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| {{Kala 2}} | | {{Kala 2}} |
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| __NOTOC__
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| *'''Kala''' is meant to be a simple and euphonic personal conlang.
| | <big>'''THIS SECTION IS CURRENTLY BEING UPDATED TO REFLECT A NEW GRAMMAR.'''</big> |
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| *Many lexical entries are inspired/influenced/borrowed by/from any number of natlangs
| | The Kala conlang... |
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| ==Pronunciation==
| | * [[Kala/calendar|calendar]] |
| | * [[Kala/chat|conversations]] |
| | * [[Kala/etymology|etymology]] |
| | ** [[Kala/roots|roots]] |
| | * [[Kala/lexicon|lexicon]] |
| | ** [[Kala/affixes|affixes]] |
| | ** [[Kala/lexicon/theme|thematic lexicon]] |
| | * [[Kala/particles|particles]] |
| | * [[Kala/phrases|phrases]] |
| | * [[Kala/affixes|word formation]] |
| | * [[Kala/writing|writing]] |
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| * Where '''~''' appears, it indicates [[Wikipedia:Free_variation|free variation]] between phonemes.
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| ===Vowels===
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| !
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| !'''Front'''
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| !'''Central'''
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| !'''Back'''
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| |-align=center
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| !'''Close'''
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| |{{IPA|i~i:}} '''(i)''' || || {{IPA|u~u:}} '''(u)'''
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| |-align=center
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| !'''Mid'''
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| |{{IPA|e~e:}} '''(e)''' || || {{IPA|o~o:}} '''(o)'''
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| |-align=center
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| !'''Open'''
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| | || {{IPA|a~a:}} '''(a)''' ||
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| |}
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| ====Diphthongs====
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| * Both of the falling [[Wikipedia:Diphthong|diphthongs]] as well as '''uai''' and '''yao''' only occur word finally.
| | [[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:Conscripts]][[Category:Kala]] |
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| =====falling=====
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| *{{IPA|[aɪ~aɪ:]}} - '''ai'''
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| *{{IPA|[aʊ~aʊ:]}} - '''ao'''
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| =====rising=====
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| *{{IPA|[wa~wa:]}} - '''ua'''
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| *{{IPA|[waɪ~waɪ:]}} - '''uai'''
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| *{{IPA|[ja~ja:]}} - '''ya'''
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| *{{IPA|[jaʊ~jaʊ:]}} - '''yao'''
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| *{{IPA|[je~je:]}} - '''ye'''
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| *{{IPA|[jo~jo:]}} - '''yo'''
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| ===Consonants===
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| {| class="IPA wikitable"
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| ! rowspan="2"|
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| ! rowspan="2"|Labial
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| ! colspan="2"|Dental
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| ! rowspan="2"|Palatal
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| ! colspan="2"|Velar
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| ! rowspan="2"|Glottal
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| |-align=center
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| !<small>central</small>
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| !<small>lateral</small>
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| !<small>plain</small>
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| !<small>labial</small>
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| |-align=center
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| ! Nasal
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| | {{IPA|m}} '''(m)''' [[File:Naua ma.png]]
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| | {{IPA|n}} '''(n)''' [[File:Naua na.png]]
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| | {{IPA|ɲ}} '''(ny)''' [[File:Naua nya.png]]
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| |-align=center
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| !Plosive
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| | {{IPA|p~b}} '''(p)''' [[File:Naua pa.png]]
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| | {{IPA|t~d}} '''(t)''' [[File:Naua ta.png]]
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| | {{IPA|k~g}} '''(k)''' [[File:Naua ka.png]]
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| | {{IPA|kʷ~gʷ}} '''(ku)''' [[File:Naua kua.png]]
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| | {{IPA|ʔ}} '''(')'''
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| |-align=center
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| !Fricative
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| | {{IPA|s}} '''(s)''' [[File:Naua sa2.png]]
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| | {{IPA|ʃ}} '''(s)''' [[File:Naua sa2.png]]
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| | {{IPA|h~ɦ}} '''(h)''' [[File:Naua ha.png]]
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| |-align=center
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| !Affricate
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| | {{IPA|ts}} '''(ts)''' [[File:Naua tsa.png]]
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| | {{IPA|tɬ}} '''(tl)''' [[File:Naua tla.png]]
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| | {{IPA|tʃ}} '''(ts)''' [[File:Naua tsa.png]]
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| |-align=center
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| ! Approximant
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| | {{IPA|l~r}} '''(l)''' [[File:Naua la.png]]
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| | {{IPA|j}} '''(y)''' [[File:Naua ya.png]]
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| | {{IPA|w}} '''(u)''' [[File:Naua ua.png]]
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| |}
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| * <'''s'''> & <'''ts'''> are /ʃ/ and /tʃ/ respectively, unless immediately preceded or followed by one another, then <'''s'''> is always /s/ and <'''ts'''> is always /tʃ/.
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| * However, one could pronounce them either way (e.g. always /s/ & /ts/) and still be understood.
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| *Example:
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| :'''sitsa''' - /'si:.tʃa/ - warmth, heat / warm, hot / to heat up
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| :'''tsasu''' - /'tʃa:.su/ - cursive writing; having successive letters joined together
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| ==== Phonotactics ====
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| * Kala phonotactics does not allow the onsets of adjacent syllables to be identical, nor both to be labialised or palatalised.
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| * Syllables beginning with /l/ do not occur as the first syllable of a morpheme.
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| ==== Syllable Structure ====
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| * ''See also'': [[Kala/syllables|Syllables]]
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| *(N)(C)V/D(F)
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| **N - nasal; prenasal; /n/ or /m/
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| **C - consonant
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| **V - vowel
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| **D - diphthong
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| **F - final; coda
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| *The three codas are /k/, /m/, and /n/; these only occur as a final codas to negate, pluralize or adverbialize verbs and nouns, respectively.
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| ==== Stress ====
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| * In Kala stress falls on the [[Wikipedia:Stress_(linguistics)|penultimate]] syllable with the exceptions of negatives and words that end with a syllable onset palatal approximant, in which case stress is [[Wikipedia:Stress_(linguistics)|ultimate]].
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| ====Prenasalized consonants====
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| * In Kala, almost every consonant can be [[Wikipedia:Prenasalized_consonant|prenasalized]], but primarily the plosives /p/, /t/ and /k/ can be analyzed as prenasalized,while most other instances could be easily analyzed as cases of [[Wikipedia:Syllabic_consonant|syllabic]] /n/ or /m/.
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| * '''mp''' /ᵐp~ᵐb/
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| :Example: '''mpaka''' /ˈᵐpa.ka/ - ''n'' - boundary / border / line
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| * '''nt''' /ⁿt~ⁿd/
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| :Example: '''ntama''' /ˈⁿta.ma/ - ''n'' - calf (a young cow or bull)
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| * '''nk''' /ᵑk~ᵑ/
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| :Example: '''nkapa''' /ˈᵑka.pa/ - ''n'' - alcohol / grog
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| ==Writing System==
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| ''See'': [[Kala writing|Naua Moya]]
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| [[File:Naua cons.png|400px]]
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| ==Grammatical Principles==
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| * The grammar of [[Kala]] should be regarded as a guide indicating how grammatical distinctions of gender, number, tense/aspect, noun, verb and particles are made. I have adopted the Arab grammarian's division into three categories (1) Noun ['''no / ata'''] [[File:Naua no.png]] / [[File:Naua ata.png]], (2) Particle ['''peya'''] [[File:Naua peya.png]], (3) Verb ['''uati'''] [[File:Naua uati.png]]. [[Kala]] does not always follow European models. It discards all redundancies. In English we say “two boys came yesterday”; in [[Kala]] “boy two yesterday come” ['''tahi ta’o yomaye tala'''] it is clear that more than one boy is already indicated by ‘two,’ while ‘yesterday’ shows the time, or tense of the verb.
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| == Sentences ==
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| ''See'': [[Kala Sentences]]
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| ==Nouns==
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| ''See'': [[Kala Nouns]]
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| ==Verbs==
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| ''See'': [[Kala Verbs]]
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| ==Particles==
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| ===Prepositions===
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| ===Conjunctions===
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| ==Questions==
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| ''See'': [[Kala Questions]]
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| ===Clauses===
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| ==Numbers==
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| ===Cardinal Numbers===
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| *'''e'o''' - zero / nothing
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| *'''na'o''' - one
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| *'''ta'o''' - two
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| *'''ha'o''' - three
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| *'''ma'o''' - four
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| *'''ya'o''' - five
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| *'''tsa'o''' - six
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| *'''ka'o''' - seven
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| *'''pa'o''' - eight
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| *'''sa'o''' - nine
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| *'''ue'o''' - ten
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| *'''nye'o''' - (one) hundred
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| *'''tle'o''' - (one) thousand
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| *'''mue'o''' - ten thousand
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| *'''kye'o''' - (one) hundred thousand
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| *'''nte'o''' - (one) million
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| === Higher Numbers ===
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| * '''uena'o''' - eleven / 11
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| * '''taue'o''' - twenty / 20
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| * '''nyeka'o''' - one hundred seven / 107
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| * '''hanyetauetsa'o''' (''long form'') | '''hatatsa'o''' (''short form'') - three hundred twenty six / 326
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| * '''tsatletauema'o''' - six thousand and twenty four / 6024
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| ===Ordinal Numbers===
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| * '''ki'''- - ordinal prefix
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| :Example : '''kisa'o''' - ninth (in a sequence)
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| :Example : '''kiyanyepa'o''' - 508<sup>th</sup>
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| ===Fractions===
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| * '''i'''- - fractional prefix
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| :Example : '''isa'o''' - a ninth, 1/9
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| :Example : '''iha'o te pa'o''' - three eighths, 3/8 [lit: a third of eight]
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| == word formation ==
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| === noun modifiers ===
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| {| class="wikitable" border=1 style="text-align:center; width:700px; height:100px;"
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| ! affix || derived from || definition || example
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| | -'''pyo''' || [[Kala_lexicon#pa|'''pyoki''']] || illness; sickness; ailment || '''tsinipyo'''<br>diabetes
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| |-
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| |}
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| === verb modifiers ===
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| {| class="wikitable" border=1 style="text-align:center; width:700px; height:100px;"
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| ! affix || derived from || definition || example
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| | -'''pa''' || [[Kala_lexicon#pa|'''pala''']] || can; able to; capable || '''ta yalapa'''<br>you are able to leave
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| |}
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| ==Punctuation==
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| ''See'': [[Kala_writing#punctuation|Moya]]
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| == Index ==
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| {{Kala index}}
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| [[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:Kala]] | |
