Uralic: Difference between revisions
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==Classification== | ==Classification== | ||
* Balto-Finnic | Literary standard languages in '''bold'''. | ||
* | |||
* Mordvinic | * Balto-Finnic | ||
* Mari | ** South Estonian | ||
* Permic | *** '''Võro''' | ||
* | *** '''Seto''' | ||
* Samoyedic | ** Core BF | ||
*** '''Livonian''' ''(†, second-language speakers remain)'' | |||
*** Estonic | |||
**** (North) '''Estonian''' | |||
**** Votic ''(moribund)'' | |||
*** Northern Finnic | |||
**** '''Finnish''' | |||
**** Eastern Finnic | |||
***** Ingrian | |||
***** East Finnish | |||
***** '''Karelian''' | |||
***** Olonetsian | |||
***** Ludic | |||
***** '''Veps''' | |||
* Sami | |||
** Southwest Sami | |||
*** '''South Sami''' | |||
*** Ume Sami ''(moribund)'' | |||
** Northwest Sami | |||
*** Pite Sami ''(moribund)'' | |||
*** Lule Sami | |||
*** '''North Sami''' | |||
** Eastern Sami | |||
*** '''Inari Sami''' | |||
*** '''Skolt Sami''' | |||
*** Kemi Sami ''(†)'' | |||
*** Kola Sami | |||
**** Akkala Sami ''(†)'' | |||
**** '''Kildin Sami''' | |||
**** Ter Sami ''(moribund)'' | |||
* Mordvinic | |||
** '''Erzya''' | |||
** '''Moksha''' | |||
* Mari | |||
** '''Hill (West) Mari''' | |||
** '''Meadow (East) Mari''' | |||
** + other dialects | |||
* Permic | |||
** Komi | |||
*** '''Komi proper''' (Zyrian) | |||
*** '''Permyak''' | |||
*** Yodzyak ''(moribund)'' | |||
** '''Udmurt''' | |||
* Hungarian | |||
** '''Standard Hungarian''' | |||
** Csángó Hungarian | |||
** Székely Hungarian | |||
* Khanty | |||
** '''North Khanty''' (Obdorsk, Kazym etc.) | |||
** East Khanty (Vakh-Vasyugan, Surgut) | |||
** South Khanty (Demjanka, Konda, etc) ''(†)'' | |||
* Mansi | |||
** South Mansi (Tavda) ''(†)'' | |||
** Core Mansi | |||
*** '''North Mansi''' (Sosva) | |||
*** East Mansi (Pelymka, etc) ''(†)'' | |||
*** West Mansi (Konda) ''(†)'' | |||
* Samoyedic | |||
** Core Northern Samoyedic | |||
*** Nenets | |||
**** '''Tundra Nenets''' | |||
**** Forest Nenets | |||
*** Enets ''(moribund)'' | |||
*** Yurak ''(†)'' | |||
** '''Nganasan''' | |||
** Selkup | |||
*** '''North Selkup''' (Taz) | |||
*** Central Selkup (Tym) ''(moribund)'' | |||
*** South Selkup (Ket) ''(moribund)'' | |||
** Kamassian ''(†)'' | |||
** Mator ''(†)'' | |||
Estonian, Finnish and Hungarian are not endangered; Meadow Mari, Udmurt, Komi and Northern Sami are the most likely to survive in the future. Ob-Ugric (= Mansi + Khanty) and Samoyedic outside of Nenets are barely transmitted anymore and likely to be extinct within the century. | |||
==Development== | |||
* [[Proto-Uralic]] | |||
* [[Proto-Samoyedic]] | |||
* [[Proto-Samic]] | |||
* History of [[Finnish]] | |||
* History of [[Mordvinic]] | |||
* Random reconstruction notes for others: [[Mari]], [[Permic]], [[Mansi]], [[Khanty]] | |||
==Hypotheses of external relationships== | ==Hypotheses of external relationships== | ||
Latest revision as of 11:59, 1 December 2011
Uralic is one of the major language families of Eurasia.
Classification
Literary standard languages in bold.
- Balto-Finnic
- South Estonian
- Võro
- Seto
- Core BF
- Livonian (†, second-language speakers remain)
- Estonic
- (North) Estonian
- Votic (moribund)
- Northern Finnic
- Finnish
- Eastern Finnic
- Ingrian
- East Finnish
- Karelian
- Olonetsian
- Ludic
- Veps
- South Estonian
- Sami
- Southwest Sami
- South Sami
- Ume Sami (moribund)
- Northwest Sami
- Pite Sami (moribund)
- Lule Sami
- North Sami
- Eastern Sami
- Inari Sami
- Skolt Sami
- Kemi Sami (†)
- Kola Sami
- Akkala Sami (†)
- Kildin Sami
- Ter Sami (moribund)
- Southwest Sami
- Mordvinic
- Erzya
- Moksha
- Mari
- Hill (West) Mari
- Meadow (East) Mari
- + other dialects
- Permic
- Komi
- Komi proper (Zyrian)
- Permyak
- Yodzyak (moribund)
- Udmurt
- Komi
- Hungarian
- Standard Hungarian
- Csángó Hungarian
- Székely Hungarian
- Khanty
- North Khanty (Obdorsk, Kazym etc.)
- East Khanty (Vakh-Vasyugan, Surgut)
- South Khanty (Demjanka, Konda, etc) (†)
- Mansi
- South Mansi (Tavda) (†)
- Core Mansi
- North Mansi (Sosva)
- East Mansi (Pelymka, etc) (†)
- West Mansi (Konda) (†)
- Samoyedic
- Core Northern Samoyedic
- Nenets
- Tundra Nenets
- Forest Nenets
- Enets (moribund)
- Yurak (†)
- Nenets
- Nganasan
- Selkup
- North Selkup (Taz)
- Central Selkup (Tym) (moribund)
- South Selkup (Ket) (moribund)
- Kamassian (†)
- Mator (†)
- Core Northern Samoyedic
Estonian, Finnish and Hungarian are not endangered; Meadow Mari, Udmurt, Komi and Northern Sami are the most likely to survive in the future. Ob-Ugric (= Mansi + Khanty) and Samoyedic outside of Nenets are barely transmitted anymore and likely to be extinct within the century.
Development
- Proto-Uralic
- Proto-Samoyedic
- Proto-Samic
- History of Finnish
- History of Mordvinic
- Random reconstruction notes for others: Mari, Permic, Mansi, Khanty
