Liroitian: Difference between revisions
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{{Language| | {{Language| | ||
| English = Liroitian | | English = Liroitian | ||
| native = | | native = Liroitach | ||
| country = Italy | | country = Italy | ||
| nativecountry = Italya | | nativecountry = Italya | ||
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}} | }} | ||
Liroitian {{IPA|/ | Liroitian {{IPA|/lɪ.ˈɹɔɪ.ʃən/}}, native Liroitach {{IPA|/li.ˈroi.takʰ/}} is a highly endangered isolate language spoken by a handful of people in northwestern Italy. It is similar typologically to Bausque, being agglutinative, SOV, and head-final, but no relation is apparent. | ||
=Phonology= | =Phonology= | ||
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|| ||Labial||Alveolar||Palatal||Velar | || ||Labial||Alveolar||Palatal||Velar | ||
|- | |- | ||
||Stops, Plain||'''p'''||'''t'''|| | ||Stops, Plain||'''p'''||'''t'''|| ||'''k''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
||Stops, aspirated||'''pʰ'''||'''tʰ'''|| | ||Stops, aspirated||'''pʰ'''||'''tʰ'''|| ||'''kʰ''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
||Stops, Voiced||'''b'''||'''d'''|| | ||Stops, Voiced||'''b'''||'''d'''|| ||'''g''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
||Nasals||'''m'''||'''n''' | ||Nasals||'''m'''||'''n''' | ||
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|| ||Labial||Alveolar||Palatal||Velar | || ||Labial||Alveolar||Palatal||Velar | ||
|- | |- | ||
||Stops, Plain||'''p'''||'''t'''|| | ||Stops, Plain||'''p'''||'''t'''|| ||'''c''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
||Stops, aspirated||'''ph'''||'''th'''|| | ||Stops, aspirated||'''ph'''||'''th'''|| ||'''ch''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
||Stops, Voiced||'''b'''||'''d'''|| | ||Stops, Voiced||'''b'''||'''d'''|| ||'''g''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
||Nasals||'''m'''||'''n''' | ||Nasals||'''m'''||'''n''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
<br> | |||
Phonemic /v/ is only found word-initially and in consonant clusters.<br> | |||
/f/ and /s/ are voiced intervocalically.<br> | |||
Velar stops become palatal before /j/.<br> | |||
===Vowels=== | |||
Liroitian has a simple 5-vowel system of {{IPA|/a e i o u/}}. There are no phonemic diphthongs, but bimoraic vowel clusters exist.<br> | |||
=Morphology= | |||
Liroitian has a complex, agglutinative, suffixing morphology that is very atypical for a Western European language.<br> | |||
==Nouns and Adjectives== | |||
Nouns and Adjectives agree in case, but not number. Nouns inflect for possesion and adjectives inflect for comparison.<br> | |||
===Number=== | |||
Liroitian has 3 numbers, singular, dual, and plural. The singular is unmarked. The dual is '''-bu'''. The plural is '''-c''' following vowels and '''-ec''' following consonants.<br> | |||
<br> | |||
'''velec'''<br> | |||
vel-ec<br> | |||
''"trees"''<br> | |||
<br> | |||
'''casac''' | |||
casa-c<br> | |||
''"houses"''<br> | |||
<br> | |||
'''oasbu''' | |||
oas-bu<br> | |||
''"pair of eyes"''<br> | |||
===Case=== | |||
The case system is extensive. There are 6 core cases: Nominative, Accusative, Genitive, Dative, Casual, Partitive, and Instrumental. There are 8 locative cases: Locative, Inessive, Lative, Superessive, Subessive, Illative, Ablative, Elative, Perlative.<br> | |||
<br> | |||
The '''Nominative''' case, which is the unmarked case, indicates the subject and the copular complement of an "X is Y" statement.<br> | |||
<br> | |||
The '''Accusative''' case '''-ja''' indicates the direct object.<br> | |||
<br> | |||
The '''Genitive''' case '''-pho''' has two primary uses, to indicate possesion ("Jack''''s''' house) and for description, origin and reference ("men of Rome", "maid of honor", "of the issue I know nothing").<br> | |||
<br> | |||
The '''Dative''' case '''-(v)u''' indicates the indirect object, but can also refer to the direct objects of some monotransitive verbs.<br> | |||
<br> | |||
The '''Casual''' case '''-i''' indicates the cause of something, similar to the English preposition "because".<br> | |||
<br> | |||
The '''Partitive''' case '''-fe''' indicates parts or amounts of something.<br> | |||
<br> | |||
[[Category: Conlangs]] |
Latest revision as of 13:32, 17 July 2011
Liroitian Liroitach | |
Spoken in: | Italy (Italya) |
Conworld: | League of Lost Languages |
Total speakers: | ~100 |
Genealogical classification: | Isolate
|
Basic word order: | SOV |
Morphological type: | Agglutinative |
Morphosyntactic alignment: | Accusative |
Writing system: | |
Created by: | |
Taylor Selseth | 2011 C.E. |
Liroitian /lɪ.ˈɹɔɪ.ʃən/, native Liroitach /li.ˈroi.takʰ/ is a highly endangered isolate language spoken by a handful of people in northwestern Italy. It is similar typologically to Bausque, being agglutinative, SOV, and head-final, but no relation is apparent.
Phonology
Phoneme Inventory
The most notable aspect of Liroitian's consonant inventory is a 3-way voicing-aspiration contrast not unlike Ancient Greek.
Consonants
IPA
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | |
Stops, Plain | p | t | k | |
Stops, aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | kʰ | |
Stops, Voiced | b | d | g | |
Nasals | m | n | ||
Fricatives, unvoiced | f | s | ||
Fricatives, voiced | v | |||
Approximants | l | j | ||
Trills | r |
Orthography
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | |
Stops, Plain | p | t | c | |
Stops, aspirated | ph | th | ch | |
Stops, Voiced | b | d | g | |
Nasals | m | n | ||
Fricatives, unvoiced | f | s | ||
Fricatives, voiced | v | |||
Approximants | l | y | ||
Trills | r |
Phonemic /v/ is only found word-initially and in consonant clusters.
/f/ and /s/ are voiced intervocalically.
Velar stops become palatal before /j/.
Vowels
Liroitian has a simple 5-vowel system of /a e i o u/. There are no phonemic diphthongs, but bimoraic vowel clusters exist.
Morphology
Liroitian has a complex, agglutinative, suffixing morphology that is very atypical for a Western European language.
Nouns and Adjectives
Nouns and Adjectives agree in case, but not number. Nouns inflect for possesion and adjectives inflect for comparison.
Number
Liroitian has 3 numbers, singular, dual, and plural. The singular is unmarked. The dual is -bu. The plural is -c following vowels and -ec following consonants.
velec
vel-ec
"trees"
casac
casa-c
"houses"
oasbu
oas-bu
"pair of eyes"
Case
The case system is extensive. There are 6 core cases: Nominative, Accusative, Genitive, Dative, Casual, Partitive, and Instrumental. There are 8 locative cases: Locative, Inessive, Lative, Superessive, Subessive, Illative, Ablative, Elative, Perlative.
The Nominative case, which is the unmarked case, indicates the subject and the copular complement of an "X is Y" statement.
The Accusative case -ja indicates the direct object.
The Genitive case -pho has two primary uses, to indicate possesion ("Jack's house) and for description, origin and reference ("men of Rome", "maid of honor", "of the issue I know nothing").
The Dative case -(v)u indicates the indirect object, but can also refer to the direct objects of some monotransitive verbs.
The Casual case -i indicates the cause of something, similar to the English preposition "because".
The Partitive case -fe indicates parts or amounts of something.