches to the singular genitive, although there are dual constructions: <br /> ヤマナィミㇺ /yamanaymim - ambidextrously ("two-right-handedly").  Be sure an ya- has not been added to the front of the word, otherwise -m is just part of a vocative construction.
; ヤ̅-...-ㇺ/yā-...-m : vocative marker
; -ィダ/-yda : Like the English "times", this attaches to numbers.  e.g. チナィダ/tinayda = twice
=== Independent ===
; tm : there
; hlm/hlny/hnny : here
; `nt/`tn/ht : now
; 'apnk/'idk : then, thereupon
; 'al : 'surely' with imperfect, 'not' with jussives
; kn : rightly, thus
; mid : very much
; 'ayka(m) : how?
; 'iyyi/'i : where?
; 'an : where?
; lama : why?  for what
; lō : not
; bal : no, without
; ying : there is/are
; 'ayin : there is/are not
== Particles ==
; he : question particle
; wi : common conjunction
; pē : clause conjunction
; ap : also
; 'ō : or, adversative
; hlm : when, as soon as
; hm : if, or
; koy : since, because, if, when, which
== Prepositions ==
=== Inseparable Prepositions ===
バ-/ba- means in, at, among, (or 'when' with infinitive construct verbs), etc.  With pronouns, it has certain conjugated forms:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ align="bottom" |
|
! Sing. || Dual || Pl.
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | 1c
| ビ̅ <br /> bī
| style="vertical-align:middle;"  | バナヤ̅ <br />  banayā
| style="vertical-align:middle;"  | バヌ̅ <br />  banū
|-
! 2m
| バカ̅ <br />  bakā
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | バクマ̅ <br />  bakumā
| バケㇺ <br /> bakem
|-
! 2f
| バキ <br /> baki
| バキㇴ <br /> bakin
|-
! 3m
| ボ̅ <br /> bō
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | バフマ̅ <br />  bahumā
| バヘㇺ <br /> bahem
|-
! 3f
| バハ̅ <br /> bahā
| バヒㇴ <br />  bahin
|}
ラ͏͏͏͏゚-/͏la- means to, onto, for, etc.  With pronouns, it has certain conjugated forms:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ align="bottom" |
|
! Sing. || Dual || Pl.
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | 1c
| リ̅゜<br /> lī
| style="vertical-align:middle;"  | ラ゚ナヤ̅ <br />  lanayā
| style="vertical-align:middle;"  | ラ゚ヌ̅ <br />  lanū
|-
! 2m
| ラ゚カ̅ <br />  lakā
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ラ゚クマ̅ <br />  lakumā
| ラ゚ケㇺ͏ <br /> lakem
|-
! 2f
| ラ゚キ͏ <br /> laki
| ラ゚キㇴ͏ <br /> lakin
|-
! 3m
| ロ̅゜ <br /> lō
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ラ゚フマ̅ <br />  lahumā
| ラ゚ヘㇺ͏ <br /> lahem
|-
! 3f
| ラ゚ハ̅ <br /> lahā
| ラ゚ヒㇴ͏ <br />  lahin
|}
カ-/ka- means 'like' or 'as'.  The primitive Hebrew form カモ/kamo re-emerges when pronouns are attached and in poetry.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ align="bottom" |
|
! Sing. || Dual || Pl.
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | 1c
| カモィ <br /> kamoy
| style="vertical-align:middle;"  | カモナヤ̅ <br />  kamonayā
| style="vertical-align:middle;"  | カモヌ̅ <br />  kamonū
|-
! 2m
| カモカ̅ <br />  kamokā
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | カモクマ̅ <br />  kamokumā
| カモケㇺ͏ <br /> kamokem
|-
! 2f
| カモキ͏ <br /> kamoki
| カモキㇴ͏ <br /> kamokin
|-
! 3m
| カモゥ <br /> kamow
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | カモフマ̅ <br />  kamohumā
| カモヘㇺ͏ <br /> kamohem
|-
! 3f
| カモハ̅ <br /> kamohā
| カモヒㇴ͏ <br />  kamohin
|}
タ/ta- is the definite direct object marker.  With pronouns, it has certain conjugated forms, where the primitive Hebrew 'ot(a)- re-emerges:
=== Mixed ===
ミㇴ/ミッ/min-/mi+ is preposition meaning from, or than.  With pronouns, it has certain conjugated forms, where the primitive Hebrew mimmē- re-emerges:
; 'it(ta) : with
; gal(e) : 'upon'
; 'im(ma) : 'with'
; 'od(d) : still, yet
; da : until
; taqat(a) : under
; 'aqar(e) : after
; lapan(a) : before
; sabīb(e) : around
; hinn(a) : ergative
=== Separable ===
; beyna : between
; bāda : behind
== Verbs ==
: ''See the main page on verbs for a more complete listing.''
Repeated patterns are marked, but are most often distinguished by ablaut.
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left;"
|+ Non-present perfective
| #
| g
! Sing.
! Dual
! Plural
|-
! 1 || c.
| -tū
| -nayā
| -nū
|-
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | 2
! m.
| {{Yes|-tā}}
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | -temā
| -temū
|-
! f.
| -tī
| -tinā
|-
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | 3
! m.
| style="background:wheat;" | -a
| style="background:MediumTurquoise;" | -ā
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; background:limegreen" | -ū
|-
! f.
| -ō
| {{Yes|-tā}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left;"
|+ Non-past Progressive/Imperfective
| #
| g
! Sing.
! Dual
! Plural
|-
! 1 || c.
| 'a- - -u
| na- - -ā
| na- - -u
|-
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | 2
! m.
| style="background: mediumorchid;" | ta- - -u
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ta- - -āna
| ta- - -ūna
|-
! f.
| ta- - -īna
| {{No|ta- - -nā}}
|-
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | 3
! m.
| ya- - -u
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ya- - -āni
| ya- - -ūna
|-
! f.
| style="background: mediumorchid;" | ta- - -u
| {{No|ya- - -nā}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left;"
|+ Past Imperfective (Narrative)
| #
| g
! Sing.
! Dual
! Plural
|-
! 1 || c.
| wa- - -
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | wana- - -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | 2
! m.
| style="background: mediumorchid;" | watta- - -
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | watta- - -ā
| watta- - -ū
|-
! f.
| watta- - -ī
| style="background: orchid;" | watta- - -ā
|-
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | 3
! m.
| wayya- - -
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | wayya- - -ā
| wayya- - -ū
|-
! f.
| style="background: mediumorchid;" | watta- - -
| style="background: orchid;" | wayya- - -ā
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left;"
|+ Contemplative/Jussive
| #
| g
! Sing.
! Dual
! Plural
|-
! 1 || c.
| 'a- - -
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | na- - -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | 2
! m.
| style="background: mediumorchid;" | ta- - -
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ta- - -ā
| ta- - -ū
|-
! f.
| ta- - -ī
| style="background: orchid;" | ta- - -ā
|-
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | 3
! m.
| ya- - -
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ya- - -ā
| ya- - -ū
|-
! f.
| style="background: mediumorchid;" | ta- - -
| style="background: orchid;" | ta- - -ā
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left;"
|+ Cohortative and Imperative
| #
| g
! Sing.
! Dual
! Plural
|-
! 1 || c.
| 'a- - -a
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | na- - -a
|-
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | 2
! m.
| style="background:wheat;" | -(a)
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; background:MediumTurquoise;" | -ā
| style="background:limegreen;" | -ū
|-
! f.
| -ī
| -nā
|}
<br clear="both" />
Participles follow the predicable -u/-atu normal ending pattern.  Infinitives are sometimes the same as participles, but usually are distinguish by ablaut. 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
| Stem
! Actor
! Object
! Local
! Benefact.
|-
! Simple
| QaTaL-
| naQTaL-
| 'iQtuTiL-
| QuTuTuL-
|-
! Intensive
| QiTTaL-
| QuTTal-
| hitQaTTel-
| QuTTōTel-
|-
! Causative
| hiQTīL-
| hoQTaL-
| ŋitQaTel-
| ŋuQTaTel-
|}
== Numerals ==
All forms are given in the absolute state, direct case.  Numbers are treated like adjective and match their nouns in case, gender, state, and definiteness.
=== Cardinals ===
{| class="wikitable"
| #
! m.
! f.
|-
! 1
| 'ādu
| 'ādtu
|-
! 2
| ŋenāmi
| ŋettōmi
|}
One and two are frequently used as attributive adjectives.  They normally follow the noun they modifies.  They may also be used substantively in the construct state.
{| class="wikitable"
| #
! m.
! f.
|-
! 3
| ŋalōŋu
| ŋalōŋtu
|-
! 4
| 'arbu
| 'arabatu
|-
! 5
| gameŋu
| gameŋatu
|-
! 6
| ŋeŋu
| ŋeŋatu
|-
! 7
| ŋabu
| ŋabatu
|-
! 8
| ŋamonu
| ŋamonatu
|-
! 9
| tiŋu
| tiŋatu
|-
! 10
| 'aŋaru
| 'aŋatatu
|}
The numbers 3 to 10 can also be substantive, but there is '''''the opposite of gender-agreement.''''' As in Hebrew, this is called '''chiastic agreement'''.  That means, the masculine form is used with feminine nouns and the masculine form is used with feminine nouns.  The construct form always precedes the noun it modifies.  The absolute, typically in apposition, typically precedes the noun.
=== Ordinal ===
After 10, cardinals are used as ordinals.

Latest revision as of 19:14, 22 February 2013

Nouns

Like everything in PAH, nouns are generally derived from tri-consonantal roots. There are some one-letter-root words. They are all masculine.

  • グ/gu - noise
  • ス/su - this
  • プ/pu - mouth
  • ス゚/͏cu - ship
  • ク゚/͏ŋu - who

In the singular-construct state, they are monoptotic and the vowel changes to -ey.

PH segolates follow the form CvCCu in the absolute and CvCvC in the construct, in PAH.

Masculine

Absolute State
case Singular Dual Plural case
Direct -u -āmi -ūma D
Genitive -i -aymi -īma O
Indirect -a
Construct State
case Singular Dual Plural case
Direct -Ø -ām -ūm D
Genitive -aym -īm O
Indirect


Feminine

Absolute State
case Singular Dual Plural case
Direct -atu -atōmi -ōtu D
Genitive -ati -ataymi -ōti O
Indirect -ata
Construct State
case Singular Dual Plural case
Direct -at -atōm -ōt D
Genitive -ataym O
Indirect


Pronouns

Personal - Independent

Personal pronouns are often omitted, except in verbless clauses. There are two forms: one can exist independently and the other is a suffix attached to the construct/pronominal-state noun.

First person
case Common #
D アク
'aku 		sing.
O
D アニ
'ani 		dual
O
D アニ̅ヌ̅
'anīnū 		pl.
O アニ̅ニ̅
'anīnī
Second person
case Masc. Fem. #
D ア̅ッタ̅
'āttā 		ア̅ッチ
'ātti 		sing
O
D アッツマ̅
'attumā 		dual
O アッツマィ
'attumay
D アッツム̅
'attumū 		アッチッナ̅
'attinnā 		plural
O アッツミ̅
'attumī
Third person
case Masc. Fem. #
D フワ
huwa 		ヒヤ
hiya 		sing.
O フワチ
huwati 		ヒヤチ
hiyati
D フマ̅
humā 		dual
O フマィ
humay
D フム̅
humū 		ヒッナ̅
hinnā 		plural
O フミ̅
humī


Personal - Suffix

Sing. Dual Pl.
1c -ī
-nī 		-nayā -nū
2m -kā -kumā -kem
2f -ki -kin
3m -ō -humā -hem
3f -hā -hin

The customary noun in Hebrew grammars to show the enclitic personal pronouns is סוּס/sūs, which means 'horse'. Horses were unknown in Southeast Asai in the first millenium B.C., and so that meaning of the word became mythical. The ordinary meaning of スス, however was 'canoe', the meaning we will use here.

kana roman. gloss
スシ̅
スㇲニ̅ 		susī
susnī 		my canoe
of my canoe
スㇲカ suska your (m) canoe
スㇲキ suski your (f) canoe
スソ̅ susō his canoe
スㇲハ̅ sushā her canoe
スㇲナヤ̅ susnayā our² canoe
スㇲクマ̅ suskumā y'all's² canoe
スㇲフマ̅ sushumā their² canoe
スㇲヌ̅ susnū our canoe
スㇲケㇺ suskem y'all's (m) canoe
スㇲキㇴ suskin y'all's (f) canoe
スㇲヘㇺ sushem their (m) canoe
スㇲヒㇴ sushin their (f) canoe

Relative

The relative pronoun in PAH seems to be derived from the Aramaic pronoun *šu-. The relative pronoun can act as a proclitic particle or it stands alone and receives stress on the penultimate/only syllable (as one would expect).

case Masc. Fem. #
D ク゚͏
ŋu 		カ゚̅ツ͏
ŋātu 		sing.
G キ゚͏
ŋi 		カ゚̅チ
ŋāti
I カ゚͏
ŋa 		カ゚̅タ
ŋāta
D ク゚̅ツ̅
ŋūtū 		dual
/
plural
O ク゚̅チ̅
ŋūtī

Demonstrative

Near

case Masc. Fem. #
D ス
su 		ソ̅ツ
sōtu 		sing.
G シ
si 		ソ̅チ
sōti
I サ
sa 		ソ̅タ
sōta
D イッル゚̅
'illū 		dual
/
plural
O イッリ゚̅
'illī

Far

The 3rd person personal pronoun is used as if it were a far-deitic pronoun/adjective. It is also used in verbless clauses, like all pronouns. More confusingly, huwa/hiya also functions like a relative pronoun, or better yet as "that is". "the one", "the very one", or "that one".

Interrogative and Indefinite

Unlike all the other pronouns, these inflect for personal vs. impersonal, not gender. Note, the dual and plural forms are sometimes used for emphasis against a single referent.

Interrogative

case Who? What(ever)? #
D ミ̅ユ
mīyu 		マ̅
mā 		sing.
G ミ̅マ
mīya
I ミ̅乂
mīyi
D ミ̅ヨ̅ミ
mīyōmi 		マ̅マ̅
māmā 		dual
O ミ̅マィミ
mīyaymi 		マ̅マィ
māmay
D ミ̅ユ̅マ
mīyūma 		マ̅ム̅
māmū 		plural
O ミ̅乂̅マ
mīyīma 		マ̅ミ̅
māmī

Indefinite

These forms often take enclitic pronouns. Again, there are personal and impersonal forms, not genders.

"Which(ever)"
case personal impersonal #
D マッヌ
mannu 		ミ̅ヌ
mīnu 		sing.
G マッナ
manna 		ミ̅ナ
mīna
I マッニ
manni 		ミ̅ニ
mīni
D マッヌマ̅
mannumā 		ミ̅ヌマ̅
mīnumā 		dual
O マッヌマィ
mannumay 		ミ̅ヌマィ
mīnumay
D マッヌム̅
mannumū 		ミ̅ヌム̅
mīnumū 		plural
O マッヌミ̅
mannumī 		ミ̅ヌミ̅
mīnumī

The dual and plural of mannu can be used impersonally. The construct forms are man- and mīn- in the singular and mannum- and mīnum- in the dual/plural.

Adverbs

Suffixing

These attach to the indirect/oblique case of the singular noun.

-ㇷ/-h
This is similar to the Old English "-ward" suffix, as in 'earthward' or 'heavenward'. It can be used locally or temporally. It attaches to the genitive/oblique case.
e.g. アㇽサ゚ㇷ/'arcah = towards the earth/groundward ; カ゚̅マィミㇷ/ŋāmaymih = towards the sky/heavenward. There is a unique construction, ア̅ダㇷ/'ādah = together (not "one-ward").
-ㇺ/-m
This makes a noun into an adverb, like the English "-ly" suffix. It attaches to the singular genitive, although there are dual constructions:
ヤマナィミㇺ /yamanaymim - ambidextrously ("two-right-handedly"). Be sure an ya- has not been added to the front of the word, otherwise -m is just part of a vocative construction.
ヤ̅-...-ㇺ/yā-...-m
vocative marker
-ィダ/-yda
Like the English "times", this attaches to numbers. e.g. チナィダ/tinayda = twice

Independent

tm
there
hlm/hlny/hnny
here
`nt/`tn/ht
now
'apnk/'idk
then, thereupon
'al
'surely' with imperfect, 'not' with jussives
kn
rightly, thus
mid
very much
'ayka(m)
how?
'iyyi/'i
where?
'an
where?
lama
why? for what
lō
not
bal
no, without
ying
there is/are
'ayin
there is/are not

Particles

he
question particle
wi
common conjunction
pē
clause conjunction
ap
also
'ō
or, adversative
hlm
when, as soon as
hm
if, or
koy
since, because, if, when, which

Prepositions

Inseparable Prepositions

バ-/ba- means in, at, among, (or 'when' with infinitive construct verbs), etc. With pronouns, it has certain conjugated forms:

Sing. Dual Pl.
1c ビ̅
bī 		バナヤ̅
banayā 		バヌ̅
banū
2m バカ̅
bakā 		バクマ̅
bakumā 		バケㇺ
bakem
2f バキ
baki 		バキㇴ
bakin
3m ボ̅
bō 		バフマ̅
bahumā 		バヘㇺ
bahem
3f バハ̅
bahā 		バヒㇴ
bahin


ラ͏͏͏͏゚-/͏la- means to, onto, for, etc. With pronouns, it has certain conjugated forms:

Sing. Dual Pl.
1c リ̅゜
lī 		ラ゚ナヤ̅
lanayā 		ラ゚ヌ̅
lanū
2m ラ゚カ̅
lakā 		ラ゚クマ̅
lakumā 		ラ゚ケㇺ͏
lakem
2f ラ゚キ͏
laki 		ラ゚キㇴ͏
lakin
3m ロ̅゜
lō 		ラ゚フマ̅
lahumā 		ラ゚ヘㇺ͏
lahem
3f ラ゚ハ̅
lahā 		ラ゚ヒㇴ͏
lahin

カ-/ka- means 'like' or 'as'. The primitive Hebrew form カモ/kamo re-emerges when pronouns are attached and in poetry.

Sing. Dual Pl.
1c カモィ
kamoy 		カモナヤ̅
kamonayā 		カモヌ̅
kamonū
2m カモカ̅
kamokā 		カモクマ̅
kamokumā 		カモケㇺ͏
kamokem
2f カモキ͏
kamoki 		カモキㇴ͏
kamokin
3m カモゥ
kamow 		カモフマ̅
kamohumā 		カモヘㇺ͏
kamohem
3f カモハ̅
kamohā 		カモヒㇴ͏
kamohin


タ/ta- is the definite direct object marker. With pronouns, it has certain conjugated forms, where the primitive Hebrew 'ot(a)- re-emerges:

Mixed

ミㇴ/ミッ/min-/mi+ is preposition meaning from, or than. With pronouns, it has certain conjugated forms, where the primitive Hebrew mimmē- re-emerges:

'it(ta)
with
gal(e)
'upon'
'im(ma)
'with'
'od(d)
still, yet
da
until
taqat(a)
under
'aqar(e)
after
lapan(a)
before
sabīb(e)
around
hinn(a)
ergative

Separable

beyna
between
bāda
behind

Verbs

See the main page on verbs for a more complete listing.

Repeated patterns are marked, but are most often distinguished by ablaut.

Non-present perfective
# g Sing. Dual Plural
1 c. -tū -nayā -nū
2 m. -tā -temā -temū
f. -tī -tinā
3 m. -a -ā -ū
f. -ō -tā
Non-past Progressive/Imperfective
# g Sing. Dual Plural
1 c. 'a- - -u na- - -ā na- - -u
2 m. ta- - -u ta- - -āna ta- - -ūna
f. ta- - -īna ta- - -nā
3 m. ya- - -u ya- - -āni ya- - -ūna
f. ta- - -u ya- - -nā
Past Imperfective (Narrative)
# g Sing. Dual Plural
1 c. wa- - - wana- - -
2 m. watta- - - watta- - -ā watta- - -ū
f. watta- - -ī watta- - -ā
3 m. wayya- - - wayya- - -ā wayya- - -ū
f. watta- - - wayya- - -ā
Contemplative/Jussive
# g Sing. Dual Plural
1 c. 'a- - - na- - -
2 m. ta- - - ta- - -ā ta- - -ū
f. ta- - -ī ta- - -ā
3 m. ya- - - ya- - -ā ya- - -ū
f. ta- - - ta- - -ā
Cohortative and Imperative
# g Sing. Dual Plural
1 c. 'a- - -a na- - -a
2 m. -(a) -ā -ū
f. -ī -nā


Participles follow the predicable -u/-atu normal ending pattern. Infinitives are sometimes the same as participles, but usually are distinguish by ablaut.

Stem Actor Object Local Benefact.
Simple QaTaL- naQTaL- 'iQtuTiL- QuTuTuL-
Intensive QiTTaL- QuTTal- hitQaTTel- QuTTōTel-
Causative hiQTīL- hoQTaL- ŋitQaTel- ŋuQTaTel-

Numerals

All forms are given in the absolute state, direct case. Numbers are treated like adjective and match their nouns in case, gender, state, and definiteness.

Cardinals

# m. f.
1 'ādu 'ādtu
2 ŋenāmi ŋettōmi

One and two are frequently used as attributive adjectives. They normally follow the noun they modifies. They may also be used substantively in the construct state.

# m. f.
3 ŋalōŋu ŋalōŋtu
4 'arbu 'arabatu
5 gameŋu gameŋatu
6 ŋeŋu ŋeŋatu
7 ŋabu ŋabatu
8 ŋamonu ŋamonatu
9 tiŋu tiŋatu
10 'aŋaru 'aŋatatu

The numbers 3 to 10 can also be substantive, but there is the opposite of gender-agreement. As in Hebrew, this is called chiastic agreement. That means, the masculine form is used with feminine nouns and the masculine form is used with feminine nouns. The construct form always precedes the noun it modifies. The absolute, typically in apposition, typically precedes the noun.

Ordinal

After 10, cardinals are used as ordinals.

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