Proto-Uralic/U: Difference between revisions

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F. *u, S. & Mo. *o (note Mo. *-a > *-a without reduction!), P. *ɨ
==PU *u_a==
 
F. *u_a, S. *o_ē, Mo. *o_a, Ma. *ŭC / *u, P. *ɨ, Ms. *⁽ʷ⁾a, H. ''o''/''uu'', Smy. *ə


{|
{|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme
! Lexeme
! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! Mordv. !! Mari !! [[Permic]] !! Hung. !! Mansi !! Khanty !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| FSM *u_a, Ma. *ʊ, Kh. *o/*oo, Smy. *ə
! colspan="10"| Kh. *oo / _C
|-
|-
| "to plait"
| "to plait"
| *puno- || *ponē- || pona- || *pʊnə- || *pɨn- || fon- || *pån- || *poon- || *pən-
| *puno- || *ponē- || *pona- || *pŭne- || *pɨn- || fon- || *pan- || *poonəL- || *pən-
|-
| "facing down"
| *kumo/a- || *komō- || *koma- || *kŭmə- || *kɨm- || hom- || *kʷam-əɣ || *koom-,<br/>W. ''*kom-'' || *kəmə-
|-
|-
| "egg"
| "egg"
| *muna || *monē || mona || *mʊnə || - ||style= color:red| moń || *man || *moon || *mənå
| *muna || *monē || *mona || *mŭnə || - ||style="color:red"| moń || *man ||style="color:green"| *mooɳ || *mənå
|-
| "to squeeze"
| *puserta- || *počē- || - || *pŭ<span style="color:red">n</span>će- || *pɨdźɨrt- || ''fačar-'' || *pas- || *poosər- || -
| H. a / _[-voice]? Ma. (& P?) contamination from *puna-?
|-
| "stream"
| *voo || ''*u/ɤvē'' || - || - || - || - || *aw- || E. *ooɣ-,<br/>W. '''aw''' || -
|-
| "to hang"
| - || *ko/''ɤ''cō- || - || '''*kečə-''' ||style="color:red"| *kɨš- || - || *kaš- || *kooč- || -
|-
| "cloudberry"
| '''*muura-''' || - || - ||  ||  ||  || *ma(''a'')rak || *moorək || *mərå-ŋkå
| Check AASmy
|-
| "mud"
| *kura || - || - || - || - || - || *kor- || *koor || -
|-
| "ice crust"
| - || *čoðē || - || - || - || - ||style="color:green"| *šaľ || *sooj || -
|-
|-
| "facing down"
| "song, to sing"
| *kumo/a- || *komō- || koma- || *kʊmə- || *kɨm- || hom- || *kåm- || *koom- || *kəmə-
| - || - || *mor''ə''<br/>*mora- || *mŭrə<br/>*mŭre- || - || - || - || VV *mooraa- || -
| noun *murə?
|-
| "hunting fence"
| - || - || - || - || *tɨmɨ || - || *tam || *toom || -
| StUE4. K <span style="color:green">''dɤm-''</span> not here
|-
|-
| "to squeeze"
| "path"
| *puserta- || *počē- || - || style="color:red"| *pʊnćə- || *pɨdźɨrt- || fačar- || *pås- || *poosər- || -
| - || - || - || - || - || - || *jaš || *jooč || -  
| Fi. <span style="color:red">juntu</span> may be unrelated; but cf Mo+Smy *jutta- < *juč-ta- "to go"?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Kh. *o / _CC
|-
|-
| "to melt, molten"
| "feather"
| *sula(-) || - || sola(-) || *šʊlə- || *sɨl(-) || ol(vad) || *talaa- || *ɬoɬaa- || -
| style="color:red"| *sulka || *tolkē || *tolga || - || *tɨlɨ || toll(a-) || *tawəl || *tokəL || '''*tuə'''
| Cf. #tuxlə
|-
|-
| "to tell"
| "stern"
| - || - || jovta- || || || || - || - || *jəptə-
| *tuhto ||style="color:red"| *totkō || - || Hi. tɤktɤ || K. tɨk || ''tat(o-)'' || *takʷt || *tokət || *tətə
|…<!--mentnd in AASmy-->
| F&S possibly ← Gmc *θuftōn. H. a / _[-voice]?
|-
|-
| "to extinguish"
| "to extinguish"
| *kus-tu- || *kopsē- || - ||  || '''*kus-''' || - || - || *kopəɬ- || *kəptå-
| *kus-tu- (…?) || *kopsē- || - || - || '''*kusɨ-''' || - || - || *kopəL- || *kəptå-
|-
| "bubble"
| *kupla || *koplē || - || *kŭwəl || - || hoľag || '''*kɯwl''' ||style="color:green"| *komɭəŋ || -
| *-ml-?
|-
| "marten"
| Es. ''nugis'' || - || - || - || style="color:brown"| '''*n/ńiź''' || ńust(o-) || *ńakʷs || *ńokəs || TN noxo
| Fi. '''nois'''
|-
| "lip"
| *turpa<br/>"muzzle" || - || ''*tərva'' || '''*tü̆rwə''' || *tɨrpɨ || - || - || N. *torəp || -
| or Kh ← K.
|-
| "death"
| *surma || - || - || - || - || - || N. sorəm || *sorəm || -
| *śurə-ma, cf. "to kill". Ms may be ← Kh?
|-
| "wide"
| - || *komtē || - || *kŭmda || - || - || - || *komət || -
|-
| "net"
| - || - || - || - || K. tɨl || - || *taləɣ || W. *toxəL || -
| *tulka or *tula-ka?
|-
|-
| "feather"
| "to come"
| style="color:red"| *sulka || *tolké || tolga || - || *tɨlɨ || toll|| *tåwəl || *toɣəɬ || -  
| - || - || - || - || - || ''jut-'' || *jakʷt- || *jokət- || -
| Cf. *tuxli
| Cf. *ju/ota-?
|-
| "to become wet"
| - || - || - || - || U. pɨč- || - || *paš- || *poč- || ''#pət¹å-''
| *pučča-!
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Kh. *o, no clear cluster
|-
| "to melt, molten"
| *sula(-) || - || *sola(-) || *šŭle- || *sɨl(-) || ol(vad) || *talaa- || ''*ɬoLaa-'' || -
|-
| "(to) bore"
| *pura || *porē<br/>"edge" || - || - || *pɨr || fuur- || Tv. porɤɤ || ''*por'' || *pəråjŋ
| Cf. IE
|-
|-
| "crook'd"
| "crook'd"
| *kura || - || - || - || *kɨr- || - || - || *kor || *kərå
| *kura, *kurja? || - || - || - || *kɨr- || - || - || ''*kor'' || *kərå
| -r- or -rj-?
|-
|-
| "stream"
| "to blink"
| *voo || *uvē ~ '''*ëvē''' || - || - || - || - || *åw- || *ooɣ- || -
| - || - || *końa-/''ə-'' || style="color:red"| *kŭme- || '''*kuń-''' || ''huń-'' || *kʷań- || ''*koń-'' || *kəńə-
| F. ''küünü-'' cf. [[Proto-Uralic/Ü|*küńe-]] "tear".
|-
|-
| "to hang"
| "morning"
| - || *ko/''ë''cō- || - || '''*kečə-''' || *kɨš- || - || *kaš- || *kooč- || -
| - || - || - || - || - || hol-- || *kʷal || ''*koL--'' || *kərə
|-
|-
| "cloudy"
| "to press"
| F. kumuri || - || kovol || - || - || homaaĺ || *kåm- || - || -
| - || - || - || - || - || ńom- || CMs. *ńal- || ''*ńoL-'' || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| indistinct
|-
|-
| "mud"
| "to hit"
| *kura || - || - || - || - || - || *kår- || *koor || -
| *putot- || *poðō- || - || pŭðə- || U. pɨľ- ~ <br/>K. '''peľ''' || - || *poľ- || - || *pəjä-
|-
| Check Ma. Smy *-ä after *ðʲ. H. ''faaj-'' "hurt" may not belong
| "10"
| *luke-/u || *lokē || Er. lovo- ~<br/>Mk. '''luvə-''' || ''*lu'' || *lɨd || || *låw || - || -
| F, Mo. "to read", P. "number" (suffix'd?)
|-
|-
| "land"
| "land"
Line 58: Line 129:
|-
|-
| "to become happy"
| "to become happy"
| F. muju? || *mojē- || - || - || - || - || - || - || *məjə-
| *muja- (…?)<br/>"to smile" || *mojē- || - || - || - || - || - || - || *məjə-
|-
|-
| "back"
| "back"
| *muka- || - || - ||  ||  ||  || - || - || *məjå-
| *muka- || - || - ||  ||  ||  || - || - || *məkå
| Check AASmy
|-
| "to tell"
|style="color:red"| *jutt'''e-''' || - || joft''a''- || - || - || ''*jaats-''<br/>"to play" || - || - || *jəptə-
| H. a / _[-voice]?
|-
|-
| "cloudberry"
| "block of wood"
| '''*muura-''' || - || - || || || || *mår-aak || *moor-ək || *mərå-ŋkå
| *luta || *lotē || - || - || - || - || - || - || *jəčə
| Check AASmy
| *-t- or *-č-?
|-
|-
| "to hit"
| "10"
| *puto- || *poðō- || - || '''puðə-''' || U. pɨĺ- ~ K. '''peĺ''' || || *påĺ- || - || *pəjä-
| - || *lokē || - || *lu || *lɨd || - || *law || - || -
| Smy *-ä after *ðʲ
| Mari CV → long. Cf. *lukə- "to read". P. "number" ← *lukanta, cf. Ms *lowənt- "to count"
|-
|-
| "ice crust"
| "cloud(y)"
| - || čoðē || - || - || - || - ||style="color:green"| *šaĺ || *sooj || -
| Fi. kumuri || - || Er. kovol || - || K. kɨmɤr || homaaľ || N. xom- || - || -
|-
|-
| "narrowing"
| "narrowing"
| - || *čorō || - || - || '''*śuur''' || sor- || *sarɯɯ || '''*sart''' || -
| - || *čorō || - || - || '''*śuur''' || sor- || *sarɤɤ || '''*sart''' || -
|-
| "male"
| *uros || *orēs || - || - || - || uur(a-) || - || - || -
| OH ''†uru''
|-
| "to push"
| *surva/u- || - || - || *šŭre- || - || suur- || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "spear"
| "to strangle"
|style="color:red"| '''*ota''' || - || - ||  || || || *aɣtaa || *ooɣət || -
| Es. poo- || *pūvē- || *pova- || - || '''*pɤd(ɨ)-''' || fuul- || - || - || -
| check other SF? Kh. '''*pɯɯk-''' "to go sour" may not belong
|-
| "to fish w/net"
| - || *koltē- || - || - || - || - || ''*kult-'' || '''*kåålt-''' || Sk. qoldɛi-
| *kulk(ə)-ta-, hence Ms *u?
|-
| "to cross water"
| - || *mokcē- || - || - || - || - || - || - || *məčå-
|-
| "dew"
|  || ''*lɤpsē'' || '''ľe/akš''' || *lŭpš || K. lɨs || - || - || - || *jəptå-
| S. *o → ɤ / _p
|-
| "(to) crumble"
| *mure- || '''*moarrɤ-''' || - || - || - || morža || ''*mur-'' || *moorəj- || *mərə-
| S. *morē and F. in part ← Gmc? H. also '''mar-''' "to bite".
|-
| "finger"
| - || *sūvðē || - || - || - || ujj(a-) || ''*tuľaa''' || '''*ɬååj''' || Mt. taja<br/>< *təjå
| *suwəľa??
|-
| "major river"
| *juka || ''*jokɤ'' || - || - || - || - || - || - || *jəkå
| + Russ. substratal *juka. F. "waterfall", Mo. jov ← [[Proto-Uralic/O|*jôki]]?
|-
| "axe; knife"
| - || *čorkkō || - || - || - || - || N. śoxri || *ćo(o)kər || -
| OU → K ćukri, U ćukɨr?
|-
| "to knock"
| - ||-  || Er. tomba- || - || U. <span style="color:green">dɨbɨrt-</span> || †tob- || N '''toomp-''' || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| in FP only
|-
|-
| "soft"
| "to weave"
| - || '''*loančē''' || - || - || - || laaɟ || *lanćəɣ || *loonťəɣ || -
| *kuto- || *koðē- || *koda- || '''*koe-''' || *kɨ(j)- || - || - || - || -  
|-
|-
| "to call"
| "hill"
| *kuccu- || *koččō- || - || - || - || - || - || '''*kuuť-''' || -
| *kumpa/u || *kompō || komba || - || *gɨb || - || - || - || -
| ← Gmc *xumpaz. Distinct from EU *kompa "wave". P. "bog" may also not belong
|-
|-
| "outside"
| "outside"
| *ulko- || *olkō- || - || - || K. ɨlɤ- || - || - || - || -
| *ulko- || *olkō- || - || - || K. ɨlɤ- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "lazy"
| *tuhma || *tosmē || - || - || K. dɨš || - || - || - || -
| ← Gmc *dusma "stupid"?
|-
| "hair, bundle"
| *tukka/u || - || - || ''#čuka'' || *čɨk- || - || - || - || -
| also cf. H. čuk- "to clog"
|-
| "destruction; fight"
| Fi. tuho || - || - || - || *tɨšk || - || - || - || -
|-
| "bottom, floor"
| - || - || - || *pŭndakš || *pɨdes || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "to rummage"
| "to rummage"
| *purka-  || *porkē- || Er. '''purga-''' || *pʊrɣə- || - || - || - || - || -
| *purka-  || *porkē- || Er. '''purga-''' || *pŭrɣə- || - || - || - || - || -
| F. "dismantle"
| F. "dismantle"
|-
|-
| "naughty"
| "to bewitch"
| *tuhma || *tosmē || - || - || K. dɨš || - || - || - || -
| *lumot- || *lomō- || - || *lŭmə- || - || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "block of wood"
| "god"
| *luta || *lotē || - || - || - || - || - || - || *jəčə
| *jumala || - || *jon-dol<br/>"lightning" || *jŭmə  || - || - || - || - || -
| *-t- or *-č-?
| + Mo. ill-attested ''jumi''. ← II dyumān- ?
|-
|-
| "to strangle"
| "bowl"
| *poo- || *pūvē- || pova- || - || *pɤd(ɨ)- || fuul- || - || '''*pɯɯk-''' || -
| *kuppV ||style="color:red"| *skoppē || kopo || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE in some way?
|-
|-
| "to fish with a net"
| "to yelp, sob"
| - || *koltē- || - || - || - || - || *kult- || *kåål- || Se. qoldɛi-
| - || *noskē- || Er. noska- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *kulk(i)-ta- ?
| F *nuuska- ← Sw., *nuuhka ← onom.
|-
|-
| ""
| ""
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  
|}
==PU *u_ə==
→ F. *u_i, S. *o_ɤ, Mo. *o(CCə), Ma. *ŭC/*u, P. *ɨ, Ms. *u
{|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme
! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Kh. *kåå/*oo, Smy. *u
|-
| "pole"
| - || *olkɤ || Mk. olga || - || K. ɨl || - || *ula || N. <span style="color:green">*ooɭ</span> || *uj
| F. ulku ← S. OU better here than ~ F ''vuoli''. OU aawla/oxəL something else?
|-
| "to go"
| *kulkë- || *kolkɤ- ||style="color:green"| *koľgə- || - || K. kɨlal- || '''halad-''' || - || *kååkəL- || '''*kəj-'''
| Cf. PIE *kʷelH-
|-
| "(to) pee"
| *kusë- || *końčɤ- || - ||style="color:green"| *kŭža- || '''*kudź-''' || huuɟ- || *kunć- || style="color:red"| '''*kos-''' || *kunsə-
|-
| "fire"
| *tuli || *tolɤ || *tol || *tŭl || *tɨl || - || - || - || *tuj
|-
| "to spawn"
| *kutë- || *koðɤ- || - || - || K. '''kuľmɨ-''' ||  || *kuľəm || *kååj- || -
|-
| "to swim"
| *ui- || ''*vōjɤ-'' || '''*ujə-''' || '''*iä-''' || '''*uuj-''' || uus- || *uj- || *ooj/ć- || *uə-
| Possibly originally *uj- rather tha *ujə-? S. *ujə → *ōjɤ? Cf. "tip". Ditto Mo.?
|-
| "to kno"
| *tuntë- || *tomtɤ- || - || - || '''*tod-''' || tud- || - || - ||style="color:red"| *cumcə-
| maybe *čumtə- w/ č/t assimilations?
|-
| "to push"
| *puskë- || *poskɤ- || - || Hi. pɤška- ~<br/>Me. '''püškä-''' || - || - || *puwt- || *pookəL- || -
|-
| "ridge, cleft"
| *kuru/i- || *korɤ || - || *kŭrək || K. kɨr(j)- || hor- || - || ''*koor'' || -
| S. *kūrɤ ← F. K. ''guran'' "hole" may not belong
|-
| "20"
| - || - || komś || - || *kɨź || ''huus(a-)'' || *kus || *kåås || -
| *ms → *ws → *s in Ug.?
|-
| "tube"
| *pucki || *pockɤ || *počkə || *pŭč || ''*pučk'' || - || - || - || *pučə
| P. "inside"
|-
| "ant"
| *kutki || *kotkɤ || Er. kotkodav || *kŭtkə ||style="color:brown"| '''*koot''' || - || - || - || TN xudumka
|-
| "crane"
| *kurki || '''*kōrkɤ''' || '''*kargə''' || - || - || - || - || - || ''*kəro''
|-
| "fir"
| - || - || - || *nŭlɣə || *ńɨl || - || *ńulɤɤ || '''*ńalkaaj''' || *ńulkå
| *ńuləka
|-
| "dam, bridge"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || E. puwləl || *pookəL || *pulə
| ~ F. '''*po/õlkë-''' "to tread"?!
|-
|-
| ""
| ""
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Ms. *o, Kh. *o (as if *-uCCa?)
|-
| "flurry"
| *purku || *porkɤ || Er. porga- ~<br/>Mk. '''purga-''' || Me. purɣə- || K. pɨra || ''forr-'' || *porkɤɤj'' || *porkaaj || *purət-
| ObU *por-ka(j)? U. ''pur'' "glo", H. "boil" may not belong
|-
| "to run out"
| *kulu- || *kolɤ- || style="color:green"| *koľə- || - || K. gɨlal- || hull-<br/>"to fall" || *kol- || *koLaa- || -
|-
|-
| ""
| "turn, to get lost"
| || || || || || || || ||  
| - || *jorɤ- || - || - || U. jɨromɨ-<br/>K. jɨr "depth" || †jorgo- "pity" || *jorəɣl- || *jorəɣL-, *jooɣər- || j''ü''/urə-
| *ju → *jü in PSmy/PSk? Also cf. Smy ''jorä'' "deep", S. *jormē "depth, whirlpool". H. '''jaar-''' "go" may not belong
|-
| "skis"
| *suksi || - || *soks || - || - || - || *towt ||style="color:red"| '''*ɬok''' || *tutə
| *sukə, → *suk-sə outside Khanty?!
|-
| "to row"
| ''*sowta-'' || *sūkɤ- || - || *šua- || K. sɨn- || - || *tow- || *ɬoɣəl-,<br/>VVj '''ɬaaɣəŋt-''' || *tu-
| *suxə-, F. dissimil. deriv. (S. *suvtē- ← F.)
|-
| "to read"
| *lukë- || *lokɤ- || Er. lovo- ~<br/>Mk. '''luvə-''' || *lŭða- || - || olvaš- || - ||style="color:red"| ''*loŋət-'' ? || -
| H. metathesis?! Cf. *luka "10"; IE *leǵ-.
|-
| "summer"
| *suvi || '''*sɤŋɤ-''' || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| *tuj || *ɬoŋ || ''*təŋ''
| Smy cf. *piŋə "tooth" → *pəj "flint"
|-
| "to learn"
| - || - || *ton''a-'' || *tŭne- || '''*tuun--''' || '''*tanul-''' || - || - || *tən-tå-
| *-a or *-ə?
|-
|-
| ""
| ""
Line 121: Line 347:
|-
|-
| "moon"
| "moon"
| *kuu || Lu. ''kuojijti-'' || *koŋ || - || - || hoov || - || *kow || *kïj
| *kuu || - || *koŋ || - || - || hoo, hava- || - || *kow || '''*kïj'''
| LuS ''kuojijti-'' ← *kaja
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| in FP only
|-
|-
| "mouth"
| "to cram"
| *suu || *čuvë, *čontëk || - || šu || - || saaj || *suup, *saw? || *sooɣaa || *so
| *cuŋkë- || *coŋkɤ- ||style="color:red"| *toŋgə- || '''*čü̆ŋɣər''' || K. čɨgəm ||style="color:red"| - || - || - || -
| FS ← Gmc *θwinga-? H. ''dug'' "to squeeze" (& Ms ''*tokr-''?) ← Trk *dïg "id."
|-
|-
| "ghost"
| "tip, sharp thing"
| *huu || - || čo(v) || - || K. '''šɤn''' || - || *tɯɯw || *ɬuuŋk || -
| *hui || ''*sōjɤ'' || - || - || *šɨ ~ '''*ši''' || - || - || - || -
| S. *ujə → *ōjɤ ? Cf. "to swim"
|-
|-
| "loon"
| "to press"
| - || *toktë-kë || - || *toktə || K. '''toktɨ''' || - || *tɯɯɣət || *taaɣtəŋ || -
| - || *norɤ- || - || - || *nɨr- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to sharpen"
| - || *čokɤ- || Er. śuvo- || *šua- || - || - || - || - || -
| Check Ma.
|-
| "to depart"
| *urkë- || - || orgo- || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to enquire"
| *utëlë- || *ocɤ- || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to call"
| *kuccu- || *koččō- || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Kh *kuuć- "to lure" better ~ Ms *kujt- "id."
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Long
! colspan="10"| Long (?)
|-
|-
| "to hear"
| "to hear"
| *kuule- || *kúlë- || kuĺe- || *kola- || *kɨl- || hall- || *kaal- || *kåål- || -
| *kuulë- || *kūlɤ- ||style="color:green"| *kuľə- || '''*kola-''' || *kɨl- || ''hall-'' ||style="color:green"| '''*kʷaal-''' || '''*kåål-''' || -
| Cf. Smy *kåw "ear"
| Possibly better #-owə- or smθŋ. H. may be ← *hadl- ← *kontələ-. Cf. Smy *kåw "ear"
|-
| "wind"
| *tuuli || - || - || Me. tul || ''*tɤl'' || - || - || - || -
| or something like *ëw?
|-
| "sheep"
| *uuhi ~ *utti || - || uča || - || *ɨž || - || '''*aaš''' || '''*aač''' || -
| ← IE *aǵ-, ObU independantly (~ F. *voohi)? Ma. *ŭžɣa "sheep pelt" ← P.
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Ms. ''*aa'' ~ Kh. ''*uu''
|-
|-
| "6"
| "6"
| *kuuci || *kútë || koto || *kut || '''*kwat''' || hat || *kaat || *kuut || -
| '''*kuuci''' || '''*kūtɤ''' || *kotə || *kut || '''*kwať''' || hat(o-) || *kaat || *kuut || -
|-
| "trough, scoop"
| F kuiri/u || - || - || - || *gɨr || - ||style="color:green"| *kʷaaro || *kuurə || *kuj
|-
| "herd of reindeer"
| - || *čorɤk || - || - || - || - ||style="color:green"| *šaar- || *suur || -
|-
| "to kill; death"
| *surë- || - || - || - || - || - || - || *suur- || -
|-
| "eyebrows; temple"
| *kulma || - || - || - || *kɨmes || - || - || *kuuľəm || -
| S. *kūlmē ← F. Note *ľ?!
|-
| "lip; mouth"
| *huuli || ? || - || - || - || - || - || *ɬuuL || -
| What does does S. *sūlɤ "approx." have to do with this?
|-
| "birch"
| - || - || - || - || *kɨdź || - ||style="color:green"| ''*koš-'' || *kuuńć || -
| If not *a or something. F. ''*kaski'' may be ← IE *h₁es-
|-
| ""
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| ""
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| F *u ~ M u/∅ (probably adstratal)
|-
| "stem"
| *runko || *roŋkē || Er. rungo<br/> ~ Mk ''ronga'' || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Gmc *skrunkaz
|-
| "bump"
| *muhka || style="color:red"| *mokšē || Er. muška || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ~ Ru. mɨška "mousie"??
|-
| "wood"
| *huhta || - || *šuftə || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Ir. #čukta- "lit (on fire)"
|-
| "broken"
| *luhVj || - || *luža- || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to wash"
| *huhto- || - || *kšta- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *šukšta-
|-
| "lichen"
| *luppV || ''*lɤppō'' || - || style="color:red"| ''nupəń'' ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| East only
|-
| "to chew, gnaw"
| - || - || - || - || - || raag- || "L. rågn-" || - || *luŋkəj-
|-
| "lily, onion"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || T taŋkəl || VV <span style="color:green">*ɬooɣəɭ</span> || #tokul
| *l-ɭ → ɭ-ɭ in Vakh?
|-
| "up"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || *num || *nuum, *nååmən || #num, Sk ''*nom''
|-
| "up"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || - || *nuuk || #ńAŋtV
| Cf. prev.
|-
| "middle"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || - || '''*jäčə''' || *jončV
|-
| "pine"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || *ji(i)w || *juuɣ || *jɤ
| best *jëxə?
|-
| "inside"
| - || - || - || - || - || joh, juh || *juw, *jun || *jo(o)ɣ || -
|-
| "birch bark vessel; bark"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || *kus || *koćək || *kaså
| Fi. kosio ← S. *kōššē ← IE *kʷasjo-.
|-
| "horse"
| - || - || - || - || - || loo, lova- || *luw || *laaw-, V looɣ- || -
| also F. <span style="color:red">lupo</span> "stallion"?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| To sort
|-
| "grass"
| *nurmi || *ńormɤ || - || - || - || - || '''*ńuurəm''' || '''*ńåårəm''' || -
|-
| "sack"
| - || *pūðā || - || - || - || - || - || - || *påtə
| #powtɜ??
|-
| "top"
| F. sukka || *čokkɤ || - || - || '''*ćuuk''' || - || '''*ćak-''' || '''*ćäk'''  || *sok
|-
| "body"
| - || *korōntē || - || - || - || - || *kur- || *kor || ''#kər''<br/>"self"
| Check Ms, Smy. <!--En. /e/-->
|-
| "curve"
| *mutka || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || '''*måcə'''
|-
| "frost"
| *kuura || ''*korā'' || - || - || '''*gɤɤr''' || '''har''' || - || - || -
|-
| "pole"
| - ||style="color:red"| *sosō  || *šočko || - || '''*džadž''' || - || - || - || Sk. čoočə
|-
| "him/her"
|style="color:red"| '''*hän'''  || *son || son || - || U. '''so''' ~ K. sɨ || '''öö''' || '''*täw''' || '''*ɬöɣ''' || -
| *u ~ *ü
|-
| "prod"
| *tutka- || *tūðkē || Er. totka (!!) || - || U. ''tuľɨm'' || '''tööɟ(ä-)''' || *taľək || '''*töj''' || *təjkå
| *u ~ *ü
|-
| "(to) shit"
| '''*paska''' || ''*pɤškɤ'' || ''*pəśkiźe-'' || *pŭškeða- || - || foš(o-) || *poś(-) || *poć(-) || -
| S. *o → *ɤ / p_?
|-
| "clump"
| *puŋka || ''*pūŋkē'' ||style="color:red"| pokoľ || - || U. '''pog''' ~ K. '''bugɨľ''' || - || '''*paak''' || ''#pooŋkəḷ'' || -
| H. ''bog'' (and P?) "knot" ← Trc *bog "bundle"
|-
| "reindeer knee"
| - || *pūnčēs || - || - || U. pɨdźɤs ~ K. '''pidźɤs'''  || - || - || - || ''*punsV''
| K. M > F /_Ć ?
|-
| "narrow, top"
| *suppa || ''*čūppɤ'', NS čoppe || - || - || '''*śoop-''',<br/>K. '''ćup''' || ''sup-'', <br/>''čuup'' || - || - || -
| F. ''suippu'' from × ''huippu''
|-
| "(to) dry"
| *kujva(-) || Lu. ''kuife'' || - || - || - || - || - || *kojəm- || -
|-
| "thin"
| *hupa || Er. čova ~<br/> Mk. ''šuva'' || - || - || - || šovaań || - || - || -
| *č-
|-
| "door"
| *uksi || *ūksɤ || - || - || ''*ɤs'' || - || - || - || -
| Or B. *ōksa → F. → S.
|-
| "groove, path"
| *ura || - || ur- || - || - || - || *uuraj || #wuuri || -
| Cf. F. ''*uurta-'' "to groove"
|-
| "udder"
| *utar || - || odar || *wadar || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE, zero grade vs. full grade
|-
| "ash; lye"
| - || *kūnɤ || - || *kon || K. kun || - || - || - || -
| at least S ← IE; maybe Ma/K *kanə
|-
| "to lose; to spoil; to hide"
| *hukkat- || - || - || *čɨk- || - || čuk- || - || - || #təkå-
| Or F. ← Gmc *sukka
|-
| "pole"
| - || L. <span style="color:red">sosso</span> || *čočkə || - || '''*džadž'''  || - || - || - || Sk. čoočə
|-
| "to divide"
| - || - || - || - || *šɨr- || '''irt-''', †ort- || - || *ɬort- || '''*tarV-'''
|-
| "mortar"
| <span style="color:red">*huhmar</span> ~ Ka <span style="color:red">huumar</span> || - || *šovar  || *šuar || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "gruel"
| F <span style="color:red">huttu</span> ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| "down; beard"
| F untuva || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || #muntV-
| Bad. Slk <span style="color:red">*untə</span>
|-
| "be forgotten"
| *unV-hta- || - || - || - || '''*vun(et)-''' || - || - || - || -
| F better from "sleep"
|-
| "to scrape"
| Fi. nuhja-, '''nuoha-''', Es nuha- || - || *nozərda- || '''*nuže-''' || - || - || - || *noL- || ''*nət-''
| *nuSja-?
|-
| "moss"
| - || - || - || - || K. ńɨč(k) || - || - || - || *ńåč(ɜ)
|-
| "to rest"
| - || - || Er. nuvśe-,<br/>Mo. nuva- || - || - || ńug(os)- || '''*ńuunt-''' || *ńooɣəL- ||
| *ńuŋ(əś)-
|-
| "midge"
| - || - || - || style="color:red"| *lŭməj || U nɨmɨ ~ K '''nom''' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "midge"
| - || - || - || (*lŭməj) || U ľum || - || CMs *ľooməj || - || -
| better *o?
|-
| "club"
| *nuhja ~ *nujja || - || - || nöšle- || U '''nušɨ''' ~ K '''nɤs(k)''' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "marten"
| - || - || - || *lŭj || - || - || "loisa" || - || Sk ''lokka'', Ma lui
|-
| "downstream"
| - || *lū- || - || - || - || - || *luuj- || *laŋa ||
|-
| "weak"
| - || - || - || *lŭš(kə)- || K. lɨškɨd || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to bind"
| - || - || - || - || *jɨt- || - || - || - || FN jūťe-
|-
| "fierce; strong"
| F julma || - || - || - || '''*joonm-''' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "hump"
| *mukula || - || - || *mŭɣəľ || *mɨľ(i) || - || - || - || -
| -ľ-??
|-
| "back"
| - || - || - || ''*tup'' || U. <span style="color:red">tɨbɨr</span> || top || - || - || -
|-
| "neck"
| *turja<br/>"nape" || - || - || - || - || torok(o-) || *tur || '''*tuu₁r''' || -
| *turə-ja? + H. ''tarja'' "crest etc."
|-
| "to break"
| - || - || - || ''*tuɣe-'' || U. '''tijal-''' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "kernel"
| *tuuma, F tuma || - || *toŋ || Hi. toŋ ~ Me. tomə || - || - || - || - || -
| #towŋɜ??
|-
| "to fill"
| F. tuppat- || - || *topaftə-,<br/>*topəďə- || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "stiff"
| *turta || - || - ||style="color:green"| ''*turta- '' || K. <span style="color:red">tural-</span> || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to observe"
| - || - || - || *tŭšle- || U. <span style="color:green">dɨšɨ-</span> || - || - || - || -
| medial??
|-
| "knife"
| *kuraks || *korɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || *kəru
| *-a/-ə?
|-
| "many; very"
| - || *olō || - || - || - || - || - || - || Ne. ŋuuľii
|-
| "to be still"
| - || *orō- || - || - || - || - || - || - || Ne. ŋoraa-
|-
| "hollow"
| Fi. uuma || - || - || - || - || - || *wum || *oompə || Ne. *ŋaamaat
|-
| "fist"
| - || - || *moksəndə || *mŭškəndə || *mɨžɨk || - || - || - || -
| Medials messy. Cf. II *mušti?
|-
| ""
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| ""
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Rejectable
|-
|-
| "wind; feather"
| "vessel"
| *tuuli || - || - || Me. tul || ''*tɤl'' || - || - || - || *toəj
| - || - || - || - || K ćibľɤg || čupor || - || - || -
| K better < #ćumpɜlɜ?
|}
|}

Latest revision as of 17:24, 31 July 2017

PU *u_a

F. *u_a, S. *o_ē, Mo. *o_a, Ma. *ŭC / *u, P. *ɨ, Ms. *⁽ʷ⁾a, H. o/uu, Smy. *ə

Lexeme Finnic Samic Mordv. Mari Permic Hung. Mansi Khanty Samoy. Comments
Kh. *oo / _C
"to plait" *puno- *ponē- *pona- *pŭne- *pɨn- fon- *pan- *poonəL- *pən-
"facing down" *kumo/a- *komō- *koma- *kŭmə- *kɨm- hom- *kʷam-əɣ *koom-,
W. *kom-		 *kəmə-
"egg" *muna *monē *mona *mŭnə - moń *man *mooɳ *mənå
"to squeeze" *puserta- *počē- - *pŭnće- *pɨdźɨrt- fačar- *pas- *poosər- - H. a / _[-voice]? Ma. (& P?) contamination from *puna-?
"stream" *voo *u/ɤvē - - - - *aw- E. *ooɣ-,
W. aw		 -
"to hang" - *ko/ɤcō- - *kečə- *kɨš- - *kaš- *kooč- -
"cloudberry" *muura- - - *ma(a)rak *moorək *mərå-ŋkå Check AASmy
"mud" *kura - - - - - *kor- *koor -
"ice crust" - *čoðē - - - - *šaľ *sooj -
"song, to sing" - - *morə
*mora-		 *mŭrə
*mŭre-		 - - - VV *mooraa- - noun *murə?
"hunting fence" - - - - *tɨmɨ - *tam *toom - StUE4. K dɤm- not here
"path" - - - - - - *jaš *jooč - Fi. juntu may be unrelated; but cf Mo+Smy *jutta- < *juč-ta- "to go"?
Kh. *o / _CC
"feather" *sulka *tolkē *tolga - *tɨlɨ toll(a-) *tawəl *tokəL *tuə Cf. #tuxlə
"stern" *tuhto *totkō - Hi. tɤktɤ K. tɨk tat(o-) *takʷt *tokət *tətə F&S possibly ← Gmc *θuftōn. H. a / _[-voice]?
"to extinguish" *kus-tu- (…?) *kopsē- - - *kusɨ- - - *kopəL- *kəptå-
"bubble" *kupla *koplē - *kŭwəl - hoľag *kɯwl *komɭəŋ - *-ml-?
"marten" Es. nugis - - - *n/ńiź ńust(o-) *ńakʷs *ńokəs TN noxo Fi. nois
"lip" *turpa
"muzzle"		 - *tərva *tü̆rwə *tɨrpɨ - - N. *torəp - or Kh ← K.
"death" *surma - - - - - N. sorəm *sorəm - *śurə-ma, cf. "to kill". Ms may be ← Kh?
"wide" - *komtē - *kŭmda - - - *komət -
"net" - - - - K. tɨl - *taləɣ W. *toxəL - *tulka or *tula-ka?
"to come" - - - - - jut- *jakʷt- *jokət- - Cf. *ju/ota-?
"to become wet" - - - - U. pɨč- - *paš- *poč- #pət¹å- *pučča-!
Kh. *o, no clear cluster
"to melt, molten" *sula(-) - *sola(-) *šŭle- *sɨl(-) ol(vad) *talaa- *ɬoLaa- -
"(to) bore" *pura *porē
"edge"		 - - *pɨr fuur- Tv. porɤɤ *por *pəråjŋ Cf. IE
"crook'd" *kura, *kurja? - - - *kɨr- - - *kor *kərå -r- or -rj-?
"to blink" - - *końa-/ə- *kŭme- *kuń- huń- *kʷań- *koń- *kəńə- F. küünü- cf. *küńe- "tear".
"morning" - - - - - hol-- *kʷal *koL-- *kərə
"to press" - - - - - ńom- CMs. *ńal- *ńoL- -
indistinct
"to hit" *putot- *poðō- - pŭðə- U. pɨľ- ~
K. peľ		 - *poľ- - *pəjä- Check Ma. Smy *-ä after *ðʲ. H. faaj- "hurt" may not belong
"land" *muta *moðē moda - - - - - *məjå
"to become happy" *muja- (…?)
"to smile"		 *mojē- - - - - - - *məjə-
"back" *muka- - - - - *məkå
"to tell" *jutte- - jofta- - - *jaats-
"to play"		 - - *jəptə- H. a / _[-voice]?
"block of wood" *luta *lotē - - - - - - *jəčə *-t- or *-č-?
"10" - *lokē - *lu *lɨd - *law - - Mari CV → long. Cf. *lukə- "to read". P. "number" ← *lukanta, cf. Ms *lowənt- "to count"
"cloud(y)" Fi. kumuri - Er. kovol - K. kɨmɤr homaaľ N. xom- - -
"narrowing" - *čorō - - *śuur sor- *sarɤɤ *sart -
"male" *uros *orēs - - - uur(a-) - - - OH †uru
"to push" *surva/u- - - *šŭre- - suur- - - -
"to strangle" Es. poo- *pūvē- *pova- - *pɤd(ɨ)- fuul- - - - check other SF? Kh. *pɯɯk- "to go sour" may not belong
"to fish w/net" - *koltē- - - - - *kult- *kåålt- Sk. qoldɛi- *kulk(ə)-ta-, hence Ms *u?
"to cross water" - *mokcē- - - - - - - *məčå-
"dew" *lɤpsē ľe/akš *lŭpš K. lɨs - - - *jəptå- S. *o → ɤ / _p
"(to) crumble" *mure- *moarrɤ- - - - morža *mur- *moorəj- *mərə- S. *morē and F. in part ← Gmc? H. also mar- "to bite".
"finger" - *sūvðē - - - ujj(a-) *tuľaa' *ɬååj Mt. taja
< *təjå 		*suwəľa??
"major river" *juka *jokɤ - - - - - - *jəkå + Russ. substratal *juka. F. "waterfall", Mo. jov ← *jôki?
"axe; knife" - *čorkkō - - - - N. śoxri *ćo(o)kər - OU → K ćukri, U ćukɨr?
"to knock" - - Er. tomba- - U. dɨbɨrt- †tob- N toomp- - -
in FP only
"to weave" *kuto- *koðē- *koda- *koe- *kɨ(j)- - - - -
"hill" *kumpa/u *kompō komba - *gɨb - - - - ← Gmc *xumpaz. Distinct from EU *kompa "wave". P. "bog" may also not belong
"outside" *ulko- *olkō- - - K. ɨlɤ- - - - -
"lazy" *tuhma *tosmē - - K. dɨš - - - - ← Gmc *dusma "stupid"?
"hair, bundle" *tukka/u - - #čuka *čɨk- - - - - also cf. H. čuk- "to clog"
"destruction; fight" Fi. tuho - - - *tɨšk - - - -
"bottom, floor" - - - *pŭndakš *pɨdes - - - -
"to rummage" *purka- *porkē- Er. purga- *pŭrɣə- - - - - - F. "dismantle"
"to bewitch" *lumot- *lomō- - *lŭmə- - - - - -
"god" *jumala - *jon-dol
"lightning"		 *jŭmə - - - - - + Mo. ill-attested jumi. ← II dyumān- ?
"bowl" *kuppV *skoppē kopo - - - - - - ← IE in some way?
"to yelp, sob" - *noskē- Er. noska- - - - - - - F *nuuska- ← Sw., *nuuhka ← onom.
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PU *u_ə

→ F. *u_i, S. *o_ɤ, Mo. *o(CCə), Ma. *ŭC/*u, P. *ɨ, Ms. *u

Lexeme Finnic Samic Mordv. Mari Permic Hung. Mansi Khanty Samoy. Comments
Kh. *kåå/*oo, Smy. *u
"pole" - *olkɤ Mk. olga - K. ɨl - *ula N. *ooɭ *uj F. ulku ← S. OU better here than ~ F vuoli. OU aawla/oxəL something else?
"to go" *kulkë- *kolkɤ- *koľgə- - K. kɨlal- halad- - *kååkəL- *kəj- Cf. PIE *kʷelH-
"(to) pee" *kusë- *końčɤ- - *kŭža- *kudź- huuɟ- *kunć- *kos- *kunsə-
"fire" *tuli *tolɤ *tol *tŭl *tɨl - - - *tuj
"to spawn" *kutë- *koðɤ- - - K. kuľmɨ- *kuľəm *kååj- -
"to swim" *ui- *vōjɤ- *ujə- *iä- *uuj- uus- *uj- *ooj/ć- *uə- Possibly originally *uj- rather tha *ujə-? S. *ujə → *ōjɤ? Cf. "tip". Ditto Mo.?
"to kno" *tuntë- *tomtɤ- - - *tod- tud- - - *cumcə- maybe *čumtə- w/ č/t assimilations?
"to push" *puskë- *poskɤ- - Hi. pɤška- ~
Me. püškä-		 - - *puwt- *pookəL- -
"ridge, cleft" *kuru/i- *korɤ - *kŭrək K. kɨr(j)- hor- - *koor - S. *kūrɤ ← F. K. guran "hole" may not belong
"20" - - komś - *kɨź huus(a-) *kus *kåås - *ms → *ws → *s in Ug.?
"tube" *pucki *pockɤ *počkə *pŭč *pučk - - - *pučə P. "inside"
"ant" *kutki *kotkɤ Er. kotkodav *kŭtkə *koot - - - TN xudumka
"crane" *kurki *kōrkɤ *kargə - - - - - *kəro
"fir" - - - *nŭlɣə *ńɨl - *ńulɤɤ *ńalkaaj *ńulkå *ńuləka
"dam, bridge" - - - - - - E. puwləl *pookəL *pulə ~ F. *po/õlkë- "to tread"?!
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Ms. *o, Kh. *o (as if *-uCCa?)
"flurry" *purku *porkɤ Er. porga- ~
Mk. purga-		 Me. purɣə- K. pɨra forr- *porkɤɤj *porkaaj *purət- ObU *por-ka(j)? U. pur "glo", H. "boil" may not belong
"to run out" *kulu- *kolɤ- *koľə- - K. gɨlal- hull-
"to fall"		 *kol- *koLaa- -
"turn, to get lost" - *jorɤ- - - U. jɨromɨ-
K. jɨr "depth"		 †jorgo- "pity" *jorəɣl- *jorəɣL-, *jooɣər- jü/urə- *ju → *jü in PSmy/PSk? Also cf. Smy jorä "deep", S. *jormē "depth, whirlpool". H. jaar- "go" may not belong
"skis" *suksi - *soks - - - *towt *ɬok *tutə *sukə, → *suk-sə outside Khanty?!
"to row" *sowta- *sūkɤ- - *šua- K. sɨn- - *tow- *ɬoɣəl-,
VVj ɬaaɣəŋt-		 *tu- *suxə-, F. dissimil. deriv. (S. *suvtē- ← F.)
"to read" *lukë- *lokɤ- Er. lovo- ~
Mk. luvə-		 *lŭða- - olvaš- - *loŋət- ? - H. metathesis?! Cf. *luka "10"; IE *leǵ-.
"summer" *suvi *sɤŋɤ- - - - - *tuj *ɬoŋ *təŋ Smy cf. *piŋə "tooth" → *pəj "flint"
"to learn" - - *tona- *tŭne- *tuun-- *tanul- - - *tən-tå- *-a or *-ə?
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"moon" *kuu - *koŋ - - hoo, hava- - *kow *kïj LuS kuojijti- ← *kaja
in FP only
"to cram" *cuŋkë- *coŋkɤ- *toŋgə- *čü̆ŋɣər K. čɨgəm - - - - FS ← Gmc *θwinga-? H. dug "to squeeze" (& Ms *tokr-?) ← Trk *dïg "id."
"tip, sharp thing" *hui *sōjɤ - - *šɨ ~ *ši - - - - S. *ujə → *ōjɤ ? Cf. "to swim"
"to press" - *norɤ- - - *nɨr- - - - -
"to sharpen" - *čokɤ- Er. śuvo- *šua- - - - - - Check Ma.
"to depart" *urkë- - orgo- - - - - - -
"to enquire" *utëlë- *ocɤ- - - - - - - -
"to call" *kuccu- *koččō- - - - - - - - Kh *kuuć- "to lure" better ~ Ms *kujt- "id."
Long (?)
"to hear" *kuulë- *kūlɤ- *kuľə- *kola- *kɨl- hall- *kʷaal- *kåål- - Possibly better #-owə- or smθŋ. H. may be ← *hadl- ← *kontələ-. Cf. Smy *kåw "ear"
"wind" *tuuli - - Me. tul *tɤl - - - - or something like *ëw?
"sheep" *uuhi ~ *utti - uča - *ɨž - *aaš *aač - ← IE *aǵ-, ObU independantly (~ F. *voohi)? Ma. *ŭžɣa "sheep pelt" ← P.
Ms. *aa ~ Kh. *uu
"6" *kuuci *kūtɤ *kotə *kut *kwať hat(o-) *kaat *kuut -
"trough, scoop" F kuiri/u - - - *gɨr - *kʷaaro *kuurə *kuj
"herd of reindeer" - *čorɤk - - - - *šaar- *suur -
"to kill; death" *surë- - - - - - - *suur- -
"eyebrows; temple" *kulma - - - *kɨmes - - *kuuľəm - S. *kūlmē ← F. Note *ľ?!
"lip; mouth" *huuli ? - - - - - *ɬuuL - What does does S. *sūlɤ "approx." have to do with this?
"birch" - - - - *kɨdź - *koš- *kuuńć - If not *a or something. F. *kaski may be ← IE *h₁es-
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F *u ~ M u/∅ (probably adstratal)
"stem" *runko *roŋkē Er. rungo
~ Mk ronga		 - - - - - - ← Gmc *skrunkaz
"bump" *muhka *mokšē Er. muška - - - - - - ~ Ru. mɨška "mousie"??
"wood" *huhta - *šuftə - - - - - - ← Ir. #čukta- "lit (on fire)"
"broken" *luhVj - *luža- - - - - - -
"to wash" *huhto- - *kšta- - - - - - - *šukšta-
"lichen" *luppV *lɤppō - nupəń
East only
"to chew, gnaw" - - - - - raag- "L. rågn-" - *luŋkəj-
"lily, onion" - - - - - - T taŋkəl VV *ɬooɣəɭ #tokul *l-ɭ → ɭ-ɭ in Vakh?
"up" - - - - - - *num *nuum, *nååmən #num, Sk *nom
"up" - - - - - - - *nuuk #ńAŋtV Cf. prev.
"middle" - - - - - - - *jäčə *jončV
"pine" - - - - - - *ji(i)w *juuɣ *jɤ best *jëxə?
"inside" - - - - - joh, juh *juw, *jun *jo(o)ɣ -
"birch bark vessel; bark" - - - - - - *kus *koćək *kaså Fi. kosio ← S. *kōššē ← IE *kʷasjo-.
"horse" - - - - - loo, lova- *luw *laaw-, V looɣ- - also F. lupo "stallion"?
To sort
"grass" *nurmi *ńormɤ - - - - *ńuurəm *ńåårəm -
"sack" - *pūðā - - - - - - *påtə #powtɜ??
"top" F. sukka *čokkɤ - - *ćuuk - *ćak- *ćäk *sok
"body" - *korōntē - - - - *kur- *kor #kər
"self" 		Check Ms, Smy.
"curve" *mutka - - - - - - - *måcə
"frost" *kuura *korā - - *gɤɤr har - - -
"pole" - *sosō *šočko - *džadž - - - Sk. čoočə
"him/her" *hän *son son - U. so ~ K. sɨ öö *täw *ɬöɣ - *u ~ *ü
"prod" *tutka- *tūðkē Er. totka (!!) - U. tuľɨm tööɟ(ä-) *taľək *töj *təjkå *u ~ *ü
"(to) shit" *paska *pɤškɤ *pəśkiźe- *pŭškeða- - foš(o-) *poś(-) *poć(-) - S. *o → *ɤ / p_?
"clump" *puŋka *pūŋkē pokoľ - U. pog ~ K. bugɨľ - *paak #pooŋkəḷ - H. bog (and P?) "knot" ← Trc *bog "bundle"
"reindeer knee" - *pūnčēs - - U. pɨdźɤs ~ K. pidźɤs - - - *punsV K. M > F /_Ć ?
"narrow, top" *suppa *čūppɤ, NS čoppe - - *śoop-,
K. ćup		 sup-,
čuup		 - - - F. suippu from × huippu
"(to) dry" *kujva(-) Lu. kuife - - - - - *kojəm- -
"thin" *hupa Er. čova ~
Mk. šuva		 - - - šovaań - - - *č-
"door" *uksi *ūksɤ - - *ɤs - - - - Or B. *ōksa → F. → S.
"groove, path" *ura - ur- - - - *uuraj #wuuri - Cf. F. *uurta- "to groove"
"udder" *utar - odar *wadar - - - - - ← IE, zero grade vs. full grade
"ash; lye" - *kūnɤ - *kon K. kun - - - - at least S ← IE; maybe Ma/K *kanə
"to lose; to spoil; to hide" *hukkat- - - *čɨk- - čuk- - - #təkå- Or F. ← Gmc *sukka
"pole" - L. sosso *čočkə - *džadž - - - Sk. čoočə
"to divide" - - - - *šɨr- irt-, †ort- - *ɬort- *tarV-
"mortar" *huhmar ~ Ka huumar - *šovar *šuar - - - - -
"gruel" F huttu
"down; beard" F untuva - - - - - - - #muntV- Bad. Slk *untə
"be forgotten" *unV-hta- - - - *vun(et)- - - - - F better from "sleep"
"to scrape" Fi. nuhja-, nuoha-, Es nuha- - *nozərda- *nuže- - - - *noL- *nət- *nuSja-?
"moss" - - - - K. ńɨč(k) - - - *ńåč(ɜ)
"to rest" - - Er. nuvśe-,
Mo. nuva-		 - - ńug(os)- *ńuunt- *ńooɣəL- *ńuŋ(əś)-
"midge" - - - *lŭməj U nɨmɨ ~ K nom - - - -
"midge" - - - (*lŭməj) U ľum - CMs *ľooməj - - better *o?
"club" *nuhja ~ *nujja - - nöšle- U nušɨ ~ K nɤs(k) - - - -
"marten" - - - *lŭj - - "loisa" - Sk lokka, Ma lui
"downstream" - *lū- - - - - *luuj- *laŋa
"weak" - - - *lŭš(kə)- K. lɨškɨd - - - -
"to bind" - - - - *jɨt- - - - FN jūťe-
"fierce; strong" F julma - - - *joonm- - - - -
"hump" *mukula - - *mŭɣəľ *mɨľ(i) - - - - -ľ-??
"back" - - - *tup U. tɨbɨr top - - -
"neck" *turja
"nape"		 - - - - torok(o-) *tur *tuu₁r - *turə-ja? + H. tarja "crest etc."
"to break" - - - *tuɣe- U. tijal- - - - -
"kernel" *tuuma, F tuma - *toŋ Hi. toŋ ~ Me. tomə - - - - - #towŋɜ??
"to fill" F. tuppat- - *topaftə-,
*topəďə-		 - - - - - -
"stiff" *turta - - *turta- K. tural- - - - -
"to observe" - - - *tŭšle- U. dɨšɨ- - - - - medial??
"knife" *kuraks *korɤ - - - - - - *kəru *-a/-ə?
"many; very" - *olō - - - - - - Ne. ŋuuľii
"to be still" - *orō- - - - - - - Ne. ŋoraa-
"hollow" Fi. uuma - - - - - *wum *oompə Ne. *ŋaamaat
"fist" - - *moksəndə *mŭškəndə *mɨžɨk - - - - Medials messy. Cf. II *mušti?
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Rejectable
"vessel" - - - - K ćibľɤg čupor - - - K better < #ćumpɜlɜ?
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