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Line 10: Line 10:
| wordorder = VSO
| wordorder = VSO
| type = Polysynthetic
| type = Polysynthetic
| alignment = Accusative, Hierarchical
| alignment = Active, Hierarchical
| author = Taylor Selseth
| author = Taylor Selseth
| date = 2010 C.E.
| date = 2010 C.E.
Line 33: Line 33:
||Fricatives||'''f'''||'''θ'''||'''s'''||'''ʃ'''||'''x'''
||Fricatives||'''f'''||'''θ'''||'''s'''||'''ʃ'''||'''x'''
|-
|-
||Nasals||'''m'''||'''n'''||
||Nasals, voiced||'''m'''|| ||'''n'''||'''ɲ'''||'''ŋ'''
|-
|-
||Liquids||'''w'''||'''l'''||'''j'''||
||Nasals, unvoiced||'''m̥'''|| ||'''n̥'''||'''ɲ̥'''||'''ŋ̥'''
|-
||Liquids, voiced||'''w'''||'''l'''|| ||'''j'''
|-
||Liquids unvoiced||'''ʍ'''||'''ɬ'''|| ||'''ç'''
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 46: Line 50:
||High||'''i''' '''iː'''|| ||'''u''' '''uː'''
||High||'''i''' '''iː'''|| ||'''u''' '''uː'''
|-
|-
||Mid||'''e''' '''eː'''|| ||'''o''' '''oː'''
||Mid||'''e''' '''eː'''||'''ɛw''' '''ɔj'''||'''o''' '''oː'''
|-
|-
||Low||'''aj'''||'''a''' '''aː'''||'''aw'''
||Low||'''aj'''||'''a''' '''aː'''||'''aw'''
Line 56: Line 60:
|| ||Labial||Dental||Alveolar||Palatal||Velar
|| ||Labial||Dental||Alveolar||Palatal||Velar
|-
|-
||Stops, plain||'''b'''||'''dh'''||'''d'''||'''j'''||'''g'''
||Stops, plain||'''b'''||'''dz'''||'''d'''||'''j'''||'''g'''
|-
||Stops, aspirated||'''p'''||'''tz'''||'''t'''||'''c'''||'''k'''
|-
||Fricatives||'''f'''||'''z'''||'''s'''||'''x'''||'''h'''
|-
|-
||Stops, aspirated||'''p'''||'''th'''||'''t'''||'''c'''||'''k'''
||Nasals, voiced||'''m'''|| ||'''n'''||'''ny'''||'''ng'''
|-
|-
||Fricatives||'''f'''||'''z'''||'''s'''||'''sh'''||'''h'''
||Nasals, unvoiced||'''mh'''|| ||'''nh'''||'''nyh'''||'''ngh'''
|-
|-
||Nasals||'''m'''||'''n'''||
||Liquids, voiced||'''w'''||'''l'''|| ||'''y'''
|-
|-
||Liquids||'''w'''||'''l'''||'''y'''||
||Liquids unvoiced||'''wh'''||'''lh'''|| ||'''yh'''
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 73: Line 81:
||High||'''i''' '''ii'''|| ||'''u''' '''uu'''
||High||'''i''' '''ii'''|| ||'''u''' '''uu'''
|-
|-
||Mid||'''e''' '''ee'''|| ||'''o''' '''oo'''
||Mid||'''e''' '''ee'''||'''eu''' '''oi'''||'''o''' '''oo'''
|-
|-
||Low||'''ai''' ||'''a''' '''aa'''||'''au'''
||Low||'''ai''' ||'''a''' '''aa'''||'''au'''
|-
|-
|}
|}
==Consonant Mutation==
Many prefixes cause mutation to the following consonant, there are 3 types of mutation: Hard, Soft, and Nasal.
{|
||Consonant||Hard||Soft||Nasal
|-
||'''Plain Stop'''||Aspirated Stop||Fricative||Voiced Nasal
|-
||'''Aspirated Stop'''||Aspirated Stop||Plain Stop||Unvoiced Nasal
|-
||'''Fricative'''||Plain Stop||Liquid||Voiced Nasal
|-
||'''Voiced Nasal'''||Unvoiced Nasal||Voiced Nasal||Voiced Nasal
|-
||'''Unvoiced Nasal'''||Plain Stop||Voiced Nasal||Voiced Nasal
|-
||'''Voiced Liquid'''||Unvoiced Liquid||Voiced Liquid||Voiced Nasal
|-
||'''Unvoiced Liquid'''||Fricative||Voiced Liquid||Unvoiced Nasal
|-
|}
In morphological glosses the Hard Mutation is marked as '''H''', the Soft as '''S''', and the Nasal as '''N'''.


=Nouns=
=Nouns=
Line 95: Line 127:
||Dual||thaa-||th-
||Dual||thaa-||th-
|-
|-
||Plural||he-||sh-
||Plural||heH-||sh-
|-
|-
|}
|}
==Possessive Affixes==
==Possessive Affixes==
<br>
<br>
Line 114: Line 147:
===Syntactic Cases===
===Syntactic Cases===
{|
{|
|| ||Nominative||Accusative||Ergative||Genitive||Dative||Comitative
|| ||Nominative||Accusative||Ergative||Genitive||Dative||Comitative||Benifactive
|-
|-
||Indefinite||-Ø||-(y)ai||-(f)o||-(a)p||-(e)z||-(w)uu
||Indefinite||-Ø||-(o)d||-(f)o||-(a)p||-(e)z||-(w)uu||-lha
|-
|-
||Definite||-(e)l||-lii||-zo||-lep||-le||-luu
||Definite||-(e)l||-lde||-zo||-lep||-le||-luu||-lalh
|-
|-
|}
|}
<br>
'''Nominative:''' Marks the subject of accusative and unergative verbs and the patient of ergative verbs.<br>
<br>
'''Accusative:''' Marks the patient of accusative verbs.<br>
<br>
'''Ergative:''' Marks the subject of ergative and unaccusative verbs.<br>
<br>
'''Gentive:''' Marks the possessor of the modified noun.<br>
<br>
'''Dative:''' Marks the recipient of a ditransitive verb.<br>
<br>
'''Benifactive:'''Marks the benifactee of a ditransitive verb<br>
===Locative Cases===
===Locative Cases===
{|
{|
|| ||Locative||Allative||Ablative||Illative||Ellative||Perlative||Subessive||Superessive
|| ||Locative||Allative||Ablative||Illative||Ellative||Perlative||Subessive||Superessive
|-
|-
||Indefinite||-(h)e||-(u)ksah||-(a)yeh||-(a)dhau||-(a)dhot||-(o)waah||-(i)ke||-(i)kla
||Indefinite||-(h)e||-(u)ksah||-(a)yeh||-(a)nghau||-(a)dzot||-(o)waah||-(i)ke||-(i)kla
|-
|-
||Definite||-(h)el||-(u)ksat||-(a)yet||-(a)dhu||-(a)dhol||-(o)waat||-(i)kel||-(i)klal
||Definite||-(h)il||-(u)kselh||-(y)eelh||-(a)nghol||-(a)dzud||-(w)oolh||-(i)kel||-(i)klal
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 137: Line 183:
Direct-Inverse Prefix<br>
Direct-Inverse Prefix<br>
Adverbals<br>
Adverbals<br>
---
---<br>
Habitual Prefix<br>
Habitual Prefix<br>
Inhcoative Prefix<br>
Inhcoative Prefix<br>
Line 150: Line 196:
Intensive Prefix<br>
Intensive Prefix<br>
Perfect Prefix<br>
Perfect Prefix<br>
---
---<br>
Evidential Prefixes<br>
Evidential Prefixes<br>
Verb Stem<br>
Verb Stem<br>
Line 157: Line 203:
Voice<br>
Voice<br>
Incorporated Direct Object<br>
Incorporated Direct Object<br>
---
---<br>
Negation<br>
Negation<br>
Question Suffix<br>
Question Suffix<br>
Line 166: Line 212:
The person and number Subject and Direct Object are marked on the verb in the Direct-Inverse format, each person form has a set spot, starting with 2nd Person and going in order down the animacy hierarchy If the subject has a lower animacy than the direct object the inverse morpheme '''-maa-''' must be used.<br>
The person and number Subject and Direct Object are marked on the verb in the Direct-Inverse format, each person form has a set spot, starting with 2nd Person and going in order down the animacy hierarchy If the subject has a lower animacy than the direct object the inverse morpheme '''-maa-''' must be used.<br>
<br>
<br>
'''Yanishpuz.''' "You know me."<br>
'''Yanixpuz.''' "You know me."<br>
ya-ni-shpuz<br>
ya-ni-xpuz<br>
2SG-1SG-know<br>
2SG-1SG-know<br>
<br>
<br>
'''Yanimaashpuz.''' "I know you."<br>
'''Yanimaaxpuz.''' "I know you."<br>
ya-ni-maa-shpuz<br>
ya-ni-maa-xpuz<br>
2SG-1SG-INVERSE-know<br>
2SG-1SG-INVERSE-know<br>
<br>
<br>
Line 196: Line 242:
lu-zguu<br>
lu-zguu<br>
IMPERS-snow<br>
IMPERS-snow<br>
<br>
There are also a set of reflexive prefixes<br>
<br>
{|
|| ||1st Person In.||1st Person Ex.||2nd Person||3rd person||4th Person||Indefinite
|-
||Singular|| ||nisp-||yasp-||gosp-||sasp-||lusp-
|-
||Plural||niisp-||zasp-||yaasp-||goosp-||saisp-||loosp-
|-
|}
<br>
<br>


==Tense==
==Tense==
There are 4 tenses, Present, Near Past (Past 1), Far Past (Past 2), and Future. Use of the near or far past is determined whether the verb occurs within the last day. The Near Past prefix is '''-ka''', Far Past is '''-fe''', Future is '''-wo'''.<br>
There are 4 tenses, Present, Near Past (Past 1), Far Past (Past 2), and Future. Use of the near or far past is determined whether the verb occurs within the last day. The Near Past prefix is '''-k(a)''', Far Past is '''-f(e)''', Future is '''-wo'''.<br>
<br>
<br>
'''Nihyokaslyai''' "I ate ham (today)"<br>
'''Niyhokslyai''' "I ate ham (today)"<br>
ni-hyo-ka-slyai<br>
ni-yho-k-slyai<br>
1SG-eat-PST1-ham<br>
1SG-eat-PST1-ham<br>
<br>
<br>
'''Nihyofeslyai''' "I ate ham (before today)"<br>
'''Niyhofslyai''' "I ate ham (before today)"<br>
ni-hyo-fe-slyai<br>
ni-yho-f-slyai<br>
1SG-eat-PST2-ham<br>
1SG-eat-PST2-ham<br>
<br>
<br>
'''Nihyowoslyai''' "I will eat ham"<br>
'''Niyhowoslyai''' "I will eat ham"<br>
ni-hyo-wo-slyai<br>
ni-yho-wo-slyai<br>
1SG-eat-FUT-ham<br>
1SG-eat-FUT-ham<br>


==Aspect==
==Aspect==
There are 8 aspect prefixes: The Perfect Prefix , The Habitual Prefix , the Inhcoative Prefix '''-haa-''', the Continuative Prefix '''-pzu-''', the Cessative Prefix '''-jaul-''', the Defective Prefix '''-mo-''', The Desideritive Prefix '''-hne-''', the Optative Prefix '''-f-''' and the Frequentative Prefix '''-z-'''.<br>
There are 7 prefixes that mark aspect:<br>
<br>
<br>
'''The Perfect''' prefix '''-nc-''' is used to show completed action. Note that it is Perfect, NOT Perfective; Plitnakya does not have a true Perfective-Imperfective distinction<br>
The '''Perfect''' prefix '''-nc-''' is used to show completed action. Note that it is Perfect, NOT Perfective; Plitnakya does not have a true Perfective-Imperfective distinction<br>
<br>
<br>
'''Niksaanchyoslyai''' "I have eaten ham before"<br>
'''Niksaancyhoslyai''' "I have eaten ham before"<br>
ni-ksaa-nc-hyo-slyai<br>
ni-ksaa-nc-yho-slyai<br>
1SG-previously-PRF-eat-ham<br>
1SG-previously-PRF-eat-ham<br>
<br>
<br>
'''The habitual''' prefix '''-nla-''' signifies actions that are habitual and usual.<br>
The '''Habitual''' prefix '''-nla-''' signifies actions that are habitual and usual.<br>
<br>
'''Ninlayhoslyai Notligel''' "I (usually) eat ham on Christmas"<br>
ni-nla-yho-slyai notlig-el<br>
1SG-HAB-eat-ham Christmas-LOC.DEF<br>
<br>
The '''Inchoative''' prefix '''-whaa-''' indicates the start of an action and can have a hortative meaning in the 1st person plural. There is no verb for "to start", the verbs for "to be" and "to do/make" in the Inchoative aspect are used, instead<br>
<br>
'''Nigowhaayhok slyailii''' "I started eating the ham"<br>
ni-go-whaa-yho-k slyai-lii<br>
1SG-3SG-INCH-eat-PST1 ham-ACC.DEF<br>
<br>
The '''Cessative''' prefix '''-jeul-'''indicates the end of an action. There is no verb for "to stop", the verbs for "to be" and "to do/make" in the Cessative aspect are used, instead.<br>
<br>
'''Nijeulyho''' "I am done eating"<br>
ni-jeul-yho<br>
1SG-CESS-eat<br>
<br>
The '''Necessitative''' prefix '''-toi-'''indicates an obligation to do an action.<br>
<br>
'''Yatoiyho''' "You must eat"<br>
ya-toi-yho<br>
2SG-NEC-eat<br>
<br>
The '''Attenuative''' prefix '''-mho-''' weakens the intensity of the verb.<br>
<br>
'''Nigoomhoyhok hepeskutai "I nibbled on some crackers"<br>
ni-gooN-mho-yho-k heH-beskut-ai<br>
1SG-3PL-ATTEN-eat-PST1 PL-cracker-ACC<br>
<br>
The '''Intensive''' prefix '''-z-''' strengthens the intensity of the verb.<br>
<br>
'''Nigozyhok slyailii''' "I gorged on the ham"<br>
ni-go-z-yho-k slyai-lii<br>
1SG-3SG-INTEN-eat-PST1 ham-ACC.DEF<br>
<br>
 
==Mood==
There are 6 mood suffixes:<br>
<br>
<br>
'''Nidhunlahyoslyai Notlig''' "I (usually) eat ham on Christmas"<br>
The '''Imperative''' suffix '''-(y)i'''<br>
ni-nla-hyo-slyai<br>
The '''Subjunctive''' suffix '''-(h)ai-'''<br>
1SG-HAB-eat-ham Christmas<br>
The '''Optative''' suffix '''-(h)e-'''<br>
The '''Desirative''' suffix '''-(w)eu-'''<br>
The '''Conditional''' suffix '''-(l)au-'''<br>
The '''Potential''' suffix '''-(ngh)ee-'''<br>
 
==Voice==
There are 2 mood suffixes:<br>
<br>
<br>
Habitual Prefix<br>
The '''Passive''' suffix '''-sek'''<br>
Inhcoative Prefix<br>
The '''Antipassive''' suffix '''-gzai-'''<br>
Continuative Prefix<br>
 
Cessative Prefix<br>
==Evidentiality==
Defective Prefix<br>
There are 3 evidential prefixes:<br>
Benifactive Prefix<br>
<br>
Desirative (2st & 3rd  person wanting)/Optative (1st person wanting) Prefix<br>
The '''1st Hand''' prefix '''-s(i)-'''<br>
Instrumental Prefix<br>
The '''2nd Hand''' prefix '''-yha(n)-'''<br>
Necessitative Prefix<br>
The '''Inference and Common Knowledge''' prefix '''-jwee(h)-'''<br>
Frequentative Prefix<br>
 
Intensive Prefix<br>
==Question-Marking and Negation==
Perfect Prefix<br>
The '''Negative''' suffix is '''-(a)zk-'''<br>
The '''Question''' suffix '''-(y)ii'''<br>


[[Category:LLL]]
[[Category:LLL]]

Latest revision as of 19:43, 27 January 2011

Plitnakya
Spoken in: Scotland (Skotlanda)
Conworld: League of Lost Languages
Total speakers: ~2,000
Genealogical classification: Atlantic
Scotic
NW Scotic
Plitnakya
Basic word order: VSO
Morphological type: Polysynthetic
Morphosyntactic alignment: Active, Hierarchical
Writing system:
Created by:
Taylor Selseth 2010 C.E.

Plitnakya [pʰliʦ̺nakja] is a highly endangered language isolate spoken by about 2,000 people in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland. It has a complex, polysythetic morphology that is very unusual for Europe and is likely a relic of the first people to populate Britain after the Pleistocene Glaciation.

Phonology

Plitnakya is unusual in that it contrasts between Laminal-Dental and Aplical-Alveolar points of articulation and has no rhotic. It has a root structure of (F)(C)(F|L)V(F|L)(C) where C is any consonant, F is a fricative, and L is a liquid or nasal.

IPA

Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar
Stops, plain p t̻ t̺ ʧ k
Stops, aspirated pʰ t̻ʰ t̺ʰ ʧʰ kʰ
Fricatives f θ s ʃ x
Nasals, voiced m n ɲ ŋ
Nasals, unvoiced m̥ n̥ ɲ̥ ŋ̥
Liquids, voiced w l j
Liquids unvoiced ʍ ɬ ç

Plain stops and fricatives are voiced when between two voiced phonemes. /l/ is velarized when it follows a back vowel and is [ɾ] between vowels. /t̻ʰ t̺ʰ/ are realized as [tθ ʦ] between vowels and before nasals.

Front Center Back
High i iː u uː
Mid e eː ɛw ɔj o oː
Low aj a aː aw

Orthography

Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar
Stops, plain b dz d j g
Stops, aspirated p tz t c k
Fricatives f z s x h
Nasals, voiced m n ny ng
Nasals, unvoiced mh nh nyh ngh
Liquids, voiced w l y
Liquids unvoiced wh lh yh
Front Center Back
High i ii u uu
Mid e ee eu oi o oo
Low ai a aa au

Consonant Mutation

Many prefixes cause mutation to the following consonant, there are 3 types of mutation: Hard, Soft, and Nasal.

Consonant Hard Soft Nasal
Plain Stop Aspirated Stop Fricative Voiced Nasal
Aspirated Stop Aspirated Stop Plain Stop Unvoiced Nasal
Fricative Plain Stop Liquid Voiced Nasal
Voiced Nasal Unvoiced Nasal Voiced Nasal Voiced Nasal
Unvoiced Nasal Plain Stop Voiced Nasal Voiced Nasal
Voiced Liquid Unvoiced Liquid Voiced Liquid Voiced Nasal
Unvoiced Liquid Fricative Voiced Liquid Unvoiced Nasal

In morphological glosses the Hard Mutation is marked as H, the Soft as S, and the Nasal as N.

Nouns

Nouns fall into an Animancy Hierarchy of 2nd Person > 1st Person > people and animate collectives > non-person animates > natural forces > other inanimates and collectives. There is a rich case system. Noun morphological structure is:

1. Number
2. Possessive Prefix
3. Noun Stem
4. Case-Definiteness suffix

Number

Nominal number is marked by a prefix on the noun. There are 3 numbers: Singular, Dual, and Plural. Mass nouns do not inflect for number but are instead required to be compounded with a measure word. Singular is unmarked

C-Stem V-Stem
Dual thaa- th-
Plural heH- sh-

Possessive Affixes


1st Person In. 1st Person Ex. 2nd Person 3rd person 4th Person Indefinite
Singular ni- yaa- go- sai- lu-
Plural nin- zan- yan- gon- sen- lun-


Case-Definiteness

Syntactic Cases

Nominative Accusative Ergative Genitive Dative Comitative Benifactive
Indefinite -Ø -(o)d -(f)o -(a)p -(e)z -(w)uu -lha
Definite -(e)l -lde -zo -lep -le -luu -lalh


Nominative: Marks the subject of accusative and unergative verbs and the patient of ergative verbs.

Accusative: Marks the patient of accusative verbs.

Ergative: Marks the subject of ergative and unaccusative verbs.

Gentive: Marks the possessor of the modified noun.

Dative: Marks the recipient of a ditransitive verb.

Benifactive:Marks the benifactee of a ditransitive verb

Locative Cases

Locative Allative Ablative Illative Ellative Perlative Subessive Superessive
Indefinite -(h)e -(u)ksah -(a)yeh -(a)nghau -(a)dzot -(o)waah -(i)ke -(i)kla
Definite -(h)il -(u)kselh -(y)eelh -(a)nghol -(a)dzud -(w)oolh -(i)kel -(i)klal

Verbs

Verbs are the most complex part of the language by far. As in many polysynthetic languages a single word can mean a whole English sentence. The morphological structure is thus:

Pronominal Prefixes
Direct-Inverse Prefix
Adverbals
---
Habitual Prefix
Inhcoative Prefix
Continuative Prefix
Cessative Prefix
Defective Prefix
Benifactive Prefix
Desirative (2st & 3rd person wanting)/Optative (1st person wanting) Prefix
Instrumental Prefix
Necessitative Prefix
Frequentative Prefix
Intensive Prefix
Perfect Prefix
---
Evidential Prefixes
Verb Stem
Mood
Tense
Voice
Incorporated Direct Object
---
Negation
Question Suffix

The verb stem can be made out of a single root or 2 or more compounded roots.

Pronominal Inflection

The person and number Subject and Direct Object are marked on the verb in the Direct-Inverse format, each person form has a set spot, starting with 2nd Person and going in order down the animacy hierarchy If the subject has a lower animacy than the direct object the inverse morpheme -maa- must be used.

Yanixpuz. "You know me."
ya-ni-xpuz
2SG-1SG-know

Yanimaaxpuz. "I know you."
ya-ni-maa-xpuz
2SG-1SG-INVERSE-know

The inflections are thus:

1st Person In. 1st Person Ex. 2nd Person 3rd person 4th Person Indefinite
Singular ni- ya- go- sa- lu-
Plural nii- za- yaa- goo- sai- luu-


When there are two "3rd Persons" in the sentence the less topical one is marked as 4th person.

Goseglaufe. "she has helped him."
go-se-glaufe
3SG-4SG-feed

The Impersonal is used for processes that are perceived as agentless, as well as for general statements. The Impersonal when used without any other marking also functions as an infinitive. Infinitive stative verbs are used as adjectives.

Luzguu "It snows"
lu-zguu
IMPERS-snow

There are also a set of reflexive prefixes

1st Person In. 1st Person Ex. 2nd Person 3rd person 4th Person Indefinite
Singular nisp- yasp- gosp- sasp- lusp-
Plural niisp- zasp- yaasp- goosp- saisp- loosp-


Tense

There are 4 tenses, Present, Near Past (Past 1), Far Past (Past 2), and Future. Use of the near or far past is determined whether the verb occurs within the last day. The Near Past prefix is -k(a), Far Past is -f(e), Future is -wo.

Niyhokslyai "I ate ham (today)"
ni-yho-k-slyai
1SG-eat-PST1-ham

Niyhofslyai "I ate ham (before today)"
ni-yho-f-slyai
1SG-eat-PST2-ham

Niyhowoslyai "I will eat ham"
ni-yho-wo-slyai
1SG-eat-FUT-ham

Aspect

There are 7 prefixes that mark aspect:

The Perfect prefix -nc- is used to show completed action. Note that it is Perfect, NOT Perfective; Plitnakya does not have a true Perfective-Imperfective distinction

Niksaancyhoslyai "I have eaten ham before"
ni-ksaa-nc-yho-slyai
1SG-previously-PRF-eat-ham

The Habitual prefix -nla- signifies actions that are habitual and usual.

Ninlayhoslyai Notligel "I (usually) eat ham on Christmas"
ni-nla-yho-slyai notlig-el
1SG-HAB-eat-ham Christmas-LOC.DEF

The Inchoative prefix -whaa- indicates the start of an action and can have a hortative meaning in the 1st person plural. There is no verb for "to start", the verbs for "to be" and "to do/make" in the Inchoative aspect are used, instead

Nigowhaayhok slyailii "I started eating the ham"
ni-go-whaa-yho-k slyai-lii
1SG-3SG-INCH-eat-PST1 ham-ACC.DEF

The Cessative prefix -jeul-indicates the end of an action. There is no verb for "to stop", the verbs for "to be" and "to do/make" in the Cessative aspect are used, instead.

Nijeulyho "I am done eating"
ni-jeul-yho
1SG-CESS-eat

The Necessitative prefix -toi-indicates an obligation to do an action.

Yatoiyho "You must eat"
ya-toi-yho
2SG-NEC-eat

The Attenuative prefix -mho- weakens the intensity of the verb.

Nigoomhoyhok hepeskutai "I nibbled on some crackers"
 ni-gooN-mho-yho-k heH-beskut-ai
1SG-3PL-ATTEN-eat-PST1 PL-cracker-ACC

The Intensive prefix -z- strengthens the intensity of the verb.

Nigozyhok slyailii "I gorged on the ham"
ni-go-z-yho-k slyai-lii
1SG-3SG-INTEN-eat-PST1 ham-ACC.DEF

Mood

There are 6 mood suffixes:

The Imperative suffix -(y)i
The Subjunctive suffix -(h)ai-
The Optative suffix -(h)e-
The Desirative suffix -(w)eu-
The Conditional suffix -(l)au-
The Potential suffix -(ngh)ee-

Voice

There are 2 mood suffixes:

The Passive suffix -sek
The Antipassive suffix -gzai-

Evidentiality

There are 3 evidential prefixes:

The 1st Hand prefix -s(i)-
The 2nd Hand prefix -yha(n)-
The Inference and Common Knowledge prefix -jwee(h)-

Question-Marking and Negation

The Negative suffix is -(a)zk-
The Question suffix -(y)ii

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