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| {{Infobox | | <div class="boilerplate metadata" id="inuse" style="background: #cfc; border: 1px solid #aaa; margin: 0 2.5%; padding: 0 10px"> |
| |name=Stilio | | This is a half-exolang, with mashed-up features from [[Wikipedia:Bantu languages|Bantu]], and [[Wikipedia:Dravidian languages|Dravidian]]. Everything is [[Wikipedia:voicelessness|voiceless]]. A novel morpho-syntactic alignment was created. All of Cambridge professor Francis Nolan's phrases invented for the movies were incorporated. However, every one of them was in the imperative voice, so I have made free to extravagantly supplement his ideas. |
| |native=slashuru | | </div> |
| |species=snakes and snake-like reptiles | | |
| |creator=Robert Marshall Murphy | | {{Language |
| |date=2012 A.D. | | |English=Stilio |
| | |native=zlacuru |
| | |subbranch=[[Wikipedia:Snake|snakes and snake-like reptiles]] |
| | |country=All |
| | |branch=magic |
| | |universe=[[Wikipedia:Harry Potter universe|Harry Potter]] |
| | |speakers=est. < 10,000 |
| | |wordorder=[[Wikipedia:Verb–subject–object|VSO]] |
| | |family=[[a priori conlangs]] |
| | |type=[[Wikipedia:Fusional language|Fusional]] |
| | |alignment=[[Wikipedia:Active–stative language|Active–stative]] |
| | |author=Francis Nolan/[[User:Aquatiki|Robert Marshall Murphy]] |
| | |date=2002/2012 A.D. |
| }} | | }} |
| '''Parseltongue''' (in this article) refers to '''{{PAGENAME}}''', a reconstructed form of [[Parseltongue]]. A script for this language is forth-coming. This language a unique morphosyntactic alignment, and defaults to SOV word order. (It is, however, strongly Non-configurational, but verbs usually end a complete utterance.) | | '''Parseltongue''' (in this article) refers to '''{{PAGENAME}}''', a reconstructed form of [[Parseltongue]]. This language has a unique [[morphosyntactic alignment]] (which is largely [[Wikipedia:Ergative-absolutive language|Ergative-absolutive]], while incorporating elements of Fluid-S), and defaults to VSO word order. It tends to be either double-marking or dependent marking. It is generally head-initial (right-branching). |
| | |
| == Phonology ==
| |
| [[File:Stilio Phonotactics.png|right|500px]] | |
| Snakes have vastly simplified mouths compared to human-being. We are capable of making every sound they make, though some are easier than others. Snakes have no lips, but their labial scales can contract and produce something like "lip-rounding", which is very important is Parseltongue. Their palate is occupied with the vomeronasal organ or Jacobson's organ, which acts as a sense of smell. Snakes have no uvula. Their glottis is where our pharynx is, but it can move aside when eating large prey. They have no epiglottal region.
| |
| | |
| Sentient and non-sentient snakes hiss their entire volume of air without interruption, so a Parseltongue utterances cannot be longer than about ten seconds. Stops are typically initial in an utterance. Whatever vocal-cords they are graced with by magic, snakes cannot speak very loudly or vary pitch beyond very low frequencies.
| |
| | |
| Given their anatomy, even with the aide of magic, Parseltongue
| |
| * has no labial consonants
| |
| * has no retroflex consonants
| |
| * has no palatal or alveolar-palatal consonants
| |
| * has no uvular, pharyngeal, or epiglottal consonants
| |
| * has no voiced consonants
| |
| * is all spoken in creaky-voice
| |
| * has no corarticulated consonants
| |
| * of the clicks, has only the dental
| |
| * may begin an utterance with a stop, but they are not permitted elsewhere in speech.
| |
| * affricates can appear anywhere and are common
| |
| * must end an utterance with a sibilant/fricative
| |
| * has ejective forms
| |
| * contrasts lip rounding on consonants
| |
| === Consonants ===
| |
| {| style="text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; float:right;"
| |
| !colspan=17 style="text-align:center; background: #efefef;"| Consonants
| |
| |- style="vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em"
| |
| | || Dental || Alveolar || colspan="2" | Post-alv. || Velar || Glottal
| |
| |-
| |
| |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Nasal || || {{IPA|n̥}} || || || {{IPA|ŋ̊}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Stop || || {{IPA|t}} || || || {{IPA|k}} ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Ejective || || {{IPA|t'}} || || || {{IPA|k'}} ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Click || {{IPA|ǀ}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Fricative || {{IPA|θ}} || {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|ʃ}} || {{IPA|ɬ}} || {{IPA|ʟ̝̊}} || {{IPA|h}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Round. Fric. || {{IPA|θ̹}} || {{IPA|s̹}} || {{IPA|ʃ̹}} || {{IPA|ɬ̹}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Approximants || || {{IPA|ɹ}} || || {{IPA|l}} || {{IPA|ɰ}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Tap || || {{IPA|ɾ}}
| |
| |}
| |
| Because snakes use a wide range of glottis motion instead of changing vocal fold pitch, there are two versions of most letters. Humans can best approximate this change by tightly rounding their lips. There is one place where this is impossible for the human mouth, /θ̹/. This is sound is best approximated by rolling (also called curling) the tongue and passing air through as thin an opening as possible. Most English speakers round their lips anyway when shooshing someone, so great care must be taken to distinguish /ʃ̹/ and /ʃ/. Snakes don't appear to mind if /s̹/ produces some whistling.
| |
| All the stops, whether in or out of affricate pairs, can be ejectives. /t/ can be followed by /θ/, /s/, /ʃ/, /ɬ/, /h/, /s̹/, or /ʃ̹/ to make affricates. /k/ can be combined with /s/, /ʃ/, /ɬ/, /ʟ̝̊/, /h/, /s̹/, /ʃ̹/, or /ɬ̹/. /t/ and /k/ can be ejectives on all these cases.
| |
|
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|
| In our orthography, the voiceless indicator (e.g. n̥) would be ubiquitous, and so it is omitted. The velar nasal is often written as 'g', since /g/ cannot occur. The dental click is usually written as a pound sign (i.e. #), since the 'pipe' can be confused with a lowercase 'L'. Theta (θ, a.k.a. 'th') is usually written as a 'd'. Esh (ʃ, a.k.a. 'sh') is written as a 'c'. The alveolar lateral fricative (i.e. /ɬ/) is written as a 'z'. The addition of lip pursing/rounding is specified with the cedilla (e.g. ç, z̧, etc). The voiceless velar lateral fricative (i.e. /ʟ̝̊/) is written as a 'j'. The velar approximant (i.e. /ɰ/) is written as a 'w'. Of the two 'R's, the alveolar approximant is written 'r' and the alveolar tap is written with a dollar sign, $.
| | # [[Stilio/Phonology|Phonology]] |
| === Vowels ===
| | ## [[Stilio/Phonology#Consonants|Consonants]] |
| {| style="text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;"
| | ## [[Stilio/Phonology#Vowels|Vowels]] |
| !colspan=11 style="text-align:center; background: #efefef;"| Vowels
| | ## [[Stilio/Phonology#Phonotactics|Phonotactics]] |
| |- style="vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em" | | # [[Stilio/Concepts|Concepts]] |
| | || Front-Unrounded || Front-Rounded || Back (Rounded?) | | ## [[Stilio/Concepts#Cases|Cases]] |
| |- | | ## [[Stilio/Concepts#Persons|Persons]] |
| |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| High || {{IPA|i}} || ï (={{IPA|y}}) || {{IPA|u}} | | ## [[Stilio/Concepts#Classes|Classes]] |
| |-
| | ## [[Stilio/Concepts#Evidentiality|Evidentiality]] |
| |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Mid || {{IPA|e}} || ë (={{IPA|ø}}) || {{IPA|o}}
| | ## [[Stilio/Concepts#Number|Number]] |
| |- | | # [[Stilio/Morphology|Morphology]] |
| |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Low || {{IPA|æ}} || || {{IPA|a}}
| | ## [[Stilio/Morphology#Nouns|Nouns]] |
| |}
| | ## [[Stilio/Morphology#Verbs|Verbs]] |
| The Parseltongue system of vowels is a simple of eight unique sounds. The "resting vowel" (like English schwa) is /a/, but snakes more often fill "gaps" with /s/. The sometimes despised "ash" (/æ/) is not rare in Parseltongue.
| | ## [[Stilio/Morphology#Adjectives|Adjectives]] |
| | ## [[Stilio/Morphology#Adverbs|Adverbs]] |
| | # [[Stilio/Syntax|Syntax]] |
| | ## Word Order |
| | ## Relative Clauses |
| | ## Particles |
| | # [[Stilio/Texts|Texts]] |
| | ## From the Films |
| | ## Translations |
| | # [[Stilio/Lexicon|Lexicon]] |
|
| |
|
| There is a not phonemic sound that snakes are readily capable of making, the trilled 'r'. However, this is a highly erotic sound which no snake would make in polite company.
| | It is everyone involved's sincere desire that this project serve as an inspirational model for magical/muggle interactions in the future. Parseltongue is an excellent pattern to follow since it's existence is only known by magic but only muggles have developed the science of linguistics. This project is dedicated to the first martyr of this charitable cause, Charity Burbage, and the very kind Parselmouth Penelope Gaunt, without whose help none of this would have been possible. |
| == Grammar ==
| |
| === Nouns ===
| |
| Parseltongue is exceedingly pro-drop, like [[Japanese]]. Speakers often state the topic and then rely on context to make things clear. There are four 'core' cases - strangely called Active, Volitional, Stative, and Passive - and five 'oblique' cases - Dative, Possessive, Partitive, Genitive, and Ablative. The core cases form mostly by ablaut, the obliques by suffixing. The definite article is a prefixed /s/, while indefiniteness is marked in the verb. | |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | == History and Learning == |
| |+ {{IPA|kac}} / human Core Cases | | [[File:Snake door.jpg|right]] |
| ! Case
| | Paracelsus (1493—1541), was an Austrian physician, born Phillip Von Hohenheim. On accident, he discovered he could speak to snakes. He had no explanation for the phenomenon and made no attempt to document its simple existence. |
| ! Paradigm
| |
| |-
| |
| | Active
| |
| | {{IPA|kac}}
| |
| |-
| |
| | Volitional
| |
| | këc
| |
| |-
| |
| | Stative
| |
| | kaëç
| |
| |-
| |
| | Passive
| |
| | kaæc
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | In the 1990's, the now-famous Harry Potter discovered that he was a Parselmouth (a wizard with the unconscious, magical ability to speak to snakes). He never learned any vocabulary or grammar, but was able to produce novel utterance, even with derived morphologies. He subsequently lost this magical ability. After the worldwide rediscovery of magic (hidden since 1692) and the creation of the Ministry of Muggle Relations, our department was given a grant to study Parseltongue and Parselmouths. To date, we have only found one conscious snake to interview, though communities of Parselmouths have been found in Estonia, Bukina-Fasa, and Sri Lanka. |
| |+ {{IPA|kac}} / human Oblique Cases
| |
| ! Case
| |
| ! Paradigm
| |
| |-
| |
| | Dative
| |
| | kacgæ
| |
| |-
| |
| | Possessive
| |
| | kaca
| |
| |-
| |
| | Part
| |
| | kacæ
| |
| |-
| |
| | Genitive
| |
| | kæcçë
| |
| |-
| |
| | Ablative
| |
| | këcëa
| |
| |}
| |
| There are four noun declensions (a->ë->æ ; e->ë->o ; i->ï->u ; and a consonant declension)
| |
| === Pronouns ===
| |
| There are 'dummy' pronouns which are nearly contentless in meaning. However, 'measure words' can also be used a pronouns, with needing numbers attached.
| |
|
| |
|
| === Verbs ===
| | On the one hand, Parseltongue is like any other language that human beings may study and learn. On the other hand, it is a magical ability possessed by only a minuscule fraction of the wizarding community. This ability requires no conscious attention by the wizard or witch, but seemingly adds a layer of "pseudo-consciousnes" to the snake with whom they are speaking. This snake is then able to articulate speech and hear the Parselmouth, both of which are otherwise physically impossible. |
| All verbs have a lexically contained expectation for which case the subject will be in. Hence, all verbs are active or passive and volitional or non-volitional by default, which will also indicate paradigm it follows. Active verb endings are suffixed, passive prefixed. Volitional verb endings are sibilant heavy, non-volitional vowel heavy.
| |
|
| |
|
| Verbs inflect for an astronomical ''eight'' persons:
| | Parseltongue itself seems to be a magically generated amalgam created by magic from the minds of speakers. It bears many strong resemblances to languages from Africa and India, both areas with long histories of human-snake interaction. All over the world, Parselmouths, Snake-animagi, and sentient snake-like creatures all speak the same version of the language, without being in physical contact. The language is magically maintained among all speakers and updates itself, however slowly. In Sapir's terminology, there is only short-term unidirectional drift, not long-term cyclic drift. Given the small number of speakers, this drift is assumed to be ''very'' small and gradual. Dialects do not exist. |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| ! Person
| |
| ! Meaning
| |
| ! Example
| |
| |-
| |
| ! -1
| |
| | Universal negation
| |
| | "No one eats himself."
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 0
| |
| | Indefinite
| |
| | "Someone ate the prey."
| |
| |-
| |
| ! ½
| |
| | dim. part of ego
| |
| | "Me (my tail) is coming."
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 1
| |
| | Ego
| |
| | "I ate the mouse."
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 1½
| |
| | a.k.a. 2 inc.
| |
| | "We (you and I) are friends."
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 2
| |
| | Interlocutor
| |
| | "You are handsome."
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 3
| |
| | Near other party
| |
| | "She is our daughter."
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 4
| |
| | Obviative
| |
| | "He bit her."
| |
| |}
| |
| As with nouns, Parseltongue does not typically mark number. Tense is assumed or conveyed via adverbs.
| |
|
| |
|
| Aspect is either imperfective or perfective. There are three mood: Indicative - for independent clauses; Subjunctive - for dependent clauses; and Illocutionary - for magical or imperative clauses. The subjunctive is very plain, conjugating for only aspect, but not person or evidentiality.
| |
|
| |
|
| All indicative/independent verbs in Parseltongue must be marked for evidentiality. Snakes senses are (in decreasing order of assuredness):
| | <div class="boilerplate metadata" id="inuse" style="background: #cfc; border: 1px solid #aaa; margin: 0 2.5%; padding: 0 10px"> |
| ; Taste/Smell : Snakes extend their tongues into the air/water and pull "smells" into their mouths, where their "noses" (Jacobsen's organs) are. This gives them a ''very'' refined and directional sense. Knowledge obtained this way is the most certain and so is most analogous to human's "I see" or "I know".
| | Dr. Nolan specializes in Finnish and Estonian, and he subscribes to the theory that gemination in those languages follows ''three'' levels of gradation, though he recognizes that this is disputed and only included two levels in Parseltonuge. In his notes, he often uses /ʕ/ but labels it a voiceless fricative, so we have used /ħ/ instead. Of the vowels, he only uses /a ɪ i ɛ e/, but the actors pronounce /œ æ/ on occasion. There are no stops or affricates in his phrases, but the snake in "Philosopher's Stone" says /θejŋksː/. There are several moments of "unscripted" Parseltongue in the movies, which make extensive use of /k/ and /t/. </div> |
| ; Hear/Vibration : A snake's entire body functions like an "ear", sensing vibrations. This knowledge is very accurate, but because it comes from their whole body (not just their head) it is more like "gut feelings".
| |
| ; Heat/IR : Snakes have special sensors where other animals' "noses" would be which detect heat or Infra-red radiation. Snakes report not "seeing" a field - as humans do with sight - but "feeling" the nearness and/or warmth of things. This is most akin to a human saying "I feel like you are ..." or "I sense not everyone in the room agrees with ...".
| |
| ; Sight : Most snakes have poor vision, with a majority not being binocular. This mood is used metaphorically as a person would say, "I suppose" or "I guess".
| |
|
| |
|
| == Idioms ==
| |
| ; (like a) Human's face in the nose : "It's self-evident." Snakes' faces are unreadable, but they generally know how to read human body language, mainly through smell and temperature sensing. Smells are "in one's nose" because smell samples are brought into the mouth by the tongue and placed upon the Jacobsen's organ.
| |
| ; to pass over the nose : Food is passed over the Jacobsen's organ as it is eaten. If something is noxious, to eat it would be unbearably intense. Snakes say this meaning "It's too awful" or "I don't want to!"
| |
| ; Passing over roughness aids molting : "What doesn't kill you makes you stronger in the end."
| |
| ; Some have eggs inside, some have eggs outside : "Different strokes for different folks." Some snakes have pouches for their eggs to hatch inside their bodies, giving the appearance of live births. Many snakes do not.
| |
| ; ''I'' <u>am</u> the venom. : Not all snakes are poisonous, but all snakes spur themselves on to overcome fear and strike out (often metaphorically) by willing themselves to be their own venom. "I can ''do'' this!"
| |
|
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|
| [[Category:Conlangs]] | | [[Category:Conlangs]] |
| [[Category:A priori conlangs]] | | [[Category:A priori conlangs]] |
| [[Category:Artlangs]] | | [[Category:Artlangs]] |
| | [[Category:Stilio]] |
Parseltongue (in this article) refers to Stilio, a reconstructed form of Parseltongue. This language has a unique morphosyntactic alignment (which is largely Ergative-absolutive, while incorporating elements of Fluid-S), and defaults to VSO word order. It tends to be either double-marking or dependent marking. It is generally head-initial (right-branching).
- Phonology
- Consonants
- Vowels
- Phonotactics
- Concepts
- Cases
- Persons
- Classes
- Evidentiality
- Number
- Morphology
- Nouns
- Verbs
- Adjectives
- Adverbs
- Syntax
- Word Order
- Relative Clauses
- Particles
- Texts
- From the Films
- Translations
- Lexicon
It is everyone involved's sincere desire that this project serve as an inspirational model for magical/muggle interactions in the future. Parseltongue is an excellent pattern to follow since it's existence is only known by magic but only muggles have developed the science of linguistics. This project is dedicated to the first martyr of this charitable cause, Charity Burbage, and the very kind Parselmouth Penelope Gaunt, without whose help none of this would have been possible.
History and Learning
Paracelsus (1493—1541), was an Austrian physician, born Phillip Von Hohenheim. On accident, he discovered he could speak to snakes. He had no explanation for the phenomenon and made no attempt to document its simple existence.
In the 1990's, the now-famous Harry Potter discovered that he was a Parselmouth (a wizard with the unconscious, magical ability to speak to snakes). He never learned any vocabulary or grammar, but was able to produce novel utterance, even with derived morphologies. He subsequently lost this magical ability. After the worldwide rediscovery of magic (hidden since 1692) and the creation of the Ministry of Muggle Relations, our department was given a grant to study Parseltongue and Parselmouths. To date, we have only found one conscious snake to interview, though communities of Parselmouths have been found in Estonia, Bukina-Fasa, and Sri Lanka.
On the one hand, Parseltongue is like any other language that human beings may study and learn. On the other hand, it is a magical ability possessed by only a minuscule fraction of the wizarding community. This ability requires no conscious attention by the wizard or witch, but seemingly adds a layer of "pseudo-consciousnes" to the snake with whom they are speaking. This snake is then able to articulate speech and hear the Parselmouth, both of which are otherwise physically impossible.
Parseltongue itself seems to be a magically generated amalgam created by magic from the minds of speakers. It bears many strong resemblances to languages from Africa and India, both areas with long histories of human-snake interaction. All over the world, Parselmouths, Snake-animagi, and sentient snake-like creatures all speak the same version of the language, without being in physical contact. The language is magically maintained among all speakers and updates itself, however slowly. In Sapir's terminology, there is only short-term unidirectional drift, not long-term cyclic drift. Given the small number of speakers, this drift is assumed to be very small and gradual. Dialects do not exist.
Dr. Nolan specializes in Finnish and Estonian, and he subscribes to the theory that gemination in those languages follows three levels of gradation, though he recognizes that this is disputed and only included two levels in Parseltonuge. In his notes, he often uses /ʕ/ but labels it a voiceless fricative, so we have used /ħ/ instead. Of the vowels, he only uses /a ɪ i ɛ e/, but the actors pronounce /œ æ/ on occasion. There are no stops or affricates in his phrases, but the snake in "Philosopher's Stone" says /θejŋksː/. There are several moments of "unscripted" Parseltongue in the movies, which make extensive use of /k/ and /t/.
