Frostocan: Difference between revisions
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Frostocan phonology and orthography. | Frostocan phonology and orthography. | ||
== Alphabet == | |||
a b c ċ d ð e f g ġ h i k ḱ l ĺ m n ṅ ŋ o p r s ṡ t u v w x ẋ y z ż þ æ œ | |||
{| class="wikitable" border=1 | |||
! Letter || Name | |||
|- | |||
|a || ''aa'' | |||
|- | |||
|b || ''bee'' | |||
|- | |||
|c || ''cee'' | |||
|- | |||
|ċ || ''ciee'' | |||
|- | |||
|d || ''dee'' | |||
|- | |||
|ð || ''eðð'' | |||
|- | |||
|e || ''ee'' | |||
|- | |||
|f || ''eff'' | |||
|- | |||
|g || ''gee'' | |||
|- | |||
|ġ || ''giee'' | |||
|- | |||
|h || ''ehee'' | |||
|- | |||
|i || ''ii'' | |||
|- | |||
|k || ''kee'' | |||
|- | |||
|ḱ || ''kiee'' | |||
|- | |||
|l || ''ell'' | |||
|- | |||
|ĺ || ''eĺ'' | |||
|- | |||
|m || ''emm'' | |||
|- | |||
|n || ''enn'' | |||
|- | |||
|ṅ || ''eṅ'' | |||
|- | |||
|ŋ || ''eŋŋ'' | |||
|- | |||
|o || ''oo'' | |||
|- | |||
|p || ''pee'' | |||
|- | |||
|r || ''err'' | |||
|- | |||
|s || ''ess'' | |||
|- | |||
|ṡ || ''eṡ'' | |||
|- | |||
|t || ''tee'' | |||
|- | |||
|u || ''uu'' | |||
|- | |||
|v || ''evv'' | |||
|- | |||
|w || ''ww'' | |||
|- | |||
|x || ''xee'' | |||
|- | |||
|ẋ || ''xiee'' | |||
|- | |||
|y || ''yy'' | |||
|- | |||
|z || ''ezz'' | |||
|- | |||
|ż || ''eż'' | |||
|- | |||
|þ || ''þee'' | |||
|- | |||
|æ || ''æ'' | |||
|- | |||
|œ || ''œ'' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
== Consonants == | == Consonants == | ||
Line 14: | Line 97: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Plosive | !Plosive | ||
|/m/ ''m'' || /n/ ''n'' || || || || /ɲ/ ''ṅ/n(i)'' || /ŋ/ '' | |/m/ ''m'' || /n/ ''n'' || || || || /ɲ/ ''ṅ/n(i)'' || /ŋ/ ''ŋ'' || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Fricative | !Fricative | ||
Line 33: | Line 116: | ||
!Lateral Approximant | !Lateral Approximant | ||
| || /l/ ''l'' || || || /ʎ/ ''ĺ''/''l(i)'' || || || || | | || /l/ ''l'' || || || /ʎ/ ''ĺ''/''l(i)'' || || || || | ||
|- | |||
|} | |} | ||
* | * in writing, ''ḱ'' and ''ĺ'' are written with a dot above it rather than an acute accent. | ||
* | * palatalized consonant are only written with the dot accent mark when proceeding nothing or another consonant; otherwise, it's written with an ''i'' directly after it. | ||
* ''ð'' is sometimes pronounced as /θ/ at the end of a word since ''þ'' can never be at the end of a word. | |||
* ''r'' is pronounced as /ð/ at the end of a word. | * ''r'' is pronounced as /ð/ at the end of a word. | ||
* | * when a voiced and an unvoiced consonant are next to each other, the voiced becomes voiceless. | ||
* ''i'', ''y'', and ''w'' are pronounced as /j/, /ɥ/, and /w/ only when before or after a vowel. | * ''i'', ''y'', and ''w'' are pronounced as /j/, /ɥ/, and /w/ only when before or after a vowel. | ||
* doubling a consonant lengthened its sound. | |||
== Vowels == | == Vowels == | ||
{| class="wikitable" border=1 | {| class="wikitable" border=1 | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!Open-Mid | !Open-Mid | ||
| || || || /ɔ/ ''o'' | | || || || /ɔ/ ''o'' /ɔɪ/ ''œ'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Open | !Open | ||
|/a/ ''a'' || | | | || || /a/ ''a'' /aɪ/ ''æ'' || | ||
|- | |||
|} | |} | ||
* ''e'' is pronounced as /ɪ/ in unstressed positions. | * ''e'' is pronounced as /ɪ/ in unstressed positions. | ||
* ''a'' is pronounced as /ə/ in unstressed positions and silent when directly before a stressed syllable. | * ''a'' is pronounced as /ə/ in unstressed positions and silent when directly before a stressed syllable. | ||
* | * doubling a vowel lengthened its sound. | ||
== Stress == | |||
Stress is normally on the second the last syllable. In order to show irregular stress, an acute accent is added on the vowel of the stressed syllable. | |||
= Grammar = | |||
A brief in Frostocan grammar. | |||
* ''∅'' means no ending | |||
* ''Δ'' means change the vowel to its rounded counterpart ''(e→u, i→y)'' | |||
* ''◌́'' means add an acute accent on that syllable | |||
== Syntax == | |||
== Nouns == | |||
There are three genders, two articles, three numbers, and eight cases that affect the specific noun. | |||
=== Gender === | |||
Frostocan has three genders. | |||
==== Masculine ==== | |||
Nouns that end in ''-ta'', ''-æ'', ''-œ'', a stressed vowel, or most consonants are usually masculine. Any noun that denotes something animate that is male is always masculine. | |||
==== Feminine ==== | |||
Nouns that end in ''-a'', ''-i (pronounced as /i/)'', ''-at'', ''-mg'', ''-ð'', or a palatalized consonant are usually feminine. Any noun that denotes something animate that is female is always feminine. | |||
==== Neuter ==== | |||
Nouns that end in ''-e'', ''-o'', ''-ð (pronounced as /θ/)'', ''-rt'', ''-rp'', ''-rk'', a doubled vowel, or any doubled consonant. Any noun that denotes something animate that could be either male or female and is either unknown or unspecified is always neuter. | |||
=== Article === | |||
There are two articles in Frostocan. | |||
* adding the articles don't affect the syllable on which there is stress. | |||
==== Definite ==== | |||
The definite article shows the noun being talked about is a specific one rather than a general one. A suffix is added to the noun to show this, and it changes depending on gender. | |||
{| class="wikitable" border=1 | |||
! || vowel ending || consonant ending | |||
|- | |||
!m. | |||
| ''-n'' || ''-en'' | |||
|- | |||
!f. | |||
| ''-m'' || ''-am'' | |||
|- | |||
!n. | |||
| ''-ð'' || ''-ið'' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
''e.g'' | |||
{| class="wikitable" border=1 | |||
! || vowel ending || consonant ending | |||
|- | |||
!m. | |||
| amsa''n'' || lok''en'' | |||
|- | |||
!f. | |||
| fyma''m'' || opsiat''am'' | |||
|- | |||
!n. | |||
| kaŋee''ð'' || bahan''ið'' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
==== Partitive ==== | |||
The particle article shows that only a partial part of the noun is being talked about. A prefix and suffix is added to the noun to show this, and it changes depending on gender. | |||
{| class="wikitable" border=1 | |||
! || vowel ending || consonant ending | |||
|- | |||
!m. | |||
| ''po-'' ''-i'' || ''po-'' ''-i'' | |||
|- | |||
!f. | |||
| ''psa-'' ''-mg'' || ''psa-'' ''-amg'' | |||
|- | |||
!n. | |||
| ''pio-'' ''-s'' || ''pio-'' ''-s'' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
''e.g.'' | |||
{| class="wikitable" border=1 | |||
! || vowel ending || consonant ending | |||
|- | |||
!m. | |||
| ''po''soda''i'' || ''po''grus''i'' | |||
|- | |||
!f. | |||
| ''psa''siuka''mg'' || ''psa''striat''amg'' | |||
|- | |||
!n. | |||
| ''pio''uiare''s'' || ''pio''kligg''s'' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
=== Number === | |||
There are three numbers in Frostocan. | |||
==== Singular ==== | |||
The word in its dictionary form is its singular form. The endings depend on the gender and case. | |||
==== Dual ==== | |||
In its dual form, the noun expresses two of itself. The endings added change depending on gender and case. | |||
==== Plural ==== | |||
Three or more of a certain noun is depicted by the plural form. The endings change depending on gender and case. | |||
=== Case === | |||
There are eight cases in Frostocan. | |||
==== Nominative ==== | |||
==== Accusative ==== | |||
==== Genitive ==== | |||
==== Dative ==== | |||
==== Ablative ==== | |||
==== Instrumental ==== | |||
==== Locative ==== | |||
==== Vocative ==== | |||
== Verbs == | |||
All verbs end in ''-a''. In order to conjugate a verb in order to express something, take off the ''-a'' and add the prefixes or suffixes. | |||
=== Tense === | |||
There are three tenses in Frostocan. | |||
==== Present ==== | |||
To conjugate the present tense with regular verbs, add the following endings: | |||
{| class="wikitable" border=1 | |||
! || singular || dual || plural | |||
|- | |||
!1st person | |||
| ''-∅'' || ''-Δus'' || ''-u'' | |||
|- | |||
!2nd person | |||
| ''-ð'' || ''-Δc'' || ''-t'' | |||
|- | |||
!3rd person | |||
| ''-◌́'' || ''-Δ◌́s'' || ''-á'' | |||
|} | |||
''e.g.'' | |||
{| class="wikitable" border=1 | |||
! gdera ''(to stand up)'' || singular || dual || plural | |||
|- | |||
!1st person | |||
| gder || gdurus || gderu | |||
|- | |||
!2nd person | |||
| gderð || gdurc || gdert | |||
|- | |||
!3rd person | |||
| gdér || gdúrs || gderá | |||
|} | |||
== Adjectives == | |||
== Adverbs == | |||
= Lexicon = | |||
== Numbers == | |||
= Frostocan in Action = | |||
[[Category: Conlangs]] |
Latest revision as of 17:06, 25 October 2011
Frostocan (vrosteitoka, IPA: [ˈβrɔstɪjˌtɔxə]) is a constructed language started in October 2011.
Phonology & Orthography
Frostocan phonology and orthography.
Alphabet
a b c ċ d ð e f g ġ h i k ḱ l ĺ m n ṅ ŋ o p r s ṡ t u v w x ẋ y z ż þ æ œ
Letter | Name |
---|---|
a | aa |
b | bee |
c | cee |
ċ | ciee |
d | dee |
ð | eðð |
e | ee |
f | eff |
g | gee |
ġ | giee |
h | ehee |
i | ii |
k | kee |
ḱ | kiee |
l | ell |
ĺ | eĺ |
m | emm |
n | enn |
ṅ | eṅ |
ŋ | eŋŋ |
o | oo |
p | pee |
r | err |
s | ess |
ṡ | eṡ |
t | tee |
u | uu |
v | evv |
w | ww |
x | xee |
ẋ | xiee |
y | yy |
z | ezz |
ż | eż |
þ | þee |
æ | æ |
œ | œ |
Consonants
Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatalized Postalveolar | Palatal | Labialized Palatal | Velar | Labaialized Velar | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | /p/ p /b/ b | /t/ t /d/ d | /ʔ/ h | ||||||
Plosive | /m/ m | /n/ n | /ɲ/ ṅ/n(i) | /ŋ/ ŋ | |||||
Fricative | /ɸ/ f /β/ v | /θ/ þ /ð/ ð | /s/ s /z/ z | /ɕ/ ṡ/s(i) /ʑ/ ż/z(i) | /ç/ ḱ/k(i) /ʝ/ ġ/g(i) | /x/ k /ɣ/ g | |||
Affricative | /ts/ c /dz/ x | /tɕ/ ċ/c(i) /dʑ/ ẋ/x(i) | |||||||
Approximant | /j/ i | /ɥ/ y | /w/ w | ||||||
Trill | /r/ r | ||||||||
Lateral Fricative | /ɬ/ kl /ɮ/ gl | ||||||||
Lateral Approximant | /l/ l | /ʎ/ ĺ/l(i) |
- in writing, ḱ and ĺ are written with a dot above it rather than an acute accent.
- palatalized consonant are only written with the dot accent mark when proceeding nothing or another consonant; otherwise, it's written with an i directly after it.
- ð is sometimes pronounced as /θ/ at the end of a word since þ can never be at the end of a word.
- r is pronounced as /ð/ at the end of a word.
- when a voiced and an unvoiced consonant are next to each other, the voiced becomes voiceless.
- i, y, and w are pronounced as /j/, /ɥ/, and /w/ only when before or after a vowel.
- doubling a consonant lengthened its sound.
Vowels
Front | Near-Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Close | /i/ i /y/ y | /u/ w | ||
Near-Close | /ɪ/ e | |||
Close-Mid | /e/ e /ø/ u | |||
Mid | /ə/ a | |||
Open-Mid | /ɔ/ o /ɔɪ/ œ | |||
Open | /a/ a /aɪ/ æ |
- e is pronounced as /ɪ/ in unstressed positions.
- a is pronounced as /ə/ in unstressed positions and silent when directly before a stressed syllable.
- doubling a vowel lengthened its sound.
Stress
Stress is normally on the second the last syllable. In order to show irregular stress, an acute accent is added on the vowel of the stressed syllable.
Grammar
A brief in Frostocan grammar.
- ∅ means no ending
- Δ means change the vowel to its rounded counterpart (e→u, i→y)
- ◌́ means add an acute accent on that syllable
Syntax
Nouns
There are three genders, two articles, three numbers, and eight cases that affect the specific noun.
Gender
Frostocan has three genders.
Masculine
Nouns that end in -ta, -æ, -œ, a stressed vowel, or most consonants are usually masculine. Any noun that denotes something animate that is male is always masculine.
Feminine
Nouns that end in -a, -i (pronounced as /i/), -at, -mg, -ð, or a palatalized consonant are usually feminine. Any noun that denotes something animate that is female is always feminine.
Neuter
Nouns that end in -e, -o, -ð (pronounced as /θ/), -rt, -rp, -rk, a doubled vowel, or any doubled consonant. Any noun that denotes something animate that could be either male or female and is either unknown or unspecified is always neuter.
Article
There are two articles in Frostocan.
- adding the articles don't affect the syllable on which there is stress.
Definite
The definite article shows the noun being talked about is a specific one rather than a general one. A suffix is added to the noun to show this, and it changes depending on gender.
vowel ending | consonant ending | |
---|---|---|
m. | -n | -en |
f. | -m | -am |
n. | -ð | -ið |
e.g
vowel ending | consonant ending | |
---|---|---|
m. | amsan | loken |
f. | fymam | opsiatam |
n. | kaŋeeð | bahanið |
Partitive
The particle article shows that only a partial part of the noun is being talked about. A prefix and suffix is added to the noun to show this, and it changes depending on gender.
vowel ending | consonant ending | |
---|---|---|
m. | po- -i | po- -i |
f. | psa- -mg | psa- -amg |
n. | pio- -s | pio- -s |
e.g.
vowel ending | consonant ending | |
---|---|---|
m. | posodai | pogrusi |
f. | psasiukamg | psastriatamg |
n. | piouiares | piokliggs |
Number
There are three numbers in Frostocan.
Singular
The word in its dictionary form is its singular form. The endings depend on the gender and case.
Dual
In its dual form, the noun expresses two of itself. The endings added change depending on gender and case.
Plural
Three or more of a certain noun is depicted by the plural form. The endings change depending on gender and case.
Case
There are eight cases in Frostocan.
Nominative
Accusative
Genitive
Dative
Ablative
Instrumental
Locative
Vocative
Verbs
All verbs end in -a. In order to conjugate a verb in order to express something, take off the -a and add the prefixes or suffixes.
Tense
There are three tenses in Frostocan.
Present
To conjugate the present tense with regular verbs, add the following endings:
singular | dual | plural | |
---|---|---|---|
1st person | -∅ | -Δus | -u |
2nd person | -ð | -Δc | -t |
3rd person | -◌́ | -Δ◌́s | -á |
e.g.
gdera (to stand up) | singular | dual | plural |
---|---|---|---|
1st person | gder | gdurus | gderu |
2nd person | gderð | gdurc | gdert |
3rd person | gdér | gdúrs | gderá |