Frostocan

Frostocan (vrosteitoka, IPA: [ˈβrɔstɪjˌtɔxə]) is a constructed language started in October 2011.

Phonology & Orthography

Frostocan phonology and orthography.

Alphabet

a b c ċ d ð e f g ġ h i k ḱ l ĺ m n ṅ ŋ o p r s ṡ t u v w x ẋ y z ż þ æ œ

Letter	Name
a	aa
b	bee
c	cee
ċ	ciee
d	dee
ð	eðð
e	ee
f	eff
g	gee
ġ	giee
h	ehee
i	ii
k	kee
ḱ	kiee
l	ell
ĺ	eĺ
m	emm
n	enn
ṅ	eṅ
ŋ	eŋŋ
o	oo
p	pee
r	err
s	ess
ṡ	eṡ
t	tee
u	uu
v	evv
w	ww
x	xee
ẋ	xiee
y	yy
z	ezz
ż	eż
þ	þee
æ	æ
œ	œ

Consonants

	Bilabial	Dental	Alveolar	Palatalized Postalveolar	Palatal	Labialized Palatal	Velar	Labaialized Velar	Glottal
Nasal	/p/ p /b/ b	/t/ t /d/ d							/ʔ/ h
Plosive	/m/ m	/n/ n				/ɲ/ ṅ/n(i)	/ŋ/ ŋ
Fricative	/ɸ/ f /β/ v	/θ/ þ /ð/ ð	/s/ s /z/ z	/ɕ/ ṡ/s(i) /ʑ/ ż/z(i)	/ç/ ḱ/k(i) /ʝ/ ġ/g(i)		/x/ k /ɣ/ g
Affricative			/ts/ c /dz/ x	/tɕ/ ċ/c(i) /dʑ/ ẋ/x(i)
Approximant					/j/ i	/ɥ/ y		/w/ w
Trill		/r/ r
Lateral Fricative		/ɬ/ kl /ɮ/ gl
Lateral Approximant		/l/ l			/ʎ/ ĺ/l(i)

• in writing, ḱ and ĺ are written with a dot above it rather than an acute accent.
• palatalized consonant are only written with the dot accent mark when proceeding nothing or another consonant; otherwise, it's written with an i directly after it.
• ð is sometimes pronounced as /θ/ at the end of a word since þ can never be at the end of a word.
• r is pronounced as /ð/ at the end of a word.
• when a voiced and an unvoiced consonant are next to each other, the voiced becomes voiceless.
• i, y, and w are pronounced as /j/, /ɥ/, and /w/ only when before or after a vowel.
• doubling a consonant lengthened its sound.

Vowels

	Front	Near-Front	Central	Back
Close	/i/ i /y/ y			/u/ w
Near-Close		/ɪ/ e
Close-Mid	/e/ e /ø/ u
Mid			/ə/ a
Open-Mid				/ɔ/ o /ɔɪ/ œ
Open			/a/ a /aɪ/ æ

• e is pronounced as /ɪ/ in unstressed positions.
• a is pronounced as /ə/ in unstressed positions and silent when directly before a stressed syllable.
• doubling a vowel lengthened its sound.

Stress

Stress is normally on the second the last syllable. In order to show irregular stress, an acute accent is added on the vowel of the stressed syllable.

Grammar

A brief in Frostocan grammar.

• ∅ means no ending
• Δ means change the vowel to its rounded counterpart (e→u, i→y)
• ◌́ means add an acute accent on that syllable

Nouns

There are three genders, two articles, three numbers, and eight cases that affect the specific noun.

Gender

Frostocan has three genders.

Masculine

Nouns that end in -ta, -æ, -œ, a stressed vowel, or most consonants are usually masculine. Any noun that denotes something animate that is male is always masculine.

Feminine

Nouns that end in -a, -i (pronounced as /i/), -at, -mg, -ð, or a palatalized consonant are usually feminine. Any noun that denotes something animate that is female is always feminine.

Neuter

Nouns that end in -e, -o, -ð (pronounced as /θ/), -rt, -rp, -rk, a doubled vowel, or any doubled consonant. Any noun that denotes something animate that could be either male or female and is either unknown or unspecified is always neuter.

Article

There are two articles in Frostocan.

• adding the articles don't affect the syllable on which there is stress.

Definite

The definite article shows the noun being talked about is a specific one rather than a general one. A suffix is added to the noun to show this, and it changes depending on gender.

	vowel ending	consonant ending
m.	-n	-en
f.	-m	-am
n.	-ð	-ið

e.g

	vowel ending	consonant ending
m.	amsan	loken
f.	fymam	opsiatam
n.	kaŋeeð	bahanið

Partitive

The particle article shows that only a partial part of the noun is being talked about. A prefix and suffix is added to the noun to show this, and it changes depending on gender.

	vowel ending	consonant ending
m.	po- -i	po- -i
f.	psa- -mg	psa- -amg
n.	pio- -s	pio- -s

e.g.

	vowel ending	consonant ending
m.	posodai	pogrusi
f.	psasiukamg	psastriatamg
n.	piouiares	piokliggs

Number

There are three numbers in Frostocan.

Singular

The word in its dictionary form is its singular form. The endings depend on the gender and case.

Dual

In its dual form, the noun expresses two of itself. The endings added change depending on gender and case.

Plural

Three or more of a certain noun is depicted by the plural form. The endings change depending on gender and case.

Case

There are eight cases in Frostocan.

Verbs

All verbs end in -a. In order to conjugate a verb in order to express something, take off the -a and add the prefixes or suffixes.

Tense

There are three tenses in Frostocan.

Present

To conjugate the present tense with regular verbs, add the following endings:

	singular	dual	plural
1st person	-∅	-Δus	-u
2nd person	-ð	-Δc	-t
3rd person	-◌́	-Δ◌́s	-á

e.g.

gdera (to stand up)	singular	dual	plural
1st person	gder	gdurus	gderu
2nd person	gderð	gdurc	gdert
3rd person	gdér	gdúrs	gderá