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This wiki provides an overview of the draqa (or, '' "draga", pron. '/t◌̪ɚ. æ. ɦæ/' '') language, and some of its lexical items.  There won't be many examples provided here, however.  For more information on the draga language or culture, feel free to visit the website:


*[http://slxlr.true.ws/lang draqa homepage]
 
*[http://slxlr.true.ws/lang/papoxui.html The Tower of Babel in draga]
{|
*[http://slxlr.true.ws/lang/script01.html Sample of Written draqa] | [http://slxlr.true.ws/lang/script00.html Sample 2]
| This page provides an overview of the draqa (or, '' "draga", pron. '/t◌̪ɚ. æ. ɦæ/' '') language, and some of its lexical items. Draga is my own personal conlang, and is in daily use by a speakership of one. It is intended to useable by human beings, but I wanted to break a few universals in the process. The phonology comes from analysis of my personal random "babbling". I also wanted to pursue ways of thinking mostly alien to my native language (English) and culture (American/Black), and create a better vehicle for expressing certain personal, perhaps "mystic" experiences in everyday speech. The "lofty" goals, however, are relatively recent. Originally, it was just something fun to do.
[[Category:Conlangs]]
 
[[Category:a priori conlangs]]
 
|| [[File:xeanpasyufei-vert.jpeg]]
|-
|}




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== Introduction ==
== Introduction ==


draqa (draga) is a personal constructed language, "spoken" by an exile population who call their homeland Qhyra. Technically, "[[draqa]]" (with a 'q') refers to an ancient form of the language, and "draga" (with a 'g') to the modern language; however, the spelling "draqa" is often used for either.  
'''draqa''' ('''draga''') is a personal constructed language, "spoken" by an exile population who call their homeland Qhrya. Technically, "[[draqa]]" (with a 'q') refers to an ancient form of the language, and "draga" (with a 'g') to the modern language; however, the spelling "draqa" is often used for either.  Even more ancient -.preceding ''dra'''q'''a'' - is ''  '''draga''' (pronounced  /dra. ga/ and technically referred to as proto-draga)'', which evolved from '''dragat'''.




The history of draga people is quite mysterious. Apparently, the civilization of Qhrya arose in the North American continent, contemporary with (but not related to) the Atlantean civilization of the second destruction (~13,500 B.C.) Within 1000 years of that cataclysm, Qhrya was completely sacked, leaving fewer than 2000 to wander for close to 200 years. Finding no respite, apparently the nation astrally projected themselves en mass into a parallel reality, where they have continued to thrive. The prophecies say that eventually the nation will reincarnate into this world in the 19th, 20th, 21st and 22nd centuries, at first scattered across the continents but eventually re-unified into a small nation again.
The history of the draga people is quite mysterious. Apparently, the civilization of Qhrya arose in the North American continent, contemporary with (but not related to) the second Atlantean civilization (~28,000 B.C.) Within 1.000 years of that cataclysm, Qhrya was completely sacked, leaving fewer than 2,000 souls to wander for almost 200 years. Finding no respite, apparently the nation astrally projected themselves en masse into a parallel reality, where they have continued to thrive. The prophecies say that eventually the nation will reincarnate into this world in the 20th, 21st and 22nd centuries, at first scattered across the continents but eventually re-unified into a small nation again.


The draga are a dream-travelling people, whose primary mode of long-distance (as well as inter-dimensional and temporal) travel is astral-projection.  Hence, culturally and linguistically, they are easily adapted to "primitive", "high-tech" and even "psychic" environments.


[http://slxlr.true.ws/lang draqa Homepage]


== Phonology ==
== Phonetic Inventory ==


=== Consonants ===
=== Consonants ===
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! align="center"| || labial || dental || alveolar || palatal || velar || post-velar || glottal
! align="center"| || labial || dental || alveolar || palatal || velar || post-velar || glottal
|-
|-
! align=left |plosives: || || t◌̪ || tz ʈ || ||  kʷ kʲ || q  || ʔ  
! align=left |plosives: || pʼ (p) || t_ || tʼtz ʈ || cʼ(c) ||  kʷ kʲ || q  || ʔ  
|-
! align=left |ejectives: || p (pʼ) ||  || tʼ || c (cʼ)|| ||
|-
|-
! align=left  |aspirates:  || pʰ || || tʰ || cʰ ||  || qʰ || ||
! align=left  |aspirates:  || pʰ || || tʰ || cʰ ||  || qʰ || ||
|-
|-
! align=left  |fricative: || f (ʰɸ) || (ð) || s || ʃ || (x) || || ʜ ɦ  
! align=left  |fricative: || f (ʰɸ) || (ð) || s || ʃ (ç)|| (x) || || ʜ ɦ  
|-
|-
! align=left  |liquids: || w || ||  l || j || || ||
! align=left  |liquids: || w || ||  l || j || || ||
|-
|-
! align=left  |trills: || ʙ̥ || || r̥ || || || || ʀ̥ ||
! align=left  |trills: || ʙ̥ || || r̥ || || || ʀ̥ || ||
|-
|-
! align=left  |nasals: || m || (n◌̪) || (n) || ɲ|| || ||
! align=left  |nasals: || m || (n_) || (n) || ɲ|| || ||
|-
|-
! align=left  |implosives: || ɓ (ʘ) || || ǃ|| || ||
! align=left  |implosives: || ɓ (ʘʷ) || || ǃ|| || ||
|-
|-
|}
|}


=== Vowels ===
=== Vowels ===
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|}
|}


== Orthography ==
 
Transliteration of the draga language uses 25 characters of the Roman alphabet: '' a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, ñ, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, w, x, y, z'' - and both the single-quote ('' ' '') and double-quote ('' " '') symbols to represent the sounds.  In addition, the acute accent is used to represent pitch-accenting: ''á í ú''.
 
== Orthography / Phonological Considerations ==
Transliteration of the draga language uses 25 characters of the Roman alphabet: '' a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, ñ, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, w, x, y, z'' - and the single-quote ('' ' '') symbol to represent the sounds.  In addition, the acute accent is used to represent pitch-accenting: ''á í ú''.  Traditionally, draga is written in a native alphabetic script that is supplemented by many logographs which are used to represent the most frequently used particles and lexemes.  For some unfathomable reason, there is also a rare transliteration scheme which utilizes the Coptic alphabet.




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{|
{|
| p || - //, or /p/
| '''p''' || [] or [p] || '''ph'''  ||  [pʰ]
|-
|-
| t || - /tʰ/
| '''d''' || [t_] initially ; [d_] or [ð]  medially ; [ð] after 'ñ': '' '''ñd''' [n_ð]''
|-
|-
| t' || - //
| '''t' ''' || [] ||'''t''' ||  [tʰ] || '''ty''' ||  [ʈ]
|-
|-
| ty || - /ʈ/
| '''c''' ||   [cʼ] or [c] || '''ch''' ||  [cʰ]
|-
|-
| c || - /cʼ/, or /c/
| '''q''' || [q] ||  '''qh''' ||  [qʰ] || '''kw''' ||  [kʷ] || '''ky''' ||  [kʲ]
|-
|-
| q || - /q/
| '''f''' || [f], [ʰɸ] before 'w': '' '''fw''' [ʰɸw]''
|-
|-
| kw || - /kʷ/
| '''s''' || [s] || '''j''' ||  [tʼz] or [tz] || '''x''' ||  [ʃ]
|-
|-
| ky || - /kʲ/
| '''m''' || [m]
|-
|-
| ph  || - /pʰ/
| '''ñ''' || [ɲ], [n_] before 'd': '' '''ñd''' [n_ð]''
|-
|-
| ch || - /cʰ/
| '''w''' || [w], [ʘʷ] ''(bilabial click)'' following initial syllabic 'm': '' '''mw''' [mʘʷ]''
|-
|-
| qh || - /qʰ/
| '''l''' || [l]
|-
|-
| f || - /f/; /ʰɸ/ before 'w': fw /ʰɸw/
| '''y''' || [j]
|-
|-
| s || - /s/
 
| '''h''' || [ʜ], [x] before 'l' or 'w', [ç] before  'y' || '''g''' ||  [ɦ]  ''(voiced /h/)''
|-
|-
| m || - /m/
| '''b''' || [ɓ] '' (bilabial implosive) ''
|-
|-
| ñ || - /ɲ/; /n◌̪/ before 'd': ñd /n◌̪ð/
| '''z''' || [ǃ] '' (alveolar implosive, i.e. click)''
|-
|-
| w || - /w/; /ʘ/ following initial syllabic 'm': mw /mʘ/
| '''p"''' || [ʙ̥] ''(voiceless bilabial trill)''
|-
|-
| l || - /l/
| '''t"''' || [r̥] ''(voiceless alveolar trill)''
|-
|-
| y || - /j/
| '''q"''' || [ʀ̥] ''(voiceless post-velar trill)''
|-
|-
| d || - /t◌̪/ initially, /d◌̪/ medially, /ð/ after 'ñ':  ñd /n◌̪ð/
| ''' ' ''' || [ʔ] ; ''or'' abbreviated spelling of certain prefixes: '' x'-, h'-, f'- ''
|-
|}
 
 
 
=== Vowels ===
 
 
* '''ï, í, i''' /i/
 
* '''á, a''' /æ/
 
* '''ae''' /æeˑ/
 
* '''e''' /əˑ/
 
* '''ou''' /ʷɔˑ/
 
* '''ú / ó,  o''' /ʊ/
 
* '''r, rr (ë)''' /ɚˑ/
 
 
 
Draga is a pitch-accented language:
 
* ''' i, a, e, o, r ''' are intoned at median pitch.  They are considered unaccented.
 
* '''í, á, ë''' are intoned at high pitch - typically 3-5 whole tones above the median. 
 
* '''ï''' is intoned at very high pitch - typically 5 - 8 whole tones above the median.
 
* '''ú''' is intoned with a high, falling pitch, while '''ó''' is intoned with a high pitch.
 
* '''ae''' is  obviously a dipthong, but is treated as an invididual vowel. It is intoned at median pitch.
 
* '''ou''' is always intoned with a slightly long, low pitch - typically 3-5 whole tones below the median.
 
 
 
 
''Rhoticization''.
 
Some vowels can be found ''rhoticized'':
 
* '''ír''', '''ir''',  '''ár''',  '''ar''',  '''aer''',  '''or'''
 
 
 
 
''Special Cases:''
 
* '''ïr''' is intoned falling from very high pitch to median.
 
* '''úor''' is intoned falling from high pitch to low pitch.
 
* '''ra''' is intoned falling from high pitch to median.
 
 
 
 
''Spelling Conventions''
 
The following spellings are found interchangably in draga transliteration, ''ea'' and ''eu'' being the most commonly used:
 
* ''' io''' = '''iu''' = '''eu'''
 
* '''ia''' = '''ea'''
 
 
=== Syllable and Word Structure ===
 
 
 
draga Syllables are formed as follows:
 
 
''C1 = Any Consonsant, or †Cluster ; V = Any Vowel or Compound ; C2 = Any Final Consonant:'' (''' f, m, w, p", s, c, x, ñ, q''') 
 
'''(C1) - (V) - (C2 |/ʔ/)'''
* V (/ʔ/).
* C2.
* C1 - V (/ʔ/).
* C1 - C2.
* C1 - V - C2.
 
†Allowable Consonant Clusters''': pw, py, phw, phy, phl, tw, tl, jw, zw, z', qhw, qhl, xw, xl (sl), fw/hw, hl, hy, gw, gy, ml, lw, ly, bw, by '''
 
 
 
draga Roots are typically 1-2 syllables in length, and generally begin with any sound but '''g''' /ɦ/. The phone '''e''' /ə/ is thus far unattested ''formally'' as a final vowel, and the phone ''' ' ''' /ʔ/ never ends a ''word''. 
 
 
 
== Useful Expressions ==
 
{|
| '''a píawañ ciñ:''' || ''Hello, Goodbye''
|-
|-
| j || - /tz/
| '''a jawa:''' || ''Thank you, Your welcome, Please, It's okay''
|-
|-
| x || - /ʃ/
| '''mú wañ:''' || ''How are you?  What's up with ya?''
|-
|-
| h || - /ʜ/, /x/ before 'l' or 'w', /ç/ before  'y'
| '''ía phoi:''' || ''I'm happy, doing well, in a good mood''
|-
|-
| g || - /ɦ/
| '''ía phíw:''' || '' I'm not doing so well''
|-
|-
| b || - /ɓ/
| '''ía xapo:''' || '' All's well, I'm chillin' ''
|-
|-
| z || - /ǃ/
| ''' fo mía: ''' || ''Excuse me, May I?, Help!''
|-
|-
| p" || - /ʙ̥/ ''(voiceless bilabial trill)''
| '''a jwae:''' || ''Yes''
|-
|-
| t" || - /r̥/ ''(voiceless alveolar trill)''
| ''' a sae: ''' || ''No''
|-
|-
| q" || - /ʀ̥/ ''(voiceless post-velar trill)''
| '''ía meqeña:''' || '' I'm hungry''
|-
|-
| ' || - /ʔ/
| '''mú meqeña:''' || ''Are you hungry?''
|-
|-
|}
| '''mú fwae:''' || ''Do you like it? Would you recommend it?''
 
=== Vowels ===
 
{|
| '''i''' || /i/
|-
|-
| '''í''' || /i↘/
| '''ía fwae:''' || ''I like it''
|-
|-
| '''''' || /i↗/
| '''a hleu:''' || How nice! Beautiful!
|-
|-
| '''a''' || /æ/
| '''qhwúi! a jwae:''' || ''Let's do it!''
|-
|-
| '''á''' || /æ↘/
| '''íaskyïaf:''' || '' I don't know''
|-
|-
| '''''' || /æ↗/
| ''' íasfwae:''' || '' I don't like it''
|-
| '''o''' || /ʊ/
|-
|-
| '''ú''' || /ʊ↘/
| ''' ía ñamaxa-meu: ''' || ''I very much enjoy the meal''
|-
|-
| '''''' || /ʊ↗/
| ''' fei-ajawa:''', '''ajawafei:''' || ''  Thank You Universe! (Almost like "Thanks be to God" or "Thank (you) God") ''
|-
|-
| '''e''' || /ə/ or /ʌ/
| ''' xe'a wañ mieqs dañ... ''' || ''Where can I find ...''
|-
|-
| '''ou''' || /ʷɔˑ/
| ''' xe'a wañ t'ou dañ... ''' || ''Which way to ...''
|-
|-
| '''r''' || /ɚ/
| ''' xe'a wañ dañ fou: ''' || ''What's up with the cannabis - (could you pass it please?)''
|-
|-
|}
|}




'''Rhoticization:'''


The vowels 'a,i,o' can also be found rhoticized: ''ar, ár, aár, ir, ír, iír, or''


== Grammar Notes ==
=== Preface ===
draga has two types of morphemes, ''Particles'' and ''Roots''.  ''Roots'' are generally "content" words, and include what would be Nouns, Verbs and Adjectives in English, even Adverbs.  None of those distinctions are made in the draga language, and ''theoretically'', any applicable ''Particle'' can be used with any ''Root''.  So, to say '''lyíañc''' "Home + My (My home)", '''skyi'c''' "Running + My (I run)", and '''phoiac''' "Joyful + My (I am happy)" - the same construction is used throughout.  Of course, '''skyi'c''' ''could also''  mean "My running" or "My run"; and  '''phoiac''' could mean "My joy" depending on context.
This context is based on a relationship between a ''Predicate'' and its ''Argument(s)'', which are the roles available to ''Roots'' in the draga language.  A ''Predicate'' may or may not be modified, or juxtaposed, with one or multiple ''Arguments'' - and the relationship of these ''Roots'' (or phrases) to each other may or may not be made more explicit by some ''Particle''.  This is the general role of ''Particles'' in the draga language: to modify the meaning of a ''Root'', or to clarify the relationships among ''Roots'' or phrases.
However, there is a special type of ''Particle'' in draga which is always essential.  This is the ''Speech Act Particle (SAP)'', which is always the beginning of a sentence.  The ''SAP'' may contain  evidential, or mood information - or it may indicate that a question is being asked, a command given, etc.  Often, an ''SAP'' may be the whole sentence all by itself.
Some basic  ''SAP''s that will be useful right away:
* '''ía'''  Introduces a subjective personal 1st person (me, my) experience:  '''ía phoi:''' "I am happy, i.e. ''I experience joy.''"
* '''fwoia'''  Indicates that '' "I witness(ed) this personally"'':  '''fwoia phoiaña:'''  "I see that s/he is happy."
* '''mú'''  Is used to asked a 2nd person (you) question: '''mú phoi:'''  "Are you happy?"
* '''eia'''  Is used when telling stories, or relating information one has overheard at some point, but not having experience it personally:  '''eia phoiaña:''' "S/he was happy", "They say that s/he is happy."
* '''es'''  Is used to express a negative sentence:  '''es phoiaña:''' "S/he is ''not'' happy'''
BTW, the punctuation mark ' ''':''' '  indicates the end of a draga sentence.
=== Demonstratives ===
==== Definite Particles ====
There are two ''Definite Particles'' in draga, the ''weak'' and the ''strong'' definite particles.  The ''weak'' particle acts like "the", "some", "this", etc. in referring to a specific instance of what you're talking about:
* '''pha'''-''lyían'', ''lyían''-'''paá'''  Home, the home, this home, my home, etc.
* '''pha'''-''haña'', ''haña''-'''paá'''  This / that / the  human being
* '''pha'''-''síah'', ''síah''-'''paá'''  The deer, etc.
* '''pha'''-''laex'', ''laex''-'''paá'''    The drinking water
* '''pha'''-''skyi' '', ''skyi' ''-'''paá'''  Running, The run, this running, etc.
The ''weak (or Iconic)'' definite particle creates a word referencing an iconic or essential form of the concept at hand.  Examples of this kind of thing in English would be: ''"The MAN", "Big Government", "Justice", "The Law", "God", "They", etc.''  Fittingly, of course, none of those particular examples are concepts that actually exist in the draga language:
* ''mía''-'''pa'''
* ''súa''-'''pa'''
* ''xían''-'''pa''' 
* ''syú''-'''pa'''
* ''hloiso''-'''pa'''
==== Count Particles ====
Any draga ''Root'' can be prefixed with one of the number particles to indicate a count of up to six:
* ''' f'- '''  one
* ''' ñ'- '''  two
* ''' d'- '''  three
* ''' w'- '''  four
* ''' m'- '''  five
* ''' xw'- '''  six
* ''' tío- '''  several, many
* ''' fma- ''' very many, a multitude
Examples:
* '''f'síah''' "a single deer"
* '''w'skyi' '''  "four runs"
* '''fmaphoi'''    "many joys, joyous occasions, etc."
The ''Particle'' '''sei''' negates any ''Root'' it precedes:
* '''seisíah'''  "not a deer"
* '''seiskyi' ''' "not running"
* '''seiphoi''' "not happy"
==== Distal Particles ====
{|
{|
| '''ar''' || /æʳ/
| '''sfi-''' || '''-sfía''' || Reflexive
|-
|-
| '''ár''' || /æʳ↘/
| '''tyígi -''' || '''-tyigi''' || Reciprocal
|-
|-
| '''aár''' || /æʳ↗/
| ''' for-''' || '''-fír''' || Immediate  '' ("Right here") ''
|-
|-
| '''ir''' || /iʳ/
| '''kwo-''' || '''-qhwú''' || Proximal  '' ("Next to, nearby'') ''
|-
|-
| '''ír''' || /iʳ↘/
| '''yálo-''' || '''-yalo'''  || Peri-Proximal '' ("Right over there, close by") ''
|-
|-
| '''iír''' || /iʳ↗/
| '''báo-''' || '''-baó''' || Distal  '' ("Over there, in the distance") ''
|-
|-
| '''or''' || /ʊʳ/
| '''t'áo-''' || '''-t'aó''' || Absent '' ("Not here, out of view / earshot") ''
|-
|-
|}
|}
Examples: ('''aeaq''' "person", '''phoia''' "joy")
* '''aeaq-sfía''' / '''sfi-aeaq'''  "The person her/himself"
* '''phoi-sfía''' / '''sfi-phoi''' "Self-joy, enjoy one's self"
* '''aeaq-tyigi''' / '''tyígi-aeaq''' "Those reciprocating each other"
* '''phoi-tyigi''' / '''tyígi-phoi'''  "Enjoy each other, Give each other joy"
* '''for-aeaq''' / ''' aeaq-fír''' "This person here, me"
* '''phoi-fír''' / ''' for-phoi''' "This (immediate) joy"
* '''t'áo-aeaq''' / ''' aeaq-t'aó'''  "Person who is not here"
* '''phoi-t'aó''' /  '''t'áo-phoi''' "Joy which is (perhaps figuratively) absent"






'''Combinations:'''


'''ea''', '''eu''', '''ae''' are spelled irregularly, to contrast with ''ía, iá, ío, iú, ái'' and ''''.
=== Pronominals ===
 
Personal Pronominal forms come in two flavors: ''Generic'' and ''Agency''.  The ''Generic'' form does not specify anything about the relationship between the pronominal (i.e. the "person") and the Predicate it is related to.  The ''Agency'' form specifically indicates that the "person" has acted in some way with regard to the concept described by the Predicate.  This ''agency'' is not necessarily volitional (intentional) or even animate.  
 


{|
{|
| '''ea''' || / iæ/
| ''Root'' || ''Prefix (Generic)'' || ''Generic Suffix'' || ''Agency Suffix'' || ''Person''
|-
|-
| '''eu''' || /iʊː/
| '''xean''' || '''xi-''' || '''-(w)(e)c''' || ''' -xui''' ||  1st Person Exclusive
|-
|-
| '''ae''' || /æeˑ/
| '''phaweiaqs  ''' || '''wox-''' || '''-weax''' || '''-weiaqs''' || 1st Person Inclusive
|-
|-
| '''aer''' || /æeʳː/
| '''phamagyi''' || '''mi-''' || '''-magyi''' || '''-mmo''' || 2nd Person
|-
|-
| '''phaen''' || ''' nir''' || '''-ña''' || '''-za''' || *Referent (2nd or 3rd Person)
|-
| '''phayañ''' || '''phadae''' || '''-da''' || '''-dae''' || 3rd Person Animate/ Abstract
|-
| '''phakwoi''' || '''phakwoi''' ||  '''-kwoi''' || '''-kwoi ''' || 3rd Person Inanimate
|-
| '''phafeas''' || '''phafeas''' ||  '''-feas''' || '''-feas''' || 4th Person (Obviate) Animate/ Abstract
|-
| '''phakwoiaf''' || '''phakwoiaf''' || '''-kwoiaf''' || '''-kwoiaf''' || 4th Person (Obviate) Inanimate
|-
|}
|}




Other dipthongs include:  
* The '''Referent''' is the "person" under discussion, or the "main character", per se.  In classic draga there was no specific Pronominal form for 2p direct address, and it's use is still ''relatively'' infrequent - primarily for clarity, emphasis or endearment.  The ''Referent'' is a 3rd person form ''(animate, abstract or inanimate)'', whose reference can be "switched" to  indicate a 2nd person, ''i.e. "S/he (which is you)." ''
 
 
 
*  The Generic and Agency forms refer to whether or not the pronominal suffix indicates a general relationship of cause or influence, e.g. '''síahe''c'' ''' would refer to a ''deer that *I am associated with'' (in any given way), whereas '''síaha''xoi'' ''' would refer to a ''deer which *I have acted upon or influenced'' in some way. 
 
 
Examples: ''('''sbaí''' "surface, table", '''skyi' ''' "running", '''phoia''' "joy", '''siha''' "green")''
* '''sbaí-c ''' "My table" (That I own, or is related  to me in some way)
* '''sbaí-xoi ''' "My table" (That I act upon in some way)
* '''skyi'-weax''' "Our running", "We run/ran¨ or even ¨We were run¨
* '''skyi'-weiaqs''' "Running that we do/did/are doing"
* '''phoia-na''' "His/her joy", "S/he is happy"
* '''siha-ña''' "It's green-ness", "It is green", "Her/your green (-ness) (-ing) (thing)", etc.
* '''siha-za''' ¨The greening/greenness/etc. that s/he (or you) influence/act-upon¨, etc.
 


{|
| '''ie''' /iə/ ||  || '''íe''' /i↘ə/ 
|-
| '''ei'''  /əiˑ/ ''or'' /ʌiˑ/ || || '''ui''' /ʊi/
|-
|  '''úi''' /ʊ↘i/ ||  || '''uí''' /ʊ↗i/
|-
| '''ái''' /æ↘i/ ||  || '''aí''' / æ↗i/
|-
| '''ía''' /i↘æ/ ||  || '''iá''' /i↗æ/
|-
|'''ío''' /i↘ɔˑ/ ||  || '''iú''' /i↗ʊ/
|-
|}


=== Syllable and Word Structure ===


draga Syllables are formed as follows:
==== wañ ====


''C1 = Any Consonsant, or †Cluster ; V = Any Vowel or Compound ; C2 = Any Final Consonant:'' (''' f, m, w, p", s, c, x, ñ, q'''
'''wañ''' is a ''Pronominal'' which is used in Interrogative statements, and means '' "which? what? where? how?,who? why?" '' etc.  Its use will be discussed further on.


* V (/ʔ/).
* C2.
* C1 - V (/ʔ/).
* C1 - C2.
* C1 - V - C2.


†Allowable Consonant Clusters''': pw, py, phw, phy, tw, tl, cw, jw, zw, z', qhw, qhl, xl, hl, hy, gw, gy, fw/hw, fl, ml, lw, ly, bw, by '''


==== phawoi, paá ====


== Root Morphology ==
These particles are similar to Spanish '' "lo" '', and refer to "the one under discussion" - often translatable to '' "that one, this one, him, her, it, etc." ''  Its usage will also be explicated further on.


draga Roots fall into a single category,  ''i.e.'' there is no noun-verb distinction.  Neither are there adjectives nor adverbs.  All morphological functions are available for modification of ''any'' Root.  Aspectual concepts actually appear as individual Roots in draga.  The primary modifications of draga Roots are ''locative (position / direction)'' and ''genitive (relationship)'', but of course there are many others:




=== Pronominal ===


{|
| '''-xeañ / -(y)ac''' || 1st Person Exclusive
|-
| '''-weax / -weiaqs''' || 1st Person Inclusive
|-
| '''-mei / -(y)añ''' || *Referent (2nd or 3rd Person)
|-
| '''-lor''' || 3rd Person
|-
| '''-feas''' || 4th Person (Obviate)
|-
|}


=== Locatives ===


* The '''Referent''' is the "person" under discussion, or the "main character", per se.  There is no specific Pronominal form for 2p direct address - draga goes to great lengths to avoid this.  The ''Referent'' is a 3rd person form, whose reference can be "switched" to  indicate a 2nd person, ''i.e. "S/he (which is you)." '' The referent switches include: ''mú, -magyi'' and ''añmagyi''
The ''Locatives'' are ''Particles'' that indicate location, motion and directionHowever, their broad usage allows for simple creation of useful sentences:


=== Locative ===


{|
{|
| '''Unbound''' || '''Semi-bound''' || '''Fully Bound''' || ||
| '''Unbound''' || '''Semi-bound''' || '''Fully Bound''' || ||
|-
|-
| '''ie''' || || || ''at, in, on, to, toward, from''
| '''ie'''' || || || ''at, in, on, to, toward, from''
|-
|-
| || || '''-yir''' || ''toward''
| || '''ya-''' || '''-yaó''' || ''toward''
|-
|-
| || '''yr-''' || '''-tyiar''' || ''at, in, on''
| || '''fwor-''', '''ya-''' || '''-tyíw''' || ''at, in, on''
|-
|-
| || '''wíar-''' || '''-wir''' || ''successfully to''
| || '''phya-''' || '''-pyír''' || ''successfully to''
|-
|-
| || '''síar-''' || '''-swor''' || ''unsuccessfully toward''
| || '''swor-''' || '''-sear''' || ''unsuccessfully toward''
|-
|-
| || '''jor-''' || '''-chou''' || ''(originating) from''
| || '''chou-''' || '''-tyou''' || ''(originating) from''
|-
|-
| || || '''-fir''' || ''in the general direction of''
| || || '''-fir''' || ''in the general direction of''
Line 272: Line 468:




# Most commonly, it is the Bound form that is used.
Examples: ''('''lyían''' "home", '''kyïaf''' "understanding", '''phoi''' "joy")''
# The Semi-bound particles ('''wíar, síar, jor''') usually add emphasis when used to modify a Root. Pronoun-like Roots, however, tend to prefer the semi-bound particles - and the interrogative pronominal ''' 'wañ' ''' ("where?") never takes a bound locative. The semi-bound Locatives are also used to modify whole clauses.
* '''ya-lyían''' "Toward home", "Going home"
# Locatives '''yr''' and '''-tyiar''' "at,in" are fairly interchangeable, but in this case it is the Bound form '''-tyiar''' that is also used for emphasis, rather than the semi-bound particle. Ordinal numbers (7.1) are typically formed with the semi-bound '''yr''', ''e.g.'' 'yr-yifa' = "at-1" (i.e. "first").
* '''kyíaf-sear''' "Try unsuccessfully to understand"
# The unbound Locative 'ie' is a very casual particle that basically conveys the general idea of location or direction. It can also be used in combination with the other locatives for emphasis, specification or re-inforcement: ''e.g.''' ie lyaña-yir = lyaña-yir || ie lyaña-teyou = lyaña-teyou || ie lyaña-tyiar = lyaña-tyiar = ie yr-lyaña .
* '''phoia-tyou''' "Originating from (a place of ) joy," ''e.g. within one'sself, etc.''
# '''ie''' can also mean "from", in context. For example: mú jor-wañ kwae: ("Where are you coming from?") → (ía) ie lyaña ("From home").
 
 
Example Sentences:
* '''ía yalyían:''' "I am going home."
* '''mú phya-kyíaf:'''  "Were you able to finally understand?"
* '''fwoia phoia-teyou-ña:''' "I see that s/he is becoming less joyful."


=== Compound Locatives ===


This set of locatives express relative position rather directionThey are combined forms of 2 parts:
==== Additional Locatives ====
 
Some other locative particles inlude:
 
* '''mor-''',  ''Inside of''
* ''' wos-'''  ''On the border, surface, edge, at the entrace, etc. ''
* ''' sdá- '''  ''Outside of''
* ''' -jíla '''  ''Through'' 
* ''' -de'thew ''' ''Throughout''
* '''-mieqs''' "At a particular location'''
* '''-míesq''' "At a particular set of circumstance, situation, or place-time"




Heads:  '''fwía-''' '' "Above"'', '''jeuq-''' ''"Below"'', '''daea-''' ''"Level with"'', '''qhow-''' ''"In front of"'', '''qhaw-''' ''"Behind"'', '''duia-''' ''"Next to"''


Codas: '''-da-''' ''"Located"'', '''-ha-''' ''"Touching, Connected or Attached"'', '''-sui-''' ''"Not touching or attached, disconnected, separate from"''


==== Special Cases ====


The combined forms appear as ''prefixes'':


{|
| '''fwíada-''' || '''jeuqda-''' ||  '''daeada-''' || '''qhowda-''' || '''qhawda-''' || '''duiada-'''
|-
| '''fwíaha-''' ||  '''jeuqha-''' ||  '''daeaha-''' || '''qhowha-''' || '''qhawha-''' || '''duiaha-'''
|-
| '''fwíasui-''' || '''jeuqsui-''' || '''daeasui-''' || '''qhowsui-''' || '''qhawsui-''' || '''duiasui-'''
|-
|}




=== Genitive ===


==== Compound Locatives ====


{|
This set of locatives express relative position rather direction. They are combined forms of 2 parts:
| '''cr-''' || '' Of (generic)  ''
|-
| '''hañ-''' || ''Associated with, Correlated with, Identified with''
|-
| '''em-''' || ''Portion, part of''
|-
| '''ho-, húa-''' || ''Attributed with, Filled with''
|-
| '''mes-''' || ''Composed of''
|-
| '''war-''' || ''Functioning as, In the role of''
|-
|}




=== Articles ===
# Heads:  '''fwía-''' '' "Above"'', '''jíoq-''' ''"Below"'', '''daea-''' ''"Level with"'', '''qhow-''' ''"In front of"'', '''qhaw-''' ''"Behind"'', '''doi-''' ''"Next to"'


==== Negative ====
# Codas: '''-da-''' ''"Located"'', '''-ha-''' ''"Touching, Connected or Attached"'', '''-sm-''' ''"Not touching or attached, disconnected, separate from"''


{|
|  '''sei, sei-''' || Negative Article
|}


The combined forms appear as ''prefixes'':


==== Definite ====
{|
{|
| '''fwíada-''' || '''jíoqda-''' ||  '''daeada-''' || '''qhowda-''' || '''qhawda-''' || '''doida-'''
| '''fae-''' || Plural Definite Article
|-
|-
| '''pha-''' || Strong (Direct) Definite Article
| '''fwíaha-''' || '''jíoqha-''' ||  '''daeaha-''' || '''qhowha-''' || '''qhawha-''' || '''doiha-'''
|-
|-
| '''-pa''' || Weak (Iconic) Definite Article
| '''fwíasm-''' || '''jíoqsm-''' || '''daeasm-''' || '''qhowsm-''' || '''qhawsm-''' || '''doism-'''
|-
|-
|}
|}




==== Indefinite ====
{|
| '''híewa-''' || Indefinite Article
|-
| '''yeya-''' || Generic Article
|-
|}


Examples: ''('''sbaí''' "surface, table")''
* '''fwíada-sbaí''' - "(Somewhere) above the top the table"
* '''fwíaha-sbaí''' - "On top of the table"
* '''fwíasm-sbaí''' - "Above the table (not touching it)"


==== Demonstrative ====
{|
| '''-síaf''' || Reflexive
|-
| '''-tyigi''' || Reciprocal
|-
| '''-fíar''' || Immediate
|-
| '''-qho''' || Proximal
|-
| '''-yelo''' || Peri-Proximal
|-
| '''-bawo''' || Distal
|-
| '''-t'ou''' || Absent
|-


|}




=== Miscellaneous ===
=== Genitives ===


Prefixes:
The ''Genitives'' are the ''Particles'' that clarify the relationship between ''Roots''.  The structure used is ''Predicate - Genitive - Argument'' - where the  ''Predicate'' is a ''Root'', of which further information about it is given by the ''Argument'' , which is also a ''Root''.  The meaning would translate to "The X (''Predicate'') ''OF'' Y (''Argument'')".  The Genitive, then, clarifies what type of ''OF'' is being referred to:
{|
| yíama- || Approaching / arriving at a state
|-
| sama- || Departure from a state
|-
| hi-, hieñ- || Associated action or result
|-
| yñ- || Individual instance or part of normally grouped items
|-
| fía- || Multiple manifestations grouped as a single instance; Done totally, completely, to the fullest extent
|-
|  heu- || Using
|-
| fi- || Upper
|}




Suffixes:
{|
{|
| -meu || Strongly postive experience
| ''Primary Form'' || ''Meaning''
|-
|-
| -tui || Strongly visceral experience
| ''' wa- ''' || '' Of (generic)  ''
|-
|-
| -phíw || Strongly negative experience
| ''' cor- ''' || '' Of (explicit) Agent ...  ''
|-
|-
| -far || Similarity
| '''han-''' || ''Associated with, Correlated with, Identified with''
|-
|-
| -sieñ || Without, Lacking
| '''am-''' || ''Portion, part of''
|-
|-
| -kwae || One, Thing
| '''ho-''' || ''Attributed with, Filled with''
|-
|-
| -lae || Liquid
| '''mois-''' || ''Composed of''
|-
|-
| -jw'áo || Done intentionally
| '''wor-''' || ''Functioning as, In the role of''
|-
|-
| -se'ago || Done un-intentionally
| '''than-''' || ''(Of) Benificiary''
|-
|-
| -xui || Name Indicator
| '''t'ei-'''  || ''(Of) Benefactor''
|-
|-
| -hui || One associated with, Do-er of, sim. '-er'
 
|-
| -xa || Pleasure
|-
| -lyañ || Home, Place
|-
| -ñou || Lower
|}
|}




Classification:  
 
Examples: ''('''skyi' ''' "running", '''síah''' "deer", '''qhwol''' "writing, book", '''sío'gwoi''' "student", '''thinc''' "wall (freestanding)", '''píoñ''' "stone",  '''ñama''' "food, meal" )''
* '''skyi' wa-síah'''  - "Deer's running"
* '''síah ho-skyi'''' - "Deer which is/are running"
* '''qhwol hañnsío'gwoi''' - "A/the suden'ts book"
* '''píoñ am-thinc''' - "Stone from a/the wall, Stone part of the wall"
* '''thinc mois-píon''' - "Wall made of stone"
* '''ñama thañ-xean''' - "Meal for me "
* ''' ñama t'ei-magyi''' - "Meal that you (2p)  prepared (''for someone'')" 
* ''' ñama than-xean t'eimagyi''' - "Meal that you prepare for me"
 
 
==== wa- / cor- ====
 
These ''Generic'' forms are often the basis for complete sentences:
 
* '''fwoia skyi' wasíah:''' "I see deer running."
* '''eia phoi wasíah:''' "(They say) the deer are happy."
* '''mú sío'gwoi wamagyi:''' "Are you a student?"
 
 
 
Notice the distinction in meaning (as well as form) when using the non-Agency form of ''Generic Genetive''  as compared to the ''Agency'' form.  This is the distinction that applies to ''Agency'' vs. ''Non-Agency'' across the board in the draga language: 
 
 
'' ('''mía'''  means "aid, facillitate, allow, give, etc.") ''
* '''ía míac:'''  "I help, etc. or, am helped, etc."
* '''ía míac wasío'gwoi:'''  "I help (a/the) student." or, "A/the student helps me" ''literally, "I experience aiding of student."
* '''ía mía cor'sío'gwoi:'''  "The student helps me." ''i.e. the student is the Agency of the aid''
 
 
In case you might be wondering how to specify that it is "I" who helps the student, the best way to go would probabaly be:  "'''ía mía thañsío'gwoi:'''"
 
 
 
 
==== Agency and the Senses ====
 
 
 
 
 
==== thañ- / t'ei- ====
 
 
 
 
 
 
==== wor- ====
 
This ''Particle'' means  ''"(used) in the role of"'' or ''"as"''.  However, its broad usage allows for a good deal of information to be expressed in a compact way:
 
 
* '''ía thinc worhyeuc:'''  "I use the wall as a seat."
* '''eia píon worqhwol:'''    "They say it's written on a stone.", ''literally, stone as book (i.e. any written media)''
* '''fwoia síah wornamaza:'''  "I saw  [them] making a meal of the deer.", ''i.e. deer as [referent's] meal''
 
 
 
 
 
==== ''Genitives'' with ''Pronimals'' ====
 
 
 
 
==== Genitive and Locative transformation with '''dei''' ====
 
 
Examples:
 
 
Genitive
* '''(pha-) ho-skyi' dei síah'''  <==  ''síah ho-skyi' ''
* '''(pha-) wor-ñama dei síah'''  <== ''síah wor-ñama''
* '''(pha-) han-sío'gwoi dei qhwol ''' <== ''qhwol háñ -sío'gwoi''
 
 
Locative
* '''(pha-) yalyíañ dei sío'gwoi''' <== ''sío'gwoi (ho-) ya-lyíañ''
* '''(pha-) swor-kyíaf dei sío'gwoi''' <==  ''sío'gwoi  (ho-) swor-kyíaf''
* '''(pha) lyían-teyou dei xean''' <== ''xean (ho-) lyían-teyou''
 
 
From these examples, you can also see that any complete ''Genitive'' or ''Locative'' construction may be treated as a ''Root'' in its own right - which can then also serve as either ''Predicate'' or ''Argument''.
 
 
=== pha- + Particle ===
 
The ''Definite Particle'' '''pha-''' can be prefixed to of the above ''Particles'' to obtain a ''Root''.  You may have noticed that the ''Root'' forms of the ''Pronominals'' were formed this way (''pha-yac, pha-xíán, pha-meí, pha-magyi, pha-yañ, pha-lor, pha-dae, pha-feas, pha-kwoi, pha-kwoiaf''):
 
* '''pha-sfíi'''
* '''pha-tyigi'''
* '''pha-fír'''
*  '''pha-qhwo'''
* '''pha-yalo'''
* '''pha-baó'''
* '''pha-t'aó'''
* '''pha-yaó'''
* '''pha-tyíw'''
* '''pha-sear'''
* '''pha-tyou'''
* '''pha-fir'''
* '''pha-teyou'''
* '''pha-mieqs'''
* '''pha-míesq'''
 
 
* '''pha-wos-kwae'''
* '''pha-mor-kwae'''
* '''pha-sdá-kwae'''
* '''pha-jeuqda-kwae'''
* '''pha-qhawsm-kwae'''
et cetera
 
 
 
=== Active Particles ===
 
There are several ''Particles'' which can be used to modify the meanings of ''Roots'' to make them refer to various manners of activity or action: 
 
*''' ïama- '''  ''Approaching / arriving at a state''
* '''sama-''' ''Departure from a state''
* '''hi-, hieñ-''' ''Associated action or result''
* '''fía-''' ''Multiple manifestations grouped as a single instance; Done totally, completely, to the fullest extent''
* '''hío-''' ''Using''
 
 
Examples:
* '''ïamaskyi''''  ''Starting to run, Coming into a state of running, etc.''
* '''ïamapíoñ'''  ''Turn into stone''
* '''ïamakyïaf'''  ''Coming to understand, know, etc.''
* '''samphoi'''  ''Becoming unhappy''
* '''samsío'gwoi'''  ''Quitting being a student''
* '''hiqhwol'''  ''Read a book; write a boot, etc.''
* '''hiskyi''''  ''Run, really running, etc.''
* '''hiñama'''  ''Eat a meal; Prepare a meal''
* '''fíañama'''  ''Banquet, huge meal; A group of meals; Meals (we had together, etc.)''
* '''fíakyïaf'''  ''Completely, thoroughly understand''
* '''fía-hi-ñama'''  ''Totally devour''
* '''hío-pha-chaeq'''  ''Using this/ that cutting implement''
* '''ía híokyïaf:'''  "I [do it by] using [my] understanding / knowledge."
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
=== Conjunctions ===
 
 
==== Root Level ====
 
{|
{|
| aqa- || person: human, animal, spirit, etc.
| '''hloi''' || And; And / Or (Inclusive 'Or')  
|-
| phoña- || plant
|-
| dowa- || location, situation
|-
| hyayou- || action, process, occurrence, state
|-
| hío- || Tool
|-
| sbor- || spatial area; integral portion, body part
|-
| tfuio- (tfoyo-) || flat discrete object
|-
| xwalo- || mass object
|-
| peda- || long, narrow object
|-
| xigi- || round object
|-
| hyoci- || open sided structure
|-
|-
| quiyo- || box-shaped object
| '''sloi''' || Exclusive 'or'; Negative 'Or' ("nor")
|-
|-
| kwú- || type, class; ethnic group
| '''xli'''  || Together with (inclusive emphasis)
|-
|-
| sakyií- || flying thing
| '''xwoi'''  || Along with (exclusive emphasis)
|-
| o'ya- || container, ceramic, dish
|-
| phesqa- || textile, clothing
|-
| tíeqma- || machine
|-
|-
|}
|}


== Sentence Structure==
 
* '''fwoia síah hloi wúh:'''  "I see deer and/or dogs. (''wúh'')"
* '''fwoia síah sloi wúh:'''  "I see either a deer or a dog."
* '''es síah sloi wúh:'''  "It's neither a deer nor a dog."
* '''fwoia síah xli wúh:'''  "I see a deer and dog together.''
* '''fwoia síah xwoi wúh:'''  "I see a deer as well as a dog."
 
 
 
==== Phrasals: '''h' ''' ('''hyá''') and '''dañ''' ====
 
 
The phrasal ''Conjunctions'' '''hyá ''' and '''dañ''' are extremely important in creating lengthier and more complex sentences in draga.  They are used to join one phrase to another.
 
'''hyá ''' has the meaning of '' "In addition, and also, etc."'' and continues to add information to the idea expressed in the previous phrase:
 
* '''eia ca'wo yaxamlyíañ, hyá ïamasío'gwoi:'''
* ''' fwoia qhwol hansío'gwoidei thinctyíw,  hyá  worñama corsíah:'''
*  '''ía ïamapa'o, hyá ïamaca'wo, hyá ïamamadr, hyá ïamaphaex, hyá ïamaxoq, hyá ïamapa'o:'''
 
 
 
 
'''dañ ''' has the meaning of '' "With regards to, about, concerning, etc."'':
 
* ''' ía phoia dañ kyïafmagyi: '''
* ''' fwoia  thaña t'eisío'gwui dañ qhwol hotheiaxoi: '''
*  '''                '''


=== Speech Act Particles ===
=== Speech Act Particles ===
Any draqa sentence begins with a Speech Act Particle (SAP), often used in conjunction with a Qualifier. The SAPs fall into three types: Evidentials, Mood Indicators, and Speech Act Indicators.  A complete sentence often may consist of nothing but a Speech Act Particle:
Any draqa sentence begins with a Speech Act Particle (SAP), often used in conjunction with a Qualifier. The SAPs fall into three types: Evidentials, Mood Indicators, and Speech Act Indicators.  More than one SAP can also be used sometimes at the beginning of a sentence.  A complete sentence often may consist of nothing but the Speech Act Particle:




==== Evidentials ====
==== Evidentials ====
{|
| '''huia''' || 1st Person Objective, ''i.e. "I experienced it (external perception)"''
|-
| '''fwuia''' || 1st Person Visual. ''i.e. "I witnessed it"''
|-
| '''awo''' || 1st Person Auditory, ''i.e. "It sounds to me like"''
|-
| '''ía''' ||  1st Person Subjective, ''i.e. "I experienced it (internal perception)"''
|-
| '''skyea-tae''' ||  1st Person Psionic ''i.e. "I know it from a dream, vision, intuition, etc."''
|-
| '''ámiña''' ||  ,i.e. ''"I heard from someone who said s/he experienced it"''
|-
| '''ámiñ-tae''' || ,i.e. ''"I heard from someone who said s/he witnessed it"''
|-
| '''(a') phx-a''' ||  ,i.e. ''"I heard from someone unreliable  who said s/he experienced it"''
|-
|| '''phx.a-tae''' ||  ,i.e. ''"I heard from someone unreliable who said s/he witnessed it"''
|-
|}


===== hoia ===== 
1st Person Objective, ''i.e. "I experienced it (external perception)"''
===== fwoia =====
1st Person Visual. ''i.e. "I witnessed it"''
===== awo =====
1st Person Auditory, ''i.e. "It sounds to me like"''


==== Mood Indicators ====
===== ía =====   
{|
1st Person Subjective, ''i.e. "I experienced it (internal perception)"''
|  '''mpaha''' ||  Opiniative (Probable) Mood
|-
|  '''sempa''' || Opiniative  (Negative Probability) Mood
|-
|  '''xweña''' ||  Expectant Mood
|-
| '''qhwui-a''' ||  1st Person Imperative Mood
|-
|  '''fo''' || Irrealis Mood
|-
|  '''(a)skyea''' || Dreaming (Psionic) Mood
|-
|}


===== skyea-tae ===== 
1st Person Psionic ''i.e. "I know it from a dream, vision, intuition, etc."''


==== Speech Act Indicators ====
===== ámiña ===== 
{|
,i.e. ''"I heard from someone who said s/he experienced it"''
|  '''eia''' ||  Narrative Speech Act
|-
|  '''a''' ||  Subjective (Non-Realis) Speech Act
|-
|  '''xe'a''' ||  Interrogative Speech Act
|-
'''mú''' ||  2nd Person Interrogative Speech Act
|-
|  '''sei, es''' ||  Negative Statement or Negative Imperative Speech Act
|-
|}


===== ámiñ-tae =====
i.e. ''"I heard from someone who said s/he witnessed it"''


==== Qualifiers ====
===== (a') phx-a =====   
{|
,i.e. ''"I heard from someone unreliable who said s/he experienced it"''
| '''ido-''' || ''Indicates the Evidential source''
|-
|  '''añ-''' ||  ''Topicalizing'' Particle
|-
|  '''-magyi''' || ''Indicates a 2nd Person Referent''
|-
|}


===== phx.a-tae ===== 
,i.e. ''"I heard from someone unreliable who said s/he witnessed it"''


=== Syntax ===


draga makes no noun-verb distinction, so its syntactical pattern cannot be accurately described in terms of VSO, VOS, etc.  The syntactical pattern of draga is best described as a linkage of '''Predicate - (Relationship Particle) - Argument''' constructions, which are themselves linked by meta-Relationship Particles.  A ''Predicate'' will necessarily be present in any construction.  The ''Argument'' modifies the idea established by a Predicate, and is optional but usual.  The ''Relator'' (relationship particle) explicates the relationship between the Predicate and its Argument, and is also optional in many cases. Often, the relationship may be implied from context.  The relationship particles themselves fall into two categories: ''Genitives'' and ''Conjunctions''.




'''Examples:''' ''(P=Predicate, R=Relator, A=Argument, RR=meta-Relator)''


==== Mood Indicators ====


{|
===== mpaha =====
| fwuia || phyala
Opiniative (Probable) Mood
|-
| [EVID:1pVis] || "grass" (P)
|-
|}
* "I see (the) grass", "I see it is grass", etc.


===== sempa =====
Opiniative  (Negative Probability) Mood


{|
===== xweiña =====
| fwuia || siha
Expectant Mood
|-
| [EVID:1pVis] || "green" (P)
|-
|}
* "I see (the) green", "I see it is green", etc.


===== qhwui-a =====
1st Person Imperative Mood


{|
===== fo =====
| fwuia || siha || cr- || phyala
Irrealis Mood
|-
| [EVID:1pVis] || "green" (P) || GEN:"of" (R) || "grass" (A)
|-
|}
* "I see the green (of the) grass", "I see the grass is green"


===== (a)skyea =====
Dreaming (Psionic) Mood


{|
| fwuia || siha || phyala
|-
| [EVID:1pVis] || "green" (P) || "grass" (A)
|-
|}
* "I see the green (of the) grass", "I see the grass is green"




{|
==== Speech Act Indicators ====
| fwuia || phyala || siha
|-
| [EVID:1pVis] || "grass" (P) || "green" (A)
|-
|}
* "I see green grass"


===== eia ===== 
Narrative Speech Act


{|
===== a ===== 
| fwuia || siha || dañ || phyala
Subjective (Non-Realis) Speech Act
|-
| [EVID:1pVis] || "green" (P) || [CONJ:"with respect to"](R)  || "grass" (A)
|-
|}
* "I see the grass is green", ''i.e. "It is green, with respect to the grass" ''


===== xe'a ===== 
Interrogative Speech Act


{|
===== mú ===== 
| ía || phyala-tyiar
2nd Person Interrogative Speech Act
|-
| [EVID:1pSubj] || "grass"+[Loc] (P)
|-
|}
* "I am at/on (the) grass"


===== sei, es ===== 
Negative Statement or Negative Imperative Speech Act


{|
| a || phyala-tyiar || cr- || woha
|-
| [SA:NonObj] || "grass"+[Loc] (P) || [GEN:"of"] (R) || "dog" (A)
|-
|}
* "(The/a) dog (is) in the grass",




{|
==== Qualifiers ====
| a || woha || hei || phyala-tyiar
|-
| [SA:NonObj] || "dog" (P)|| [CONJ:"And"] (RR) ||  "grass"+[Loc] (A:P)
|-
|}
* "(The/a) dog is in the grass", ''i.e. "It's a dog, and (it's) in the grass" ''


=====  ido- ===== 


{|
''Indicates the Evidential source''
| ía || woha || phyala-tyiar || hei || pogi-weiaqs
|-
| [EVID:1pSubj] || "dog" || "grass"+[Loc] (P) || [CONJ:"And"] (RR) || "playing"+1pIncl (A:P)
|-
|}
* "I played with dog on the grass"


===== añ- ===== 


{|
''Topicalizing'' Particle
| ía || woha || phyala-tyiar || hei || kyío-mei
|-
| [EVID:1pSubj] || "dog" || "grass"+[Loc] (P) || [CONJ:"And"] (RR) || "giving"+3p (A:P)
|-
|}
* "The dog in the grass gave it (something) to me"


===== m, -magyi =====


{|
| ía || woha || phyala-tyiar || hei || kyío || cr- || laqa
|-
| [EVID:1pSubj] || "dog" || "grass"+[Loc] (P) || [CONJ:"And"] (RR) || "giving" (A:P) || [GEN:"of"] (A:R) || "stick" (A:A)
|-
|}
* "The dog in the grass gave me a stick"
* "I gave a stick to the dog in the grass"




{|
| ía || woha || phyala-tyiar || hei || laqa || kyío-c
|-
| [EVID:1pSubj] || "dog" || "grass"+[Loc] (P) || [CONJ:"And"] (RR) || "stick" (P) || "giving"+1pExcl (A)
|-
|}
* "I gave a stick to the dog in the grass"






The above translations are not quite exact - as you can see from the inter-linears, but it is important to realize that translation between draga and English is not at all  simple or a 1-to-1 affair.  In fact, however, that indeed was part of the point in constructing this language!




==== Meta-Relators (Conjunctive Particles) ====


As discussed above, there are two types Relator particles, ''Genitive'' and ''Conjunctive''.  A list of ''Genitive'' particles can be found in the '''Root Morphology''' section above.  Some of the ''Conjuctive'' Particles include:


=== Phrase Level Conjunctions ===


{|
{|
Line 701: Line 897:




==== Other Conjunctions ====
 
=== Numbers ===
 
 
The draga number system is base-6. During the material height of the draga civilization, a base-30 system was devised and used for hundreds of years alongside the original base-6, and some vestiges can still be found, especially in the writing system and the calendar.


{|
{|
| '''kyá''' || And; And / Or (Inclusive 'Or')
! || base-6  || base-10 || || base-6 || base-10
|-
| '''ifa ''' ||  01 ''* pinky'' || 1  || '''íwa ñaxwae ''' ||  24  || 16
|-
| '''aña''' ||  02 ''* add ring'' || 2 || '''amwa ñaxwae '''|| 25  || 17
|-
|-
| '''s.ña''' ||  Exclusive 'or'; Negative 'Or' ("nor")
| '''dows ''' ||  03 ''* add middle''  || 3 || '''doxwae ''' || 30  || 18
|-
| '''íwa ''' ||  04 ''* add pointer'' || 4 || '''íxwae ''' || 40  || 24
|-
|-
| '''ñaña'''  || Interrogative 'Or' (Inclusive)
| '''amwa ''' || 05 ''* add thumb''  || 5 || '''maxwae ''' || 50  || 30
|-
|-
| '''ñeya'''  || Interrogative 'Or' (Exclusive)
| '''ihoa'''  || 10 ''* close fist''  || 6 || '''walo  '''|| 1,00 || 36
|-
|-
| '''xweu'''  || Together with (inclusive emphasis)
| '''hyawo'''  || 11 || 7 || '''ifa walo'''  || 1,01  || 37
|-
|-
| '''xwui'''  || Along with (exclusive emphasis)
| '''ofwo ''' || 12 || 8 || '''ihoa walo ''' || 1,10 || 42
|-
|-
|}
| '''bií ''' ||  13 || 9 || '''walo aña ''' || 2,00 || 72
 
== Special Roots ==
 
There are many Roots in draga whose meanings are often grammaticized in other languages. These include Roots that are Pronomial, Aspectual, that indicate Number, Intensity, Frequency, Consistency and even words with meanings like ''1p acting on 2p ("I do to you")'', ''3p acting on 1p ("S/he does to me")'', etc.
 
 
 
=== Pronominal ===
{|
| '''phaxeañ''' || 1st person exclusive
|-
|-
| '''phaweiqs'''   || 1st person inclusive
| '''qhowei''' ||  14 || 10 || '''walo dows ''' || 3,00 || 108
|-
|-
| '''phamei''' || Referrent
| '''amwae ''' || 15 || 11 || '''walo íwa ''' || 4,00 || 144
|-
|-
| '''phafías'''   || Obviate
| '''ñaxwae ''' || 20 || 12 || '''walo amwa''' || 5,00 || 180
|-
|-
| '''phawui'''   || Demonstrative
| '''ifa ñaxwae ||  21  || 13 || '''walo  ihoa''' || 10,00 || 216
|-
|-
| '''híewui'''   ||  Indefinite
| '''aña ñaxwae ||  22  || 14 ||'''wegwalo ''' || 1,00,00 || 1,296
|-
|-
| '''wañ'''   ||  Interrogative
| '''dows ñaxwae ''' ||  23  || 15 ||| ''  ''' ||     ||
|-
|-
|}
|}




Although the numbers are essentially base 6, you will notice that the counting numbers run from 1-12 (1-20, base 6), and once the count has arrived past 36 (100 base 6) - it continues to use the 1 -12 count, and it uses groupings of 36's rather than 6's:
* ''' ifa walo''' (37), '''aña walo''' (38), ''' dows walo''' (39), '''íwa walo''' (40), '''amwa walo''' (41), '''ihoa walo''' (42), ...
* ''' hyawo walo''' (43), '''ofwo walo''' (44), '''bií walo''' (45), '''qhowei walo''' (46), '''amwae walo''' (47), '''ñaxwae walo''' (48) ...'''
* ''' ifa ñaxwalo (=ñaxwae walo)''' (49) ,''' ...''',  *'''amwamaxwalo (=amwamaxwae walo) ''' (71)  , ''' walo aña''' (72)
*note: '''mamaxwalo''' is generally preferred to '''amwamaxwalo'''
==== Numbers with Roots ====
Examples:
*  '''síaha-ifa '''  ''One deer''
* '''sohoi-ifa ñaxwalo''' ''Forty-nine (36+12+1) students''
* '''qhowa-walo aña''' ''Seventy-rwo (2*36) books''
* '''phoia-bií'''    ''Nine joys, joyous occasions, etc.''
==== Ordinals ====
Ordinals are formed with a ''Locative'' construction, so that "first" is literally "at one", "fourth" is literally "at four", etc.:
*  '''síaha (ho-) yor-ifa'''  -  ''First deer''
* '''síaha (ho-) ifa-tyear'''  - ''First deer''
* '''yor-ifa dei síaha'''    - ' 'First deer''
* '''ifa-tyear dei síaha''' ' -  ' First deer''
==== Basic numeric sentences ====
*  '''fwoia bií dañ síaha:'''  ''I see nine deer.''
*  '''a walo wui:'''  ''There are thirty-six."
* '''ía íwa dañ phoia:'''  '' I was pleased on (those) four occaions, I have four pleasures, etc.''
'''ala'''  is a Root meaning '' "iterations, repitions, counts, occurrences, times, etc":
*  ''' eia f'ala dañ síaha: '''    ''There was (exactly) one deer."
* ''' ía pha-ala íwa dañ phoia:'''  '' I was pleased on those four occassions.''


=== Kinship / Relationship ===


More commonly than Pronominal Roots, especially when talking in the Second person, it is preferable and considered much more sociable to use kinship or other personal-relationship terms:


{|
| '''pea'''  ||  Mother, Mama
|-
| '''peaya'''  ||  Mother, Mother's sibling
|-
| '''fi-pea'''  ||  Mother's younger sibling
|-
| '''pea-ñou'''  ||  Mother's older sibling
|-
| '''fía-fi-pi'''  ||  Mother's youngest sibling
|-
| '''fía-pi-ñou'''  ||  Mother's oldest sibling
|-
| '''mae'''  ||  Grandma
|-
| '''maya'''  ||  Grandmother, Grandmother's sibling
|-
| '''fi-mae'''  ||  Grandmother's younger sibling
|-
| '''mae-ño'''  ||  Grandmother's older sibling
|-
| '''fía-fimae'''  ||  Grandmother's youngest sibling
|-
| '''fía-mae-ñou'''  ||  Grandmother's oldest sibling
|-
| '''wica'''  ||  Younger sibling
|-
| '''wiwica'''  ||  Youngest sibling
|-
| '''píwi'''  ||  Older sibling
|-
| '''pipíwi'''  ||  Oldest sibling
|-
| '''tyíowa'''  ||  Cousin
|-
| '''fityíowa'''  ||  Younger cousin
|-
| '''tyíowa-ñou'''  ||  Older cousin
|-
| '''twíi'''  ||  Offspring, Sibling's offspring
|-
| ------------
|-
| '''figwi'''  ||  Primary partner
|-
| '''pwouxi'''  ||  "Soul" friend or partner
|-
| '''swae'''  ||  Sexual friend or partner
|-
| '''xaf'''  ||  Survival, domestic friend or partner
|-
| '''sehwiñ'''  ||  Mother's partner
|-
| '''sepaxi'''  ||  Mother's romantic / sexual partner at the time of pregnancy
|-
| '''se'alo'''  ||  Mother's friend
|-
| ------------
|-
| '''hiñda'''  ||  Acquaintance
|-
| '''hiña''' || Friendly Acquaintance
|-
| '''hui'''  ||  Friend
|-
| '''haxa'''  ||  Very close friend
|-
| '''fago'''  ||  Stranger
|-
| '''xamtií'''  ||  Suitor, Person of mutual interest
|-
| '''twiís'''  ||  Classmate, Fellow, Group member
|-
| '''q"aña'''  ||  Friendly client or customer
|-
| '''q"om'''  ||  Regular client or customer
|-
| '''t'aám'''  ||  Business partner; Co-worker
|-
| '''chakyi'''  ||  Rival
|-
| '''jáo'''  ||  Adversary
|-
|}


=== Interpersonal Action ===
{|
| '''xweiañ, xweiam'''  ||  ''1p → 2p'' ||  "I do it to you", "What I did to you"
|-
| '''xweiar'''  || '' 1p → 3p''  ||  "I do it to her/him", "What I did to her/him"
|-
| '''xweiaf, xweias'''  ||  ''1p → 4p''  ||  "I do it to the other one", "What I did to the other one"


|-
| '''mweiax'''  ||  ''2p → 1p''  ||  "You do it to me", "What you did to me"
|-
| '''mweiar'''  ||  ''2p → 3p''  ||  "You do it to her/him", "What you did to her/him"
|-
| '''mweiaf'''  ||  ''1p → 4p''  ||  "You do it to the other one", "What you did to the other one"
|-
| '''lweiax'''  ||  ''3p → 1p''  ||  "S/he does it to me", "What s/he did to me"
|-
| '''lweiañ, lweiam'''  ||  ''3p → 2p''  ||  "S/he does it to you", "What s/he did to you"
|-
| '''lweiaf'''  ||  ''1p → 3p''  ||  "S/he does it to the other one", "What s/he did to the other one"
|-
| '''feiax'''  ||  ''4p → 1p''  ||  "The other one does it to me", "What the other one did to me"
|-
| '''feiañ, feiam'''  ||  ''4p → 2p''  ||  "The other one does it to you", "What the other one did to you"
|-
| '''feiar'''  ||  ''4p → 3p''  ||  "The other one does it to her/him", "What the other one did to her/him"
|-
|}


=== Aspectual ===
{|
| '''yom'''  ||  ''Progressive''  ||  "Right now", "Doing it right now"
|-
| '''hae'''  || ''Perfective''  ||  "[Something that] Has/had/will have been done or completed"
|-
| '''seu'''  ||  ''Discontinuous''  ||  "Used to do / was doing, but no longer"
|-
| '''pyío'''  ||  ''Continuous''  ||  "Still doing, Keep on doing"
|-
| '''kyila'''  ||  ''Habitual''  ||  "Done regularly", "Habit"
|-
| ------------
|-
| '''kwiha'''  ||  || "Not yet", "Something not yet happened", before
|-
| '''kyaha'''  ||  || "Already", "Something already completed", after
|-
| '''yom-kwiha'''  ||  || "About to begin"
|-
| '''kwiha-yom'''  || ||  "Just starting"
|-
| '''yom-kyaha'''  ||  || "Finishing up"
|-
| '''kyaha-yom'''  ||  ||  "Just finished"
|-
| ------------
|-
| '''sya'a'''  ||  || "A short time"
|-
| '''íoyo'''  || ||  "A long time"
|-
| '''trwa'''  ||  || "Ending abruptly, suddenly"
|-
| '''oíwa'''  ||  || "Ending gradually"
|-
| '''sya'atr'''  ||  ||  "Short and suddenly ending"
|-
| '''sya'awíw'''  ||  ||  "Short and gradually ending"
|-
| '''íotr'''  ||  || "Lengthy and suddenly endling"
|-
| '''íowiíw'''  ||  || "Lengthy and gradually ending"
|-
|}


=== Others ===
== añ dañ phïacaxou-háñpapeloxoi ("The Tower of Babel")  ==
 
 
a phawoi peí -
 
eia fe'alatew dañ pïokyíax hosacatío dirxeña-háñmesis:
 
 
eia cada xr'kyïeñewapaá, hei hyañdoafbaí hohamorxiñdarxoi, h' ïamaphalyíañña:
 
 
eia pïotyigi, baí - "qhwúi! a xígwo, hei híoxaeq dañ phawoi,
hei híopíoñ jwae, hei lofoña war cwae":
 
 
eia pïotyigi, baí - "qhwúi! a pehwo, hei xígwo dañ phïacalyañ xwoi phïaca ho-úaloxou":
 
h'baí - "ïamahíesda-skwaer dañ xeñaweiaqs: h'xweiña, fo phawoisieñ ou yamargya-de'tew ïamaxpíw-wix":




eia fwíatyoi YaHWaHoxoi, dada ïamakyïafadae dañ xígwo-phahaña hañ phïacalyañ hya phïaca-xou:




==== Intensity ====
eia pïo YaHWaHoxoi, baí- "qoei! a-woi dañ haña":


{|
h'baí - "añfe'alatew fwoia dañ phakyïeñewa: h' añfe'alatew fwoia dañ hyírxñ:
| '''úalo , úgalo, lawor'''  ||  Extreme intensity, "Very, very"
|-
| '''skwui '''  ||  High intensity,"Very"
|-
| '''skwaer '''  ||  Moderate intensity, "Moderately"
|-
| '''skwala '''  ||  Mild intensity, "Mildly"
|-
| '''skwemya'''  ||  Low intensity, "Very slightly"
|-
| '''fewa / kyeu'''  ||  Overly-intense, Too (much)
|-
| '''sasa'''  ||  Under-intense, Too little
|-
| '''phweilo'''  ||  Good, "right" intensity or level
|-
| '''áwei(kya)'''  ||  More, More intense
|-
| '''weiwa(kya), wiwi'''  ||  Less, Less intense
|-
| '''ajíawa''' || Of varying/ modulating/ oscillating intensity
|}


fwoia añpehwo hokwihayom, ou phyáoqo sei jïiwa dañ híewaphajorgaña":


==== Number ====
baí - "fo yorjeuqdeixíañ, hei phapïoña xqemi, dada kyïafasieñ hañpïotyigi":


{|
|  '''fía-fikwo'''  ||  All, every, each
|-
| '''fikwo'''  ||  Most
|-
| '''fíañ'''  ||  Many
|-
| '''kyíeca'''  ||  Some
|-
| '''tío'''  ||  A few
|-
| '''síama'''  ||  Very few
|-
| '''síama-fiq'''  ||  None
|-
| '''fewei'''  ||  Too many
|-
| '''míewei'''  ||  Too few
|-
| '''phweawei'''  ||  Good or "right" number
|-
| '''ajíawei''' || Of varying/ modulating/ oscillating degrees of number
|-
| '''áwei'''  ||  More
|-
| '''wiwi'''  ||  Fewer, Less
|-
| '''zewetya'''  ||  Usual, Quite Often
|-
| '''sbaelo'''  ||  Half the time, Somewhat often or common
|-
| '''sfíoña, safíoñ'''  ||  Infrequent, Unlikely
|-
| '''sfeudiñ'''  ||  Rare, Highly unusual / unlikely
|-
|}




eia woi YaHWaHoxoi, pái fíaxpíwña yamargya-de'tew, 


==== Constistency ====
he'eia sehaáñ xr'phïacalyañ hopapoloxoi-xñaq, dasi ie yormieqspa xqemi-YaHWaHoxui dirhyírxñ,
{|
| '''wáowo'''  ||  Extremely consistent
|-
| '''íwo'''  ||  Highly consistent
|-
| '''pomwo'''  ||  Moderately consistent
|-
| '''eswo '''  ||  Mildly inconsistent
|-
| '''p"ckya'''  ||  Highly inconsistent
|-
| '''fewo'''  ||  Overly-consistent
|-
| '''síawo'''  ||  Under-consistent
|-
| '''áweiwo'''  ||  More consistent
|-
| '''weiwo'''  ||  Less consistent
|-
| '''phweawawo'''  ||  Good, or "right" consistency, About the same consistency as
|-
| '''ajíawo''' || Of varying/ modulating/ oscillating consistency
|}


== Numbers ==
ou mieqspachou ïamafíaxpíw xr'hañapa dei yarmargya-de'tew: 


The draga number system is base-6. During the material height of the draga civilization, a base-30 system was devised and used for hundreds of years alongside the original base-6, and some vestiges can still be found, especially in the writing system and the calendar.  
[[File:Example.jpg]]


{|
! || base-6  || base-10 || || base-6 || base-10
|-
| '''yifa ''' ||  01 ''* pinky''  || 1  || '''ñe-xwae waer ''' ||  24  || 16
|-
| '''yeña''' ||  02 ''* add ring'' || 2 || '''ñe-xwae mawo ''' || 25  || 17
|-
| '''dowx(a) ''' ||  03 ''* add middle''  || 3 || '''dowx-xwae ''' || 30  || 18
|-
| '''waer ''' ||  04 ''* add pointer'' || 4 || '''waer-xwae ''' || 40  || 24
|-
| '''mawo ''' ||  05 ''* add thumb''  || 5 || '''mawo-xwae ''' || 50  || 30
|-
| '''xweilo'''  ||  10 ''* close fist''  || 6 || '''xwae-xwae / welo  '''|| 1,00 || 36
|-
| '''hyawo'''  ||  11 || 7 || '''welo-yifa'''  || 1,01  || 37
|-
| '''fawo ''' ||  12 || 8 || '''welo-xwae ''' || 1,10 || 42
|-
| '''pií ''' ||  13 || 9 || '''yeña-welo ''' || 2,00 || 72
|-
| '''qhowei'''  ||  14 || 10 || '''dowxa-welo ''' || 3,00 || 108
|-
| '''amwae ''' ||  15 || 11 || '''waer-welo ''' || 4,00 || 144
|-
| '''ñe-xwae ''' ||  20 || 12 || '''mago-welo ''' || 5,00 || 180
|-
| '''ñe-xwae yifa ''' ||  21  || 13 || '''xwae-welo ''' || 10,00 || 216
|-
| '''ñe-xwae yeña ''' ||  22  || 14 ||'''welo-welo / wegwelo ''' || 1,00,00  || 1,296
|-
| '''ñe-xwae dowx ''' ||  23  || 15 ||| '''áwolo  '''|| 1,00,00,00  || 46,656
|-
|}




The ancient numbers 1-30 are still in use, but are not productive - slightly altered - beyond the number 36, (which is 1,00 in base-6):


== Links ==


{|
*[http://www.angelfire.com/zine/slxlr/lang/script01.html Sample of Written draqa] | [http://www.angelfire.com/zine/slxlr/lang/script00.html Sample 2]
|  '''1''' fe-  || '''11''' fada  || '''21''' cor
*[[draga Lexicon]]
|-
[[Category:Conlangs]]
|  '''2'''  ña-  ||   '''12''' faw  ||   '''22''' comwax
[[Category:a priori conlangs]]
|-
|  '''3''' da-  ||   '''13''' fm  ||   '''23''' cox
|-
|  '''4''' wa-  ||   '''14''' fax  ||   '''24''' coiax
|-
|  '''5''' mye-  ||   '''15''' ofo  ||   '''25''' mema
|-
||  '''6''' xe-  ||   '''16''' fiáñ  ||   '''26''' fmña
|-
|  '''7''' hyaá  ||   '''17''' cofañ  ||   '''27''' bada
|-
|  '''8''' fwuí  ||   '''18''' ñawi  ||   '''28''' hyawa
|-
||  '''9''' bií  ||   '''19''' miñaqoei  ||  '''29''' xomi
|-
|  '''10''' qúi  ||   '''20''' coda  ||  '''30''' xwoufa
|-
|}

Latest revision as of 01:45, 15 August 2014


This page provides an overview of the draqa (or, "draga", pron. '/t◌̪ɚ. æ. ɦæ/' ) language, and some of its lexical items. Draga is my own personal conlang, and is in daily use by a speakership of one. It is intended to useable by human beings, but I wanted to break a few universals in the process. The phonology comes from analysis of my personal random "babbling". I also wanted to pursue ways of thinking mostly alien to my native language (English) and culture (American/Black), and create a better vehicle for expressing certain personal, perhaps "mystic" experiences in everyday speech. The "lofty" goals, however, are relatively recent. Originally, it was just something fun to do.


Xeanpasyufei-vert.jpeg


Introduction

draqa (draga) is a personal constructed language, "spoken" by an exile population who call their homeland Qhrya. Technically, "draqa" (with a 'q') refers to an ancient form of the language, and "draga" (with a 'g') to the modern language; however, the spelling "draqa" is often used for either. Even more ancient -.preceding draqa - is draga (pronounced /dra. ga/ and technically referred to as proto-draga), which evolved from dragat.


The history of the draga people is quite mysterious. Apparently, the civilization of Qhrya arose in the North American continent, contemporary with (but not related to) the second Atlantean civilization (~28,000 B.C.) Within 1.000 years of that cataclysm, Qhrya was completely sacked, leaving fewer than 2,000 souls to wander for almost 200 years. Finding no respite, apparently the nation astrally projected themselves en masse into a parallel reality, where they have continued to thrive. The prophecies say that eventually the nation will reincarnate into this world in the 20th, 21st and 22nd centuries, at first scattered across the continents but eventually re-unified into a small nation again.

The draga are a dream-travelling people, whose primary mode of long-distance (as well as inter-dimensional and temporal) travel is astral-projection. Hence, culturally and linguistically, they are easily adapted to "primitive", "high-tech" and even "psychic" environments.


Phonetic Inventory

Consonants

labial dental alveolar palatal velar post-velar glottal
plosives: pʼ (p) t_ tʼtz ʈ cʼ(c) kʷ kʲ q ʔ
aspirates:
fricative: f (ʰɸ) (ð) s ʃ (ç) (x) ʜ ɦ
liquids: w l j
trills: ʙ̥ ʀ̥
nasals: m (n_) (n) ɲ
implosives: ɓ (ʘʷ) ǃ


Vowels

i ʊ
ʷɔˑ
ə(ʌ) ɚ
æ


Orthography / Phonological Considerations

Transliteration of the draga language uses 25 characters of the Roman alphabet: a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, ñ, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, w, x, y, z - and the single-quote ( ' ) symbol to represent the sounds. In addition, the acute accent is used to represent pitch-accenting: á í ú. Traditionally, draga is written in a native alphabetic script that is supplemented by many logographs which are used to represent the most frequently used particles and lexemes. For some unfathomable reason, there is also a rare transliteration scheme which utilizes the Coptic alphabet.


Consonants

p [pʼ] or [p] ph [pʰ]
d [t_] initially ; [d_] or [ð] medially ; [ð] after 'ñ': ñd [n_ð]
t' [tʼ] t [tʰ] ty [ʈ]
c [cʼ] or [c] ch [cʰ]
q [q] qh [qʰ] kw [kʷ] ky [kʲ]
f [f], [ʰɸ] before 'w': fw [ʰɸw]
s [s] j [tʼz] or [tz] x [ʃ]
m [m]
ñ [ɲ], [n_] before 'd': ñd [n_ð]
w [w], [ʘʷ] (bilabial click) following initial syllabic 'm': mw [mʘʷ]
l [l]
y [j]
h [ʜ], [x] before 'l' or 'w', [ç] before 'y' g [ɦ] (voiced /h/)
b [ɓ] (bilabial implosive)
z [ǃ] (alveolar implosive, i.e. click)
p" [ʙ̥] (voiceless bilabial trill)
t" [r̥] (voiceless alveolar trill)
q" [ʀ̥] (voiceless post-velar trill)
' [ʔ] ; or abbreviated spelling of certain prefixes: x'-, h'-, f'-


Vowels

  • ï, í, i /i/
  • á, a /æ/
  • ae /æeˑ/
  • e /əˑ/
  • ou /ʷɔˑ/
  • ú / ó, o /ʊ/
  • r, rr (ë) /ɚˑ/


Draga is a pitch-accented language:

  • i, a, e, o, r are intoned at median pitch. They are considered unaccented.
  • í, á, ë are intoned at high pitch - typically 3-5 whole tones above the median.
  • ï is intoned at very high pitch - typically 5 - 8 whole tones above the median.
  • ú is intoned with a high, falling pitch, while ó is intoned with a high pitch.
  • ae is obviously a dipthong, but is treated as an invididual vowel. It is intoned at median pitch.
  • ou is always intoned with a slightly long, low pitch - typically 3-5 whole tones below the median.



Rhoticization.

Some vowels can be found rhoticized:

  • ír, ir, ár, ar, aer, or



Special Cases:

  • ïr is intoned falling from very high pitch to median.
  • úor is intoned falling from high pitch to low pitch.
  • ra is intoned falling from high pitch to median.



Spelling Conventions

The following spellings are found interchangably in draga transliteration, ea and eu being the most commonly used:

  • io = iu = eu
  • ia = ea


Syllable and Word Structure

draga Syllables are formed as follows:


C1 = Any Consonsant, or †Cluster ; V = Any Vowel or Compound ; C2 = Any Final Consonant: ( f, m, w, p", s, c, x, ñ, q)

(C1) - (V) - (C2 |/ʔ/)
  • V (/ʔ/).
  • C2.
  • C1 - V (/ʔ/).
  • C1 - C2.
  • C1 - V - C2.

†Allowable Consonant Clusters: pw, py, phw, phy, phl, tw, tl, jw, zw, z', qhw, qhl, xw, xl (sl), fw/hw, hl, hy, gw, gy, ml, lw, ly, bw, by


draga Roots are typically 1-2 syllables in length, and generally begin with any sound but g /ɦ/. The phone e /ə/ is thus far unattested formally as a final vowel, and the phone ' /ʔ/ never ends a word.


Useful Expressions

a píawañ ciñ: Hello, Goodbye
a jawa: Thank you, Your welcome, Please, It's okay
mú wañ: How are you? What's up with ya?
ía phoi: I'm happy, doing well, in a good mood
ía phíw: I'm not doing so well
ía xapo: All's well, I'm chillin'
fo mía: Excuse me, May I?, Help!
a jwae: Yes
a sae: No
ía meqeña: I'm hungry
mú meqeña: Are you hungry?
mú fwae: Do you like it? Would you recommend it?
ía fwae: I like it
a hleu: How nice! Beautiful!
qhwúi! a jwae: Let's do it!
íaskyïaf: I don't know
íasfwae: I don't like it
ía ñamaxa-meu: I very much enjoy the meal
fei-ajawa:, ajawafei: Thank You Universe! (Almost like "Thanks be to God" or "Thank (you) God")
xe'a wañ mieqs dañ... Where can I find ...
xe'a wañ t'ou dañ... Which way to ...
xe'a wañ dañ fou: What's up with the cannabis - (could you pass it please?)



Grammar Notes

Preface

draga has two types of morphemes, Particles and Roots. Roots are generally "content" words, and include what would be Nouns, Verbs and Adjectives in English, even Adverbs. None of those distinctions are made in the draga language, and theoretically, any applicable Particle can be used with any Root. So, to say lyíañc "Home + My (My home)", skyi'c "Running + My (I run)", and phoiac "Joyful + My (I am happy)" - the same construction is used throughout. Of course, skyi'c could also mean "My running" or "My run"; and phoiac could mean "My joy" depending on context.


This context is based on a relationship between a Predicate and its Argument(s), which are the roles available to Roots in the draga language. A Predicate may or may not be modified, or juxtaposed, with one or multiple Arguments - and the relationship of these Roots (or phrases) to each other may or may not be made more explicit by some Particle. This is the general role of Particles in the draga language: to modify the meaning of a Root, or to clarify the relationships among Roots or phrases.


However, there is a special type of Particle in draga which is always essential. This is the Speech Act Particle (SAP), which is always the beginning of a sentence. The SAP may contain evidential, or mood information - or it may indicate that a question is being asked, a command given, etc. Often, an SAP may be the whole sentence all by itself.


Some basic SAPs that will be useful right away:


  • ía Introduces a subjective personal 1st person (me, my) experience: ía phoi: "I am happy, i.e. I experience joy."
  • fwoia Indicates that "I witness(ed) this personally": fwoia phoiaña: "I see that s/he is happy."
  • Is used to asked a 2nd person (you) question: mú phoi: "Are you happy?"
  • eia Is used when telling stories, or relating information one has overheard at some point, but not having experience it personally: eia phoiaña: "S/he was happy", "They say that s/he is happy."
  • es Is used to express a negative sentence: es phoiaña: "S/he is not happy


BTW, the punctuation mark ' : ' indicates the end of a draga sentence.


Demonstratives

Definite Particles

There are two Definite Particles in draga, the weak and the strong definite particles. The weak particle acts like "the", "some", "this", etc. in referring to a specific instance of what you're talking about:


  • pha-lyían, lyían-paá Home, the home, this home, my home, etc.
  • pha-haña, haña-paá This / that / the human being
  • pha-síah, síah-paá The deer, etc.
  • pha-laex, laex-paá The drinking water
  • pha-skyi' , skyi' -paá Running, The run, this running, etc.


The weak (or Iconic) definite particle creates a word referencing an iconic or essential form of the concept at hand. Examples of this kind of thing in English would be: "The MAN", "Big Government", "Justice", "The Law", "God", "They", etc. Fittingly, of course, none of those particular examples are concepts that actually exist in the draga language:


  • mía-pa
  • súa-pa
  • xían-pa
  • syú-pa
  • hloiso-pa



Count Particles

Any draga Root can be prefixed with one of the number particles to indicate a count of up to six:


  • f'- one
  • ñ'- two
  • d'- three
  • w'- four
  • m'- five
  • xw'- six
  • tío- several, many
  • fma- very many, a multitude


Examples:

  • f'síah "a single deer"
  • w'skyi' "four runs"
  • fmaphoi "many joys, joyous occasions, etc."


The Particle sei negates any Root it precedes:

  • seisíah "not a deer"
  • seiskyi' "not running"
  • seiphoi "not happy"



Distal Particles

sfi- -sfía Reflexive
tyígi - -tyigi Reciprocal
for- -fír Immediate ("Right here")
kwo- -qhwú Proximal ("Next to, nearby)
yálo- -yalo Peri-Proximal ("Right over there, close by")
báo- -baó Distal ("Over there, in the distance")
t'áo- -t'aó Absent ("Not here, out of view / earshot")


Examples: (aeaq "person", phoia "joy")

  • aeaq-sfía / sfi-aeaq "The person her/himself"
  • phoi-sfía / sfi-phoi "Self-joy, enjoy one's self"
  • aeaq-tyigi / tyígi-aeaq "Those reciprocating each other"
  • phoi-tyigi / tyígi-phoi "Enjoy each other, Give each other joy"
  • for-aeaq / aeaq-fír "This person here, me"
  • phoi-fír / for-phoi "This (immediate) joy"
  • t'áo-aeaq / aeaq-t'aó "Person who is not here"
  • phoi-t'aó / t'áo-phoi "Joy which is (perhaps figuratively) absent"



Pronominals

Personal Pronominal forms come in two flavors: Generic and Agency. The Generic form does not specify anything about the relationship between the pronominal (i.e. the "person") and the Predicate it is related to. The Agency form specifically indicates that the "person" has acted in some way with regard to the concept described by the Predicate. This agency is not necessarily volitional (intentional) or even animate.


Root Prefix (Generic) Generic Suffix Agency Suffix Person
xean xi- -(w)(e)c -xui 1st Person Exclusive
phaweiaqs wox- -weax -weiaqs 1st Person Inclusive
phamagyi mi- -magyi -mmo 2nd Person
phaen nir -ña -za *Referent (2nd or 3rd Person)
phayañ phadae -da -dae 3rd Person Animate/ Abstract
phakwoi phakwoi -kwoi -kwoi 3rd Person Inanimate
phafeas phafeas -feas -feas 4th Person (Obviate) Animate/ Abstract
phakwoiaf phakwoiaf -kwoiaf -kwoiaf 4th Person (Obviate) Inanimate


  • The Referent is the "person" under discussion, or the "main character", per se. In classic draga there was no specific Pronominal form for 2p direct address, and it's use is still relatively infrequent - primarily for clarity, emphasis or endearment. The Referent is a 3rd person form (animate, abstract or inanimate), whose reference can be "switched" to indicate a 2nd person, i.e. "S/he (which is you)."


  • The Generic and Agency forms refer to whether or not the pronominal suffix indicates a general relationship of cause or influence, e.g. síahec would refer to a deer that *I am associated with (in any given way), whereas síahaxoi would refer to a deer which *I have acted upon or influenced in some way.


Examples: (sbaí "surface, table", skyi' "running", phoia "joy", siha "green")

  • sbaí-c "My table" (That I own, or is related to me in some way)
  • sbaí-xoi "My table" (That I act upon in some way)
  • skyi'-weax "Our running", "We run/ran¨ or even ¨We were run¨
  • skyi'-weiaqs "Running that we do/did/are doing"
  • phoia-na "His/her joy", "S/he is happy"
  • siha-ña "It's green-ness", "It is green", "Her/your green (-ness) (-ing) (thing)", etc.
  • siha-za ¨The greening/greenness/etc. that s/he (or you) influence/act-upon¨, etc.



wañ

wañ is a Pronominal which is used in Interrogative statements, and means "which? what? where? how?,who? why?" etc. Its use will be discussed further on.


phawoi, paá

These particles are similar to Spanish "lo" , and refer to "the one under discussion" - often translatable to "that one, this one, him, her, it, etc." Its usage will also be explicated further on.



Locatives

The Locatives are Particles that indicate location, motion and direction. However, their broad usage allows for simple creation of useful sentences:


Unbound Semi-bound Fully Bound
ie' at, in, on, to, toward, from
ya- -yaó toward
fwor-, ya- -tyíw at, in, on
phya- -pyír successfully to
swor- -sear unsuccessfully toward
chou- -tyou (originating) from
-fir in the general direction of
-teyou in a general direction away from


Examples: (lyían "home", kyïaf "understanding", phoi "joy")

  • ya-lyían "Toward home", "Going home"
  • kyíaf-sear "Try unsuccessfully to understand"
  • phoia-tyou "Originating from (a place of ) joy," e.g. within one'sself, etc.


Example Sentences:

  • ía yalyían: "I am going home."
  • mú phya-kyíaf: "Were you able to finally understand?"
  • fwoia phoia-teyou-ña: "I see that s/he is becoming less joyful."


Additional Locatives

Some other locative particles inlude:

  • mor-, Inside of
  • wos- On the border, surface, edge, at the entrace, etc.
  • sdá- Outside of
  • -jíla Through
  • -de'thew Throughout
  • -mieqs "At a particular location
  • -míesq "At a particular set of circumstance, situation, or place-time"



Special Cases

Compound Locatives

This set of locatives express relative position rather direction. They are combined forms of 2 parts:


  1. Heads: fwía- "Above", jíoq- "Below", daea- "Level with", qhow- "In front of", qhaw- "Behind", doi- "Next to"'
  1. Codas: -da- "Located", -ha- "Touching, Connected or Attached", -sm- "Not touching or attached, disconnected, separate from"


The combined forms appear as prefixes:

fwíada- jíoqda- daeada- qhowda- qhawda- doida-
fwíaha- jíoqha- daeaha- qhowha- qhawha- doiha-
fwíasm- jíoqsm- daeasm- qhowsm- qhawsm- doism-


Examples: (sbaí "surface, table")

  • fwíada-sbaí - "(Somewhere) above the top the table"
  • fwíaha-sbaí - "On top of the table"
  • fwíasm-sbaí - "Above the table (not touching it)"



Genitives

The Genitives are the Particles that clarify the relationship between Roots. The structure used is Predicate - Genitive - Argument - where the Predicate is a Root, of which further information about it is given by the Argument , which is also a Root. The meaning would translate to "The X (Predicate) OF Y (Argument)". The Genitive, then, clarifies what type of OF is being referred to:


Primary Form Meaning
wa- Of (generic)
cor- Of (explicit) Agent ...
han- Associated with, Correlated with, Identified with
am- Portion, part of
ho- Attributed with, Filled with
mois- Composed of
wor- Functioning as, In the role of
than- (Of) Benificiary
t'ei- (Of) Benefactor


Examples: (skyi' "running", síah "deer", qhwol "writing, book", sío'gwoi "student", thinc "wall (freestanding)", píoñ "stone", ñama "food, meal" )

  • skyi' wa-síah - "Deer's running"
  • síah ho-skyi' - "Deer which is/are running"
  • qhwol hañnsío'gwoi - "A/the suden'ts book"
  • píoñ am-thinc - "Stone from a/the wall, Stone part of the wall"
  • thinc mois-píon - "Wall made of stone"
  • ñama thañ-xean - "Meal for me "
  • ñama t'ei-magyi - "Meal that you (2p) prepared (for someone)"
  • ñama than-xean t'eimagyi - "Meal that you prepare for me"


wa- / cor-

These Generic forms are often the basis for complete sentences:

  • fwoia skyi' wasíah: "I see deer running."
  • eia phoi wasíah: "(They say) the deer are happy."
  • mú sío'gwoi wamagyi: "Are you a student?"


Notice the distinction in meaning (as well as form) when using the non-Agency form of Generic Genetive as compared to the Agency form. This is the distinction that applies to Agency vs. Non-Agency across the board in the draga language:


(mía means "aid, facillitate, allow, give, etc.")

  • ía míac: "I help, etc. or, am helped, etc."
  • ía míac wasío'gwoi: "I help (a/the) student." or, "A/the student helps me" literally, "I experience aiding of student."
  • ía mía cor'sío'gwoi: "The student helps me." i.e. the student is the Agency of the aid


In case you might be wondering how to specify that it is "I" who helps the student, the best way to go would probabaly be: "ía mía thañsío'gwoi:"



Agency and the Senses

thañ- / t'ei-

wor-

This Particle means "(used) in the role of" or "as". However, its broad usage allows for a good deal of information to be expressed in a compact way:


  • ía thinc worhyeuc: "I use the wall as a seat."
  • eia píon worqhwol: "They say it's written on a stone.", literally, stone as book (i.e. any written media)
  • fwoia síah wornamaza: "I saw [them] making a meal of the deer.", i.e. deer as [referent's] meal



Genitives with Pronimals

Genitive and Locative transformation with dei

Examples:


Genitive

  • (pha-) ho-skyi' dei síah <== síah ho-skyi'
  • (pha-) wor-ñama dei síah <== síah wor-ñama
  • (pha-) han-sío'gwoi dei qhwol <== qhwol háñ -sío'gwoi


Locative

  • (pha-) yalyíañ dei sío'gwoi <== sío'gwoi (ho-) ya-lyíañ
  • (pha-) swor-kyíaf dei sío'gwoi <== sío'gwoi (ho-) swor-kyíaf
  • (pha) lyían-teyou dei xean <== xean (ho-) lyían-teyou


From these examples, you can also see that any complete Genitive or Locative construction may be treated as a Root in its own right - which can then also serve as either Predicate or Argument.


pha- + Particle

The Definite Particle pha- can be prefixed to of the above Particles to obtain a Root. You may have noticed that the Root forms of the Pronominals were formed this way (pha-yac, pha-xíán, pha-meí, pha-magyi, pha-yañ, pha-lor, pha-dae, pha-feas, pha-kwoi, pha-kwoiaf):

  • pha-sfíi
  • pha-tyigi
  • pha-fír
  • pha-qhwo
  • pha-yalo
  • pha-baó
  • pha-t'aó
  • pha-yaó
  • pha-tyíw
  • pha-sear
  • pha-tyou
  • pha-fir
  • pha-teyou
  • pha-mieqs
  • pha-míesq


  • pha-wos-kwae
  • pha-mor-kwae
  • pha-sdá-kwae
  • pha-jeuqda-kwae
  • pha-qhawsm-kwae

et cetera



Active Particles

There are several Particles which can be used to modify the meanings of Roots to make them refer to various manners of activity or action:

  • ïama- Approaching / arriving at a state
  • sama- Departure from a state
  • hi-, hieñ- Associated action or result
  • fía- Multiple manifestations grouped as a single instance; Done totally, completely, to the fullest extent
  • hío- Using


Examples:

  • ïamaskyi' Starting to run, Coming into a state of running, etc.
  • ïamapíoñ Turn into stone
  • ïamakyïaf Coming to understand, know, etc.
  • samphoi Becoming unhappy
  • samsío'gwoi Quitting being a student
  • hiqhwol Read a book; write a boot, etc.
  • hiskyi' Run, really running, etc.
  • hiñama Eat a meal; Prepare a meal
  • fíañama Banquet, huge meal; A group of meals; Meals (we had together, etc.)
  • fíakyïaf Completely, thoroughly understand
  • fía-hi-ñama Totally devour
  • hío-pha-chaeq Using this/ that cutting implement
  • ía híokyïaf: "I [do it by] using [my] understanding / knowledge."





Conjunctions

Root Level

hloi And; And / Or (Inclusive 'Or')
sloi Exclusive 'or'; Negative 'Or' ("nor")
xli Together with (inclusive emphasis)
xwoi Along with (exclusive emphasis)


  • fwoia síah hloi wúh: "I see deer and/or dogs. (wúh)"
  • fwoia síah sloi wúh: "I see either a deer or a dog."
  • es síah sloi wúh: "It's neither a deer nor a dog."
  • fwoia síah xli wúh: "I see a deer and dog together.
  • fwoia síah xwoi wúh: "I see a deer as well as a dog."


Phrasals: h' (hyá) and dañ

The phrasal Conjunctions hyá and dañ are extremely important in creating lengthier and more complex sentences in draga. They are used to join one phrase to another.

hyá has the meaning of "In addition, and also, etc." and continues to add information to the idea expressed in the previous phrase:

  • eia ca'wo yaxamlyíañ, hyá ïamasío'gwoi:
  • fwoia qhwol hansío'gwoidei thinctyíw, hyá worñama corsíah:
  • ía ïamapa'o, hyá ïamaca'wo, hyá ïamamadr, hyá ïamaphaex, hyá ïamaxoq, hyá ïamapa'o:



dañ has the meaning of "With regards to, about, concerning, etc.":

  • ía phoia dañ kyïafmagyi:
  • fwoia thaña t'eisío'gwui dañ qhwol hotheiaxoi:

Speech Act Particles

Any draqa sentence begins with a Speech Act Particle (SAP), often used in conjunction with a Qualifier. The SAPs fall into three types: Evidentials, Mood Indicators, and Speech Act Indicators. More than one SAP can also be used sometimes at the beginning of a sentence. A complete sentence often may consist of nothing but the Speech Act Particle:


Evidentials

hoia

1st Person Objective, i.e. "I experienced it (external perception)"

fwoia

1st Person Visual. i.e. "I witnessed it"

awo

1st Person Auditory, i.e. "It sounds to me like"

ía

1st Person Subjective, i.e. "I experienced it (internal perception)"

skyea-tae

1st Person Psionic i.e. "I know it from a dream, vision, intuition, etc."

ámiña

,i.e. "I heard from someone who said s/he experienced it"

ámiñ-tae

i.e. "I heard from someone who said s/he witnessed it"

(a') phx-a

,i.e. "I heard from someone unreliable who said s/he experienced it"

phx.a-tae

,i.e. "I heard from someone unreliable who said s/he witnessed it"



Mood Indicators

mpaha

Opiniative (Probable) Mood

sempa

Opiniative (Negative Probability) Mood

xweiña

Expectant Mood

qhwui-a

1st Person Imperative Mood

fo

Irrealis Mood

(a)skyea

Dreaming (Psionic) Mood


Speech Act Indicators

eia

Narrative Speech Act

a

Subjective (Non-Realis) Speech Act

xe'a

Interrogative Speech Act

2nd Person Interrogative Speech Act

sei, es

Negative Statement or Negative Imperative Speech Act


Qualifiers

ido-

Indicates the Evidential source

añ-

Topicalizing Particle

m, -magyi

Phrase Level Conjunctions

dañ "About, Regarding, With respect to, Concerning..."
ou "And correspondingly / correlatedly / provoking..."
pái "Intentionally provoking..."
la.qs.a "Unintentionally provoking..."
z'ou "And of increasing correlation... "
dasi "In response to...", "Motivated by... "
dada "Intending (that)...", "In order to..."
he'ae "And surprisingly..."
chúmae "And unsurprisingly..."
kwmaskwa, msqa "And then / simultaneously / simulfactively..."
m.yamwa "Otherwise... "
saáñ "Rather / Instead / But not... "
ñáwa "However..."
ñúwi "Although / Despite..."
m.miema "Except... "
haf "In comparison to... "


Numbers

The draga number system is base-6. During the material height of the draga civilization, a base-30 system was devised and used for hundreds of years alongside the original base-6, and some vestiges can still be found, especially in the writing system and the calendar.

base-6 base-10 base-6 base-10
ifa 01 * pinky 1 íwa ñaxwae 24 16
aña 02 * add ring 2 amwa ñaxwae 25 17
dows 03 * add middle 3 doxwae 30 18
íwa 04 * add pointer 4 íxwae 40 24
amwa 05 * add thumb 5 maxwae 50 30
ihoa 10 * close fist 6 walo 1,00 36
hyawo 11 7 ifa walo 1,01 37
ofwo 12 8 ihoa walo 1,10 42
bií 13 9 walo aña 2,00 72
qhowei 14 10 walo dows 3,00 108
amwae 15 11 walo íwa 4,00 144
ñaxwae 20 12 walo amwa 5,00 180
ifa ñaxwae 21 13 walo ihoa 10,00 216
aña ñaxwae 22 14 wegwalo 1,00,00 1,296
dows ñaxwae 23 15 '


Although the numbers are essentially base 6, you will notice that the counting numbers run from 1-12 (1-20, base 6), and once the count has arrived past 36 (100 base 6) - it continues to use the 1 -12 count, and it uses groupings of 36's rather than 6's:

  • ifa walo (37), aña walo (38), dows walo (39), íwa walo (40), amwa walo (41), ihoa walo (42), ...
  • hyawo walo (43), ofwo walo (44), bií walo (45), qhowei walo (46), amwae walo (47), ñaxwae walo (48) ...
  • ifa ñaxwalo (=ñaxwae walo) (49) , ..., *amwamaxwalo (=amwamaxwae walo) (71) , walo aña (72)
  • note: mamaxwalo is generally preferred to amwamaxwalo


Numbers with Roots

Examples:

  • síaha-ifa One deer
  • sohoi-ifa ñaxwalo Forty-nine (36+12+1) students
  • qhowa-walo aña Seventy-rwo (2*36) books
  • phoia-bií Nine joys, joyous occasions, etc.



Ordinals

Ordinals are formed with a Locative construction, so that "first" is literally "at one", "fourth" is literally "at four", etc.:

  • síaha (ho-) yor-ifa - First deer
  • síaha (ho-) ifa-tyear - First deer
  • yor-ifa dei síaha - ' 'First deer
  • ifa-tyear dei síaha ' - ' First deer


Basic numeric sentences

  • fwoia bií dañ síaha: I see nine deer.
  • a walo wui: There are thirty-six."
  • ía íwa dañ phoia: I was pleased on (those) four occaions, I have four pleasures, etc.


ala is a Root meaning "iterations, repitions, counts, occurrences, times, etc":

  • eia f'ala dañ síaha: There was (exactly) one deer."
  • ía pha-ala íwa dañ phoia: I was pleased on those four occassions.




añ dañ phïacaxou-háñpapeloxoi ("The Tower of Babel")

a phawoi peí -

eia fe'alatew dañ pïokyíax hosacatío dirxeña-háñmesis:


eia cada xr'kyïeñewapaá, hei hyañdoafbaí hohamorxiñdarxoi, h' ïamaphalyíañña:


eia pïotyigi, baí - "qhwúi! a xígwo, hei híoxaeq dañ phawoi, hei híopíoñ jwae, hei lofoña war cwae":


eia pïotyigi, baí - "qhwúi! a pehwo, hei xígwo dañ phïacalyañ xwoi phïaca ho-úaloxou":

h'baí - "ïamahíesda-skwaer dañ xeñaweiaqs: h'xweiña, fo phawoisieñ ou yamargya-de'tew ïamaxpíw-wix":


eia fwíatyoi YaHWaHoxoi, dada ïamakyïafadae dañ xígwo-phahaña hañ phïacalyañ hya phïaca-xou:


eia pïo YaHWaHoxoi, baí- "qoei! a-woi dañ haña":

h'baí - "añfe'alatew fwoia dañ phakyïeñewa: h' añfe'alatew fwoia dañ hyírxñ:

fwoia añpehwo hokwihayom, ou phyáoqo sei jïiwa dañ híewaphajorgaña":

baí - "fo yorjeuqdeixíañ, hei phapïoña xqemi, dada kyïafasieñ hañpïotyigi":


eia woi YaHWaHoxoi, pái fíaxpíwña yamargya-de'tew,

he'eia sehaáñ xr'phïacalyañ hopapoloxoi-xñaq, dasi ie yormieqspa xqemi-YaHWaHoxui dirhyírxñ,

ou mieqspachou ïamafíaxpíw xr'hañapa dei yarmargya-de'tew:

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