Kyovantic: Difference between revisions
(→Verbs) |
No edit summary |
||
(32 intermediate revisions by one other user not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
UNDER CONSTRUCTION. | |||
= Phonology and Orthography = | = Phonology and Orthography = | ||
Line 6: | Line 6: | ||
{| class="wikitable" border=1 | {| class="wikitable" border=1 | ||
! || Bilabial || Dental || Alveolar || | ! || Bilabial || Dental || Alveolar || Postalveolar || Palatal || Velar | ||
|- | |||
!Plosive | |||
| /p b/ ''p b'' || /t d/ ''t d'' || || || || /k g/ ''k g'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!Nasal | !Nasal | ||
|/m/ ''m'' || /n/ ''n'' || || | | /m/ ''m'' || /n/ ''n'' || || || || /ŋ/ ''q'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Trill | ||
| | | || /r/ ''r'' || || || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Fricative | !Fricative | ||
|/ɸ | | /ɸ/ ''f'' || /θ/ ''þ'' || /s/ ''s'' || /ʃ/ ''ṡ'' || || /x/ ''h'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Affricative | !Affricative | ||
| || || /ts dz/ ''c | | || || /ts dz/ ''c z'' || /tʃ dʒ/ ''ċ ż'' || || | ||
|- | |||
!Lateral Fricative | |||
| || /ɬ/ ''l'' || || || || | |||
|- | |- | ||
!Approximant | !Approximant | ||
| || || || ||/j | | || || || || /j/ ''j'' || | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
* p t k are pronounced as /p̚ t̚ k̚/ at the end of a word | |||
* | * b d l z ż g are pronounced as /β ð ɮ z ʒ ɣ/ in between two vowels or at the end of a word | ||
* | * r is pronounced as /ð/ at the end of a word | ||
* | * doubling a consonant makes its sound longer | ||
* | * when a voiced and voiceless consonant are next to each other, they both take the first letter's voicing | ||
== Vowels == | == Vowels == | ||
=== Tense === | === Tense === | ||
Tense vowels are the core and original pronunciation of the vowel. | |||
{| class="wikitable" border=1 | {| class="wikitable" border=1 | ||
Line 50: | Line 47: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Close | !Close | ||
|/i y/ ''e u'' || || /ɯ u/ ''y o'' | | /i y/ ''e u'' || || /ɯ u/ ''y o'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Open-Mid | !Open-Mid | ||
| || /ɜ ɞ/ ''a w'' || | | || /ɜ ɞ/ ''a w'' || | ||
|} | |} | ||
* | * tense vowels are ones that are before one consonant | ||
* | * ''i'' is added after a tense vowel that is a normally lax vowel position to keep the tense pronunciation | ||
* | * ''o u e y'' are pronounced as /w ɥ j ɰ/ when before or after a vowel | ||
* ''a e o u w y'' are slightly lowered to /ɐ̜ ɪ ʊ̹ ʏ ɐ̹ ʊ̜/ at the end of a word | |||
* doubling a vowel lengthens its sound | |||
=== Lax === | === Lax === | ||
Lax vowels are the lowered counterpart of the original tense vowel. | |||
{| class="wikitable" border=1 | {| class="wikitable" border=1 | ||
Line 67: | Line 67: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Close-Mid | !Close-Mid | ||
|/e ø/ ''e u'' || || /ɤ o/ ''y o'' | | /e ø/ ''e u'' || || /ɤ o/ ''y o'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Open | !Open | ||
| || / | | || /a ɒ/ ''a w'' || | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
* | * lax vowels are before two or more consonants | ||
* ''a u w y'' are all silent when in the syllable before the stressed syllable, and pronounced /ə/ elsewhere when unstressed | |||
=== Diphthongs === | === Diphthongs === | ||
Line 86: | Line 86: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Open | !Open | ||
| || / | | || /aɪ/ ''æ'' || | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 110: | Line 110: | ||
==== Feminine ==== | ==== Feminine ==== | ||
Feminine nouns usually end in ''-a, -e, -o, -u, -y, - | Feminine nouns usually end in ''-a, -e, -o, -u, -y, -bh, -dh, -gh'' or ''-amg''. Any word that describes something animate and female is feminine. With words that can be different genders (e.g. teacher, student), the feminine version always ends in ''-a''. | ||
==== Neuter ==== | ==== Neuter ==== | ||
Neuter nouns usually end in ''-e, -o, -g,'' or any doubled vowel. Any word that describes something animate and the gender is not known or the gender is neither male nor female is neuter. With words that can be different genders (e.g. teacher, student), the neuter version always ends in ''-e''. | Neuter nouns usually end in ''-e, -o, -b, -d, -g,'' or any doubled vowel. Any word that describes something animate and the gender is not known or the gender is neither male nor female is neuter. With words that can be different genders (e.g. teacher, student), the neuter version always ends in ''-e''. | ||
=== Articles === | === Articles === | ||
Line 132: | Line 132: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Masculine | !Masculine | ||
| -n || - | | -n || -un | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Feminine | !Feminine | ||
| -m || - | | -m || -um | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Neuter | !Neuter | ||
| - | | -q || -uq | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 210: | Line 210: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Neuter | !Neuter | ||
| -0 || -t || - | | -0 || -t || -aai | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 226: | Line 226: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Neuter | !Neuter | ||
| -an || -tan || - | | -an || -tan || -eq | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 236: | Line 236: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Masculine | !Masculine | ||
| -a || -ta || - | | -a || -ta || -ein | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Feminine | !Feminine | ||
Line 242: | Line 242: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Neuter | !Neuter | ||
| -o || -to || - | | -o || -to || -oigo | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 268: | Line 268: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Masculine | !Masculine | ||
| - | | -aig || -taig || -aiks | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Feminine | !Feminine | ||
| -es || -tes || - | | -es || -tes || -asici | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Neuter | !Neuter | ||
| - | | -oir || -toir || -ad | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 281: | Line 281: | ||
=== Tense === | === Tense === | ||
All verbs end in ''-a''. Take off the ''-a'' and add the corresponding ending based on person and number. | |||
==== Present ==== | ==== Present ==== | ||
{| class="wikitable" border=1 | |||
! || Singular || Dual || Plural | |||
|- | |||
!1st person | |||
| -0 || -ta || -na | |||
|- | |||
!2nd person | |||
| -d || -da || -t | |||
|- | |||
!3rd person | |||
| -''acute accent on the last syllable's vowel'' || -''acute accent on the last syllable's vowel''+t || - ái | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
==== Recent Past ==== | ==== Recent Past ==== | ||
{| class="wikitable" border=1 | |||
! || Singular || Dual || Plural | |||
|- | |||
!1st person | |||
| -y || -yta || -yna | |||
|- | |||
!2nd person | |||
| -yd || -yda || -yt | |||
|- | |||
!3rd person | |||
| -ý || -ýt || - yái | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
==== Anterior Past ==== | ==== Anterior Past ==== | ||
{| class="wikitable" border=1 | |||
! || Singular || Dual || Plural | |||
|- | |||
!1st person | |||
| -e || -eta || -ena | |||
|- | |||
!2nd person | |||
| -ed || -eda || -et | |||
|- | |||
!3rd person | |||
| -é || -ét || - eái | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
==== Recent Future ==== | ==== Recent Future ==== | ||
{| class="wikitable" border=1 | |||
! || Singular || Dual || Plural | |||
|- | |||
!1st person | |||
| -u || -uta || -una | |||
|- | |||
!2nd person | |||
| -ud || -uda || -ut | |||
|- | |||
!3rd person | |||
| -ú || -út || -uái | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
==== Anterior Future ==== | ==== Anterior Future ==== | ||
== | {| class="wikitable" border=1 | ||
! || Singular || Dual || Plural | |||
|- | |||
!1st person | |||
| -o || -ota || -ona | |||
|- | |||
!2nd person | |||
| -od || -oda || -ot | |||
|- | |||
!3rd person | |||
| -ó || -ót || -oái | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
=== Negative === | |||
All negative verbs end in ''-sa''. The verb is conjugated normally, then the corresponding endings are added onto those endings. | |||
{| class="wikitable" border=1 | |||
! || Singular || Dual || Plural | |||
|- | |||
!1st person | |||
| -sum || -s || -s | |||
|- | |||
!2nd person | |||
| -us || -s || -se | |||
|- | |||
!3rd person | |||
| -se || -se || -s | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
=== Interrogative === | |||
=== Exclamatory === | |||
=== Confirming === | |||
=== Doubtful === | |||
== Adverbs == | == Adverbs == | ||
Line 304: | Line 400: | ||
=== Two Or More Prepositions === | === Two Or More Prepositions === | ||
=== | === Voice === | ||
== Compound Sentences == | == Compound Sentences == | ||
Line 311: | Line 407: | ||
== Compound-Complex Sentences == | == Compound-Complex Sentences == | ||
[[Category: Conlangs]] |
Latest revision as of 09:49, 4 November 2012
UNDER CONSTRUCTION.
Phonology and Orthography
Consonants
Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive | /p b/ p b | /t d/ t d | /k g/ k g | |||
Nasal | /m/ m | /n/ n | /ŋ/ q | |||
Trill | /r/ r | |||||
Fricative | /ɸ/ f | /θ/ þ | /s/ s | /ʃ/ ṡ | /x/ h | |
Affricative | /ts dz/ c z | /tʃ dʒ/ ċ ż | ||||
Lateral Fricative | /ɬ/ l | |||||
Approximant | /j/ j |
- p t k are pronounced as /p̚ t̚ k̚/ at the end of a word
- b d l z ż g are pronounced as /β ð ɮ z ʒ ɣ/ in between two vowels or at the end of a word
- r is pronounced as /ð/ at the end of a word
- doubling a consonant makes its sound longer
- when a voiced and voiceless consonant are next to each other, they both take the first letter's voicing
Vowels
Tense
Tense vowels are the core and original pronunciation of the vowel.
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | /i y/ e u | /ɯ u/ y o | |
Open-Mid | /ɜ ɞ/ a w |
- tense vowels are ones that are before one consonant
- i is added after a tense vowel that is a normally lax vowel position to keep the tense pronunciation
- o u e y are pronounced as /w ɥ j ɰ/ when before or after a vowel
- a e o u w y are slightly lowered to /ɐ̜ ɪ ʊ̹ ʏ ɐ̹ ʊ̜/ at the end of a word
- doubling a vowel lengthens its sound
Lax
Lax vowels are the lowered counterpart of the original tense vowel.
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close-Mid | /e ø/ e u | /ɤ o/ y o | |
Open | /a ɒ/ a w |
- lax vowels are before two or more consonants
- a u w y are all silent when in the syllable before the stressed syllable, and pronounced /ə/ elsewhere when unstressed
Diphthongs
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close-Mid | /øʏ/ ᵫ | /oɪ/ œ | |
Open | /aɪ/ æ |
Stress
Stress normally falls on the first syllable of a word. However, there is irregular stress. This is denoted by an acute accent on that specific syllable's vowel to show the irregularity.
Morphology
Nouns
Nouns in Kyovantic decline based on gender, number, and case. The two articles used in the languages are suffixes.
Gender
There are three genders in Kyovantic: masculine, feminine, and neuter. Their standard form is nominative singular. Each noun's gender can usually be distinguished by the letter that that noun ends with.
Masculine
Masculine nouns usually end in a consonant, a diphthong, -ta, or -se. Any word that describes something animate and male is masculine. With words that can be different genders (e.g. teacher, student), the masculine version always ends in a consonant.
Feminine
Feminine nouns usually end in -a, -e, -o, -u, -y, -bh, -dh, -gh or -amg. Any word that describes something animate and female is feminine. With words that can be different genders (e.g. teacher, student), the feminine version always ends in -a.
Neuter
Neuter nouns usually end in -e, -o, -b, -d, -g, or any doubled vowel. Any word that describes something animate and the gender is not known or the gender is neither male nor female is neuter. With words that can be different genders (e.g. teacher, student), the neuter version always ends in -e.
Articles
There are two morphological articles in Kyovantic. One is mainly assumed.
Indefinite
The indefinite article isn't shown through a suffix, prefix, or separate word. Usually it's just assumed through the noun by itself, however, in certain situations, numbers can be used to express something similar to the indefinite article.
Definite
The definite article is a suffix that changes depending on gender, but not number nor case.
Vowel | Consonant | |
---|---|---|
Masculine | -n | -un |
Feminine | -m | -um |
Neuter | -q | -uq |
Partitive
The partitive article is a suffix that changes depending on gender, but not number nor case.
Vowel | Consonant | |
---|---|---|
Masculine | -s | -as |
Feminine | -sa | -asa |
Neuter | -se | -ase |
Number
There are three distinct numbers in Kyovantic.
Singular
The singular version of a noun is usually its dictionary form.
Dual
In order to express a noun dually, a suffix is added depending on gender and case.
Plural
In order to express a noun plurally, a suffix is added depending on gender and case.
Case
There are six cases in Kyovantic. They are displayed with a suffix and change depending on the specific case, gender, and number.
(In the singular nominative, a specific ending will not be written since it's the dictionary form and there's also more than one. -0 means there is no ending.)
Nominative
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Masculine | - | -t | -ee |
Feminine | - | -t | -e |
Neuter | - | -t | -a |
Accusative
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Masculine | -0 | -t | -ee |
Feminine | -0 | -t | -as |
Neuter | -0 | -t | -aai |
Genitive
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Masculine | -e | -te | -æ |
Feminine | -os | -tos | -acute accent added to the first syllable |
Neuter | -an | -tan | -eq |
Dative
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Masculine | -a | -ta | -ein |
Feminine | -a | -ta | -0 |
Neuter | -o | -to | -oigo |
Locative
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Masculine | -o | -o | -o |
Feminine | -o | -o | -o |
Neuter | -o | -o | -o |
Instrumental
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Masculine | -aig | -taig | -aiks |
Feminine | -es | -tes | -asici |
Neuter | -oir | -toir | -ad |
Verbs
Tense
All verbs end in -a. Take off the -a and add the corresponding ending based on person and number.
Present
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
1st person | -0 | -ta | -na |
2nd person | -d | -da | -t |
3rd person | -acute accent on the last syllable's vowel | -acute accent on the last syllable's vowel+t | - ái |
Recent Past
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
1st person | -y | -yta | -yna |
2nd person | -yd | -yda | -yt |
3rd person | -ý | -ýt | - yái |
Anterior Past
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
1st person | -e | -eta | -ena |
2nd person | -ed | -eda | -et |
3rd person | -é | -ét | - eái |
Recent Future
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
1st person | -u | -uta | -una |
2nd person | -ud | -uda | -ut |
3rd person | -ú | -út | -uái |
Anterior Future
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
1st person | -o | -ota | -ona |
2nd person | -od | -oda | -ot |
3rd person | -ó | -ót | -oái |
Negative
All negative verbs end in -sa. The verb is conjugated normally, then the corresponding endings are added onto those endings.
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
1st person | -sum | -s | -s |
2nd person | -us | -s | -se |
3rd person | -se | -se | -s |