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[[Category:Germanic conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs based on English]]
{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=350 class=bordertable style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=350 class=bordertable style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|colspan="2" bgcolor="#CCFF00" align="center" |'''Solaric'''<br>'''''Slayegbyegn'''''
|colspan="2" bgcolor="#CCFF00" align="center" |'''Solaric'''<br>'''''Slayegmhyegn'''''
|-
|-
|valign="top"|Spoken in:
|valign="top"|Spoken in:
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|-
|-
|valign="top"|[[Morphological type]]:
|valign="top"|[[Morphological type]]:
||agglutinating
||Agglutinating, Polysynthetic
|-
|-
|valign="top"|[[Morphosyntactic alignment]]:
|valign="top"|[[Morphosyntactic alignment]]:
||Split-Ergative
||Nominative-Accusative
|-
|-
|colspan="2" bgcolor="#CCFF00" align="center" |'''Created by:'''
|colspan="2" bgcolor="#CCFF00" align="center" |'''Created by:'''
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=Phonology=
=Phonology=


Syllable structure is (F)(C)(C)(F|L|N|w|y)V(C)(C)<br>
Syllable structure is (F|L|N)(C)(C)(F|L|N)(w|y)V(C)(C)<br>


Every word is mildly stressed and pitch-accented on the ultimate, penultimate, or antepenultimate  syllable, whichever is heaviest because of vowel length and coda consonants.
Every polysyllabic word is mildly stressed on the second syllable. There is a simple lexical tone system; a short vowel can have a rising, falling, or neutral tone; a long vowel or diphthong can have a rising-falling, falling-rising, or neutral tone.


==Consonants==
==Consonants==
Line 46: Line 49:
|| ||Labial||Labio-Dental||Alveolar||Palatal||Velar||Glottal
|| ||Labial||Labio-Dental||Alveolar||Palatal||Velar||Glottal
|-
|-
||Plosives, lenis||p '''b'''|| ||t '''d'''||ʧ '''j'''||k '''g'''||
||Plosives, lenis||p '''b'''|| ||t '''d''' ts '''ds'''||ʧ '''j'''||k '''g'''||
|-
|-
||Plosives, fortis ||pʰ '''p'''|| ||tʰ '''t'''||ʧʰ '''c'''||kʰ '''k'''||
||Plosives, fortis ||pʰ '''p'''|| ||tʰ '''t''' tsʰ '''ts'''||ʧʰ '''c'''||kʰ '''k'''||
|-
|-
||Nasals, voiced  ||m '''m'''|| ||n '''n'''|| || ||
||Nasals, voiced  ||m '''m'''|| ||n '''n'''|| || ||
Line 62: Line 65:
||Trills|| || ||r '''rr'''|| || ||
||Trills|| || ||r '''rr'''|| || ||
|-
|-
||Semivowels ||w '''w'''|| || ||j '''y'''|| ||
||Semivowels ||w '''w'''|| || ||j '''y''' ɥ '''wy'''|| ||
|-
|-
|}
|}


Among plosives, only lenis plosives occur in the syllable coda. /r/ is realized as a flap intervocalically. /n/ assimilates to the point of articulation of a following consonant. /ɣ/ devoices when following a fortis or ejective stop.
Among plosives, only lenis plosives occur in the syllable coda. /r/ is realized as a flap intervocalically. /n/ assimilates to the point of articulation of a following consonant. /ɣ/ devoices when following a fortis stop. Voiced non-plosive consonants voice lenis plosives. fortis plosives de-voice voiced non-plosive consonants. lenis plosives are voiced intervocalically.


==Vowels==
==Vowels==


'''Oral Short'''
===Oral Short===
 
{|
{|
|| ||Front||Front Rounded||Central||Back||Diphthongs
|| ||Front||Front Rounded||Central||Back
|-
|-
||High ||i '''i'''||y '''ü'''|| ||u '''u'''||
||High ||i '''i'''||y '''ü'''|| ||u '''u'''
|-
|-
||Mid-High ||e '''e'''||ø '''ö'''|| ||o '''o'''||
||Mid-High ||e '''e'''||ø '''ö'''|| ||o '''o'''
|-
|-
||Mid-Low ||ɛ '''è'''|| || ||ɔ '''ò'''||ɛu '''eu''' ɔi '''oi'''
||Mid-Low ||ɛ '''è'''|| || ||ɔ '''ò'''
|-
|-
||Low || || ||a '''a'''|| ||
||Low || || ||a '''a'''||  
|-
|-
|}
|}


'''Oral Long'''
===Oral Long===
 
{|
{|
|| ||Front||Front Rounded||Central||Back
|| ||Front||Front Rounded||Central||Back
Line 98: Line 99:
|}
|}


'''Nasal'''
===Nasal===
 
{|
{|
|| ||Front||Front Rounded||Central||Back||Diphthongs
|| ||Front||Front Rounded||Central||Back||Diphthongs
Line 105: Line 105:
||Mid-High ||e '''eng'''||ø '''öng'''|| ||o '''ong'''||
||Mid-High ||e '''eng'''||ø '''öng'''|| ||o '''ong'''||
|-
|-
||Mid-Low ||ɛ '''èng'''|| || ||ɔ '''òng'''||ɛu '''eung''' ɔi '''oing'''
||Mid-Low ||ɛ '''èng'''|| || ||ɔ '''òng'''
|-
|-
||Low || || ||a '''ang'''|| ||
||Low || || ||a '''ang'''|| ||
|-
|}
===Vowel Harmony===
Some affixes have a vowel that takes it's features from the first vowel of the root. there are 2 of such vowels, marked I and E.
{|
|| ||I||E
|-
||Front||i||e
|-
||Rounded ||y||ø
|-
||Back ||u||o
|-
|-
|}
|}
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====Basic Noun Phrase structure====
====Basic Noun Phrase structure====


QUANTIFIER NEG-NUMBER-CASE-INDEF-NOUN NUMBER-CASE-COMPARISON-ADJ
QUANTIFIER NEG-CASE-NUMBER.DEFINITENESS-NOUN NUMBER-CASE-COMPARISON-ADJ
 
===Gender===
 
Solaric nouns fall into 2 genders: Animate and Inanimate. Animate nouns include people (including non-biological intelligences), animals, personifications, deities, planets with life, rivers, boats, and spacecraft. Inanimate nouns include everything else. Using inanimate markers with a person can be used to belittle or insult.


===Case Prefixes===
===Case Prefixes===


'''Common:''' Ø-<br>
'''Common:''' Subject or Direct Object<br>
<br>
'''Genitive:''' Marks possession, participation, composition, origin, reference, and description.<br>
'''Genitive:''' ee-(Consonant Root)/èv-(Vowel Root)<br>
'''Dative:''' Marks the indirect object.<br>
:Marks possession, participation, composition, origin, reference, and description.<br>
'''Benifactive:''' Marks the beneficiary of an action.<br>
<br>
'''Locative:''' Marks location<br>
'''Dative:''' ta-(Consonant Root)/t-(Vowel Root)<br>
 
:Marks the indirect object.<br>
{|
<br>
|| ||Common||Genitive||Dative||Benifactive||Locative
'''Benifactive:''' fwo-(Consonant Root)/for-(Vowel Root)<br>
|-
:Marks the beneficiary of an action.<br>
||Consonant-Stem Declension||Ø-||ee-||tI-||fwo-||n-
<br>
|-
'''Locative:''' 'n-<br>
||Vocalic-Stem Declension||Ø-||èv-||tw-||fw-||n-
:Marks location<br>
|-
<br>
||W-Stem Declension||Ø-||èv-||t-||f-||n-
|-
||Y-Stem Declension||Ø-||èv-||tw-||fw-||n-
|-
|}


===Number & Definiteness===
===Number & Definiteness===
Singular Unmarked: -Ø-<br>
{|
Singular Definite: -ad-(Consonant Stem)/j-(Vowel Stem)<br>
|| ||Unmarked||Definite||Indefinite
Singular Indefinite: -sm-<br>
|-
Dual Unmarked: -tü-<br>
||Singular ||-Ø-||-Ed-||-sm-
Dual Definite: -adü-<br>
|-
Dual Indefinite: -snü-<br>
||Plural ||-mye-||-Enye-||-smye-
Plural Unmarked: -mye-<br>
|-
Plural Definite: -anye-<br>
|}
Plural Indefinite: -smye-<br>


Mass nouns are always marked as Singular Indefinite<br>
Mass nouns are always marked as Singular Indefinite.


===Adjective Morphology===
===Adjective Morphology===
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Comparative: -moo-(Consonant Root)/-mor-(Vowel Root)<br>
Comparative: -moo-(Consonant Root)/-mor-(Vowel Root)<br>
Superlative: -mös-<br>
Superlative: -mös-<br>
==Pronouns==
===Nominantive===
{|
|| ||1st||2nd||3rd||Impersonal
|-
||Singular ||aa||yü||hi ye||wèn
|-
||Plural ||wi||yoo||dee||sèm||
|-
|}
===Accusative===
{|
|| ||1st||2nd||3rd||Impersonal
|-
||Singular ||mi||yü||ho ye||wèn
|-
||Plural ||us||yoo||dem||sèm
|-
|}
===Genitive===
{|
|| ||1st||2nd||3rd||Impersonal
|-
||Singular ||eemi||eeyü||eeho èvye||eewèn
|-
||Plural ||èvus||eeyoo||eedem||eesèm
|-
|}
===Dative===
{|
|| ||1st||2nd||3rd||Impersonal
|-
||Singular ||tmi||cü||to ce||twèn
|-
||Plural ||tus||coo||tem||tsèm
|-
|}
===Benifactive===
{|
|| ||1st||2nd||3rd||Impersonal
|-
||Singular ||fmi||fwü||foo fwe||fwèn
|-
||Plural ||fus||fwoo||fwem||fsèm||
|-
|}
===Locative===
{|
|| ||1st||2nd||3rd||Impersonal
|-
||Singular ||ni||nyü||nho nye||nwèn
|-
||Plural ||nus||nyoo||nem||nzèm
|-
|}
==Demonstratives==
Solaric has two sets of demonstratives. Locative demonstratives point out spaces or areas (physical or conceptual) in relationship to the speaker while objective demonstratives point out discrete (physical or conceptual) objects relative to the speaker. Demonstratives inflect for number and case.
===Locative===
{|
|| ||Common||Genitive||Dative||Benifactive||Locative
|-
||Proximal ||hii||èfii||cii||frii||nhii
|-
||Distal ||je||eeje||tejee||fjee||nyee
|-
|}
===Objective===
{|
|| ||Common||Genitive||Dative||Benifactive||Locative
|-
||Proximal Singular ||des||eedes||tedes||fdes||ndes
|-
||Proximal Plural ||diz||eediz||tediz||fdiz||ndiz
|-
||Distal Singular ||daa||eedaa||tedaa||fdaa||ndaa
|-
||Distal Plural ||döz||eedöz||tödöz||fdöz||ndöz
|-
|}


==Verb Morphology==
==Verb Morphology==


'''Preceding the Verb'''<br>
===Finite Verbs===
 
====Preceding the Verb====
:Free Adverb<br>
:Free Adverb<br>


'''Slot 1: Subject Agreement'''<br>
====Slot 1: Subject Agreement====
:1SG: aa-<br>
{|
:2SG: yü-<br>
|| ||1st||2nd||3rd||Impersonal
:3SG: hi- (Animate)/-ye- (Inanimate)<br>
|-
:1PL: wi-<br>
||Singular ||aa-||yü-||hi- ye-||wEn-
:2PL: yoo-<br>
|-
:3PL: dè-<br>
||Plural ||wi-||yoo-||dee-||sEm-||
<br>
|-
'''Slot 2: Interrogation'''<br>
|}
 
====Slot 2: Interrogation====
:Animate Interrogative: -hü-<br>
:Animate Interrogative: -hü-<br>
:Inanimate Interrogative: -wè'-<br>
:Inanimate Interrogative: -wee-<br>
<br>
 
'''Slot 3: Tense'''<br>
====Slot 3: Tense and Evidentiality====
:Standard 3-tense distinction<br>
:Present and Past tenses distinguish in evidentiality between visual, non-visual, inferential, and unstated.<br>
::Present: -Ø-<br>
{|
::Past: -dye-<br>
|| ||Present||Past||Future
::Future: -nè-<br>
|-
<br>
||Unstated ||-Ø-||-dye-||-nE-
'''Slot 4: Mood'''<br>
|-
||Visual ||-si-||-sò-||
|-
||Non-Visual ||-hye-||-hod-||
|-
||Inferential ||-dyeg-||-doo-||
|-
|}
 
====Slot 4: Mood====
:Indicative: -Ø-<br>
:Indicative: -Ø-<br>
::Used for factual statements<br>
::Used for factual statements<br>
Line 189: Line 310:
::Used for hypotheticals.<br>
::Used for hypotheticals.<br>
<br>
<br>
:Obligative: -goi-<br>
:Obligative: -gòE-<br>
::Used for demands and statements of obligations.<br>
::Used for demands and statements of obligations.<br>
<br>
<br>
:Optative: -woi-<br>
:Optative: -wòE-<br>
::Used for statements of wishing, wanting, or desiring something to happen.<br>
::Used for statements of wishing, wanting, or desiring something to happen.<br>
<br>
 
'''Slot 5: Evidentiality'''<br>
====Slot 5: Primary Aspect====
:Optionally marked.
Verbs are either inherently active (are an action) or stative (are a state of being). Only active verbs can have habitual aspect.<br>
::Visual: -asò "I saw"<br>
{|
::Non-Visual: -aho- "I heard"<br>
|| ||Imperfect||Perfect||Habitual
::Inferential: -adò "I thought"<br>
|-
<br>
||Active ||-bi-||-ven-||-Ø-
'''Slot 6: Primary Aspect'''<br>
|-
:Verbs are either inherently active (are an action) or stative (are a state of being). Only active verbs can have habitual aspect.<br>
||Stative ||-Ø-||-v-||
::Active Habitual: -Ø-<br>
|-
::Active Imperfect: -bi<br>
|}
::Active Perfect: -ven-<br>
The Habitual is used when the verb occurs on a regular basis. The Imperfect is used for unfolding actions while the Perfect is used for denoting completion.<br>
::Stative Imperfect: -Ø-<br>
 
::Stative Perfect: -v-<br>
====Slot 6: Voice====
:The Habitual is used when the verb occurs on a regular basis. The Imperfect is used for unfolding actions while the Perfect is used for denoting completion.<br>
<br>
'''Slot 7: Voice'''<br>
::Active Voice: -Ø-<br>
::Active Voice: -Ø-<br>
::Passive Voice: -gee<br>
::Passive Voice: -gee<br>
:The passive voice demotes the Agent and makes the Patient the subject. the special case marker boi- is only used with the passive voice Agent.<br>
:The passive voice demotes the Agent and makes the Patient the subject. the special case marker boi- is only used with the passive voice Agent.<br>
<br>
 
'''Slot 8: Verbal Negation'''<br>
====Slot 7: Verbal Negation====
:Negative: -n<br>
:Negative: -n<br>
<br>
 
'''Slot 9: Secondary Aspect'''<br>
====Slot 8: Secondary Aspect====
<br>
:Causative: -mayi-
:Causative: -mayi-
:Inchoative: -ssaa-
:Inchoative: -shaa-
:Resumptive: -kepn-
:Resumptive: -kepn-
<br>
'''Slot 10:Adverbal prefix'''<br>
<br>
'''Slot 11: Derivational Prefixes'''<br>
<br>
'''Slot 12: Verb Root'''<br>
<br>
'''Slot 13: Non-productive derivational suffixes derived from prepositions and adverbs used in English Phrasal Verbs.'''<br>
<br>
'''Slot 14: Indirect Object Agreement'''<br>
:1SG: -mi<br>
:2SG: -yü<br>
:3SG: -em- (Animate)/-Ø- (Inanimate)<br>
:1PL: -us<br>
:2PL: -yoo<br>
:3PL: -em<br>
<br>
'''Slot 15: Direct Object Agreement'''<br>
:1SG: -mi<br>
:2SG: -yü<br>
:3SG: -em- (Animate)/-ye- (Inanimate)<br>
:1PL: -us<br>
:2PL: -yoo<br>
:3PL: -em<br>


====Non-finite verbs====
====Slot 9:Adverbal prefix====
 
====Slot 10: Derivational Prefixes====
 
====Slot 11: Verb Root====
 
====Slot 12: Non-productive derivational suffixes derived from prepositions and adverbs used in English Phrasal Verbs.====
 
====Slot 13: Incorporated Direct Object====
:Only inanimate nouns lacking definiteness marking can be incorporated.
 
====Slot 14: Indirect Object Agreement====
{|
|| ||1st||2nd||3rd||Impersonal
|-
||Singular||-mi-||yü-||-ho- -Ø-||-wèn-
|-
||Plural ||-us-||-yoo-||-dem-||-sèm-
|-
|}
 
====Slot 15: Direct Object Agreement====
{|
|| ||1st||2nd||3rd||Impersonal
|-
||Singular ||-mi||-yü||-ho -ye||-wèn
|-
||Plural ||-us||-yoo||-dem||-sèm
|-
|}


===Non-finite verbs===
::Active Particle: -n-<br>
::Active Particle: -n-<br>
::Stative Participle: -d-/-ad-()<br>
::Stative Participle: -d-/-Ed-()<br>
:The active participle is also used as a gerund and plays the role of an infinitive. They are inflected like nouns when used as a noun and like adjectives when they are used like adjectives.<br>
:The active participle is also used as a gerund and plays the role of an infinitive. They are inflected like nouns when used as a noun and like adjectives when they are used like adjectives.<br>


Line 258: Line 381:
The basic unmarked word order is:<br>
The basic unmarked word order is:<br>
<br>
<br>
A-V-P-R<br>
S-V-DO-IO-X<br>
<br>
<br>
Where A is the agent or experiencer, V is the verb, P is the patient, R is the recipient of a ditransitive verb.<br>
Where S is the Object, V is the Verb, DO is the Direct Object, IO is the Direct Object, and X is a complement.<br>
<br>
<br>
The order of prepositional phrases follows the Place, Time, Manner pattern.
The order of prepositional phrases follows the Place, Time, Manner pattern.

Latest revision as of 13:19, 29 March 2010


Solaric
Slayegmhyegn
Spoken in: North America c. AD 4000
Timeline/Universe: TaylorS's Eridanian Universe
Total speakers: Approx. 200 million
Genealogical classification: Indo-European
Germanic
West Germanic
Anglic
American
Solaric
Basic word order: SVO
Morphological type: Agglutinating, Polysynthetic
Morphosyntactic alignment: Nominative-Accusative
Created by:
Taylor Selseth 2010-

Solaric is an Anglic Language spoken predominantly in North America, centered along the middle and upper Mississippi River valley, the Ohio and Missouri River valleys, the American High Plains, the central Rockies, Pittsburgh, and the central Atlantic coast from Washington to New York. Solaric dialects are also spoken in many orbital colonies and on Luna.

Phonology

Syllable structure is (F|L|N)(C)(C)(F|L|N)(w|y)V(C)(C)

Every polysyllabic word is mildly stressed on the second syllable. There is a simple lexical tone system; a short vowel can have a rising, falling, or neutral tone; a long vowel or diphthong can have a rising-falling, falling-rising, or neutral tone.

Consonants

Labial Labio-Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosives, lenis p b t d ts ds ʧ j k g
Plosives, fortis pʰ p tʰ t tsʰ ts ʧʰ c kʰ k
Nasals, voiced m m n n
Nasals, unvoiced m̥ mh n̥ nh
Fricatives, unvoiced f f s s ʃ sh h h
Fricatives, voiced v v z z ʒ zh ɣ r
Laterals ɫ l ɬˠ lh
Trills r rr
Semivowels w w j y ɥ wy

Among plosives, only lenis plosives occur in the syllable coda. /r/ is realized as a flap intervocalically. /n/ assimilates to the point of articulation of a following consonant. /ɣ/ devoices when following a fortis stop. Voiced non-plosive consonants voice lenis plosives. fortis plosives de-voice voiced non-plosive consonants. lenis plosives are voiced intervocalically.

Vowels

Oral Short

Front Front Rounded Central Back
High i i y ü u u
Mid-High e e ø ö o o
Mid-Low ɛ è ɔ ò
Low a a

Oral Long

Front Front Rounded Central Back
High iː ii yː üü uːː uu
Mid eː ee oː oo
Low aː aa

Nasal

Front Front Rounded Central Back Diphthongs
Mid-High e eng ø öng o ong
Mid-Low ɛ èng ɔ òng
Low a ang

Vowel Harmony

Some affixes have a vowel that takes it's features from the first vowel of the root. there are 2 of such vowels, marked I and E.

I E
Front i e
Rounded y ø
Back u o

Morphology

Noun Phrase Morphology

Adjectives agree with their nouns in case and number. Case stacking occurs so that nouns in a non-core case modifying another noun agrees with that noun. Prepositions are also inflected for number and case agreement.

Basic Noun Phrase structure

QUANTIFIER NEG-CASE-NUMBER.DEFINITENESS-NOUN NUMBER-CASE-COMPARISON-ADJ

Gender

Solaric nouns fall into 2 genders: Animate and Inanimate. Animate nouns include people (including non-biological intelligences), animals, personifications, deities, planets with life, rivers, boats, and spacecraft. Inanimate nouns include everything else. Using inanimate markers with a person can be used to belittle or insult.

Case Prefixes

Common: Subject or Direct Object
Genitive: Marks possession, participation, composition, origin, reference, and description.
Dative: Marks the indirect object.
Benifactive: Marks the beneficiary of an action.
Locative: Marks location

Common Genitive Dative Benifactive Locative
Consonant-Stem Declension Ø- ee- tI- fwo- n-
Vocalic-Stem Declension Ø- èv- tw- fw- n-
W-Stem Declension Ø- èv- t- f- n-
Y-Stem Declension Ø- èv- tw- fw- n-

Number & Definiteness

Unmarked Definite Indefinite
Singular -Ø- -Ed- -sm-
Plural -mye- -Enye- -smye-

Mass nouns are always marked as Singular Indefinite.

Adjective Morphology

Comparative: -moo-(Consonant Root)/-mor-(Vowel Root)
Superlative: -mös-

Pronouns

Nominantive

1st 2nd 3rd Impersonal
Singular aa yü hi ye wèn
Plural wi yoo dee sèm

Accusative

1st 2nd 3rd Impersonal
Singular mi yü ho ye wèn
Plural us yoo dem sèm

Genitive

1st 2nd 3rd Impersonal
Singular eemi eeyü eeho èvye eewèn
Plural èvus eeyoo eedem eesèm

Dative

1st 2nd 3rd Impersonal
Singular tmi cü to ce twèn
Plural tus coo tem tsèm

Benifactive

1st 2nd 3rd Impersonal
Singular fmi fwü foo fwe fwèn
Plural fus fwoo fwem fsèm

Locative

1st 2nd 3rd Impersonal
Singular ni nyü nho nye nwèn
Plural nus nyoo nem nzèm

Demonstratives

Solaric has two sets of demonstratives. Locative demonstratives point out spaces or areas (physical or conceptual) in relationship to the speaker while objective demonstratives point out discrete (physical or conceptual) objects relative to the speaker. Demonstratives inflect for number and case.

Locative

Common Genitive Dative Benifactive Locative
Proximal hii èfii cii frii nhii
Distal je eeje tejee fjee nyee

Objective

Common Genitive Dative Benifactive Locative
Proximal Singular des eedes tedes fdes ndes
Proximal Plural diz eediz tediz fdiz ndiz
Distal Singular daa eedaa tedaa fdaa ndaa
Distal Plural döz eedöz tödöz fdöz ndöz

Verb Morphology

Finite Verbs

Preceding the Verb

Free Adverb

Slot 1: Subject Agreement

1st 2nd 3rd Impersonal
Singular aa- yü- hi- ye- wEn-
Plural wi- yoo- dee- sEm-

Slot 2: Interrogation

Animate Interrogative: -hü-
Inanimate Interrogative: -wee-

Slot 3: Tense and Evidentiality

Present and Past tenses distinguish in evidentiality between visual, non-visual, inferential, and unstated.
Present Past Future
Unstated -Ø- -dye- -nE-
Visual -si- -sò-
Non-Visual -hye- -hod-
Inferential -dyeg- -doo-

Slot 4: Mood

Indicative: -Ø-
Used for factual statements


Subjunctive: -shu-
Used for probability, possibility, or uncertainty.


Conditional: -ke-
Used for hypotheticals.


Obligative: -gòE-
Used for demands and statements of obligations.


Optative: -wòE-
Used for statements of wishing, wanting, or desiring something to happen.

Slot 5: Primary Aspect

Verbs are either inherently active (are an action) or stative (are a state of being). Only active verbs can have habitual aspect.

Imperfect Perfect Habitual
Active -bi- -ven- -Ø-
Stative -Ø- -v-

The Habitual is used when the verb occurs on a regular basis. The Imperfect is used for unfolding actions while the Perfect is used for denoting completion.

Slot 6: Voice

Active Voice: -Ø-
Passive Voice: -gee
The passive voice demotes the Agent and makes the Patient the subject. the special case marker boi- is only used with the passive voice Agent.

Slot 7: Verbal Negation

Negative: -n

Slot 8: Secondary Aspect

Causative: -mayi-
Inchoative: -shaa-
Resumptive: -kepn-

Slot 9:Adverbal prefix

Slot 10: Derivational Prefixes

Slot 11: Verb Root

Slot 12: Non-productive derivational suffixes derived from prepositions and adverbs used in English Phrasal Verbs.

Slot 13: Incorporated Direct Object

Only inanimate nouns lacking definiteness marking can be incorporated.

Slot 14: Indirect Object Agreement

1st 2nd 3rd Impersonal
Singular -mi- yü- -ho- -Ø- -wèn-
Plural -us- -yoo- -dem- -sèm-

Slot 15: Direct Object Agreement

1st 2nd 3rd Impersonal
Singular -mi -yü -ho -ye -wèn
Plural -us -yoo -dem -sèm

Non-finite verbs

Active Particle: -n-
Stative Participle: -d-/-Ed-()
The active participle is also used as a gerund and plays the role of an infinitive. They are inflected like nouns when used as a noun and like adjectives when they are used like adjectives.

Syntax

The basic unmarked word order is:

S-V-DO-IO-X

Where S is the Object, V is the Verb, DO is the Direct Object, IO is the Direct Object, and X is a complement.

The order of prepositional phrases follows the Place, Time, Manner pattern.

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