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[[Category:Germanic conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs based on English]]
{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=350 class=bordertable style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=350 class=bordertable style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|colspan="2" bgcolor="#CCFF00" align="center" |'''Solaric'''<br>'''''Slaèg'''''
|colspan="2" bgcolor="#CCFF00" align="center" |'''Solaric'''<br>'''''Slayegmhyegn'''''
|-
|-
|valign="top"|Spoken in:
|valign="top"|Spoken in:
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|-
|-
|valign="top"|[[Morphological type]]:
|valign="top"|[[Morphological type]]:
||agglutinating
||Agglutinating, Polysynthetic
|-
|-
|valign="top"|[[Morphosyntactic alignment]]:
|valign="top"|[[Morphosyntactic alignment]]:
||Split-Ergative
||Nominative-Accusative
|-
|-
|colspan="2" bgcolor="#CCFF00" align="center" |'''Created by:'''
|colspan="2" bgcolor="#CCFF00" align="center" |'''Created by:'''
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=Phonology=
=Phonology=


Solaric has a very complex phonological system. Ejectives and implosives are dervied from fusions of glottal stops and plosives.<br>
Syllable structure is (F|L|N)(C)(C)(F|L|N)(w|y)V(C)(C)<br>


Syllable structure is (F)(C)(C)(F|L|N|w|y)V(C)(C)<br>
Every polysyllabic word is mildly stressed on the second syllable. There is a simple lexical tone system; a short vowel can have a rising, falling, or neutral tone; a long vowel or diphthong can have a rising-falling, falling-rising, or neutral tone.
 
Every word is mildly stressed and pitch-accented on the ultimate, penultimate, or antepenultimate  syllable, whichever is heaviest because of vowel length and coda consonants.


==Consonants==
==Consonants==
Line 48: Line 49:
|| ||Labial||Labio-Dental||Alveolar||Palatal||Velar||Glottal
|| ||Labial||Labio-Dental||Alveolar||Palatal||Velar||Glottal
|-
|-
||Stops, lenis||p '''b'''|| ||t '''d'''||ʧ '''j'''||k '''g'''||
||Plosives, lenis||p '''b'''|| ||t '''d''' ts '''ds'''||ʧ '''j'''||k '''g'''||
|-
|-
||Stops, fortis||pʰ '''p'''|| ||tʰ '''t'''||ʧʰ '''c'''||kʰ '''k'''||
||Plosives, fortis ||pʰ '''p'''|| ||tʰ '''t''' tsʰ '''ts'''||ʧʰ '''c'''||kʰ '''k'''||
|-
|-
||Stops, ejective ||pʼ '''p''''|| ||tʼ '''t''''||ʧʼ '''c''''||kʼ '''k''''||
||Nasals, voiced  ||m '''m'''|| ||n '''n'''|| || ||
|-
|-
||Stops, implosive ||ɓ '''b''''|| ||ɗ '''d''''||ʄʲ '''j''''||ɠ '''g''''||
||Nasals, unvoiced  ||m̥ '''mh'''|| ||n̥ '''nh'''|| || ||
|-
||Stops, Nasal ||m '''m'''|| || ||n '''n'''|| ||
|-
|-
||Fricatives, unvoiced || ||f '''f'''||s '''s'''||ʃ '''sh'''|| ||h '''h'''
||Fricatives, unvoiced || ||f '''f'''||s '''s'''||ʃ '''sh'''|| ||h '''h'''
Line 62: Line 61:
||Fricatives, voiced || ||v '''v'''||z '''z'''||ʒ '''zh'''||ɣ '''r'''||
||Fricatives, voiced || ||v '''v'''||z '''z'''||ʒ '''zh'''||ɣ '''r'''||
|-
|-
||Laterals|| || ||ɫ '''l''' || || ||
||Laterals|| || ||ɫ '''l''' ɬˠ '''lh'''|| || ||
|-
|-
||Trills|| || ||r '''rr'''|| || ||
||Trills|| || ||r '''rr'''|| || ||
|-
|-
||Semivowels ||w '''w'''|| || ||j '''y'''|| ||
||Semivowels ||w '''w'''|| || ||j '''y''' ɥ '''wy'''|| ||
|-
|-
|}
|}


Only lenis plosives occur in the syllable coda. R is realized as a flap intervocalically. N assimilates to the point of articulation of a following consonant.
Among plosives, only lenis plosives occur in the syllable coda. /r/ is realized as a flap intervocalically. /n/ assimilates to the point of articulation of a following consonant. /ɣ/ devoices when following a fortis stop. Voiced non-plosive consonants voice lenis plosives. fortis plosives de-voice voiced non-plosive consonants. lenis plosives are voiced intervocalically.


==Vowels==
==Vowels==


'''Oral Short'''
===Oral Short===
 
{|
{|
|| ||Front||Front Rounded||Central||Back||Diphthongs
|| ||Front||Front Rounded||Central||Back
|-
|-
||High ||i '''i'''||y '''ü'''|| ||u '''u'''||
||High ||i '''i'''||y '''ü'''|| ||u '''u'''
|-
|-
||Mid-High ||e '''e'''||ø '''ö'''|| ||o '''o'''||
||Mid-High ||e '''e'''||ø '''ö'''|| ||o '''o'''
|-
|-
||Mid-Low ||ɛ '''è'''|| || ||ɔ '''ò'''||ɛo '''eu''' ɔe '''oi'''
||Mid-Low ||ɛ '''è'''|| || ||ɔ '''ò'''
|-
|-
||Low || || ||a '''a'''|| ||
||Low || || ||a '''a'''||  
|-
|-
|}
|}


'''Oral Long'''
===Oral Long===
 
{|
{|
|| ||Front||Front Rounded||Central||Back
|| ||Front||Front Rounded||Central||Back
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||High ||iː '''ii'''||yː '''üü'''|| ||uːː '''uu'''
||High ||iː '''ii'''||yː '''üü'''|| ||uːː '''uu'''
|-
|-
||Mid-High ||eː '''ee'''||øː '''öö'''|| ||oː '''oo'''
||Mid ||eː '''ee'''|| || ||oː '''oo'''
|-
||Mid-Low ||ɛː '''èè'''|| || ||ɔː '''òò'''
|-
|-
||Low || || ||aː '''aa'''||
||Low || || ||aː '''aa'''||
Line 104: Line 99:
|}
|}


'''Nasal'''
===Nasal===
 
{|
{|
|| ||Front||Front Rounded||Central||Back||Diphthongs
|| ||Front||Front Rounded||Central||Back||Diphthongs
Line 111: Line 105:
||Mid-High ||e '''eng'''||ø '''öng'''|| ||o '''ong'''||
||Mid-High ||e '''eng'''||ø '''öng'''|| ||o '''ong'''||
|-
|-
||Mid-Low ||ɛ '''èng'''|| || ||ɔ '''òng'''||ɛo '''eung''' ɔe '''oing'''
||Mid-Low ||ɛ '''èng'''|| || ||ɔ '''òng'''
|-
|-
||Low || || ||a '''ang'''|| ||
||Low || || ||a '''ang'''|| ||
|-
|}
===Vowel Harmony===
Some affixes have a vowel that takes it's features from the first vowel of the root. there are 2 of such vowels, marked I and E.
{|
|| ||I||E
|-
||Front||i||e
|-
||Rounded ||y||ø
|-
||Back ||u||o
|-
|-
|}
|}
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====Basic Noun Phrase structure====
====Basic Noun Phrase structure====


QUANTIFIER NEG-NUMBER-CASE-INDEF-NOUN NUMBER-CASE-COMPARISON-ADJ
QUANTIFIER NEG-CASE-NUMBER.DEFINITENESS-NOUN NUMBER-CASE-COMPARISON-ADJ
 
===Gender===
 
Solaric nouns fall into 2 genders: Animate and Inanimate. Animate nouns include people (including non-biological intelligences), animals, personifications, deities, planets with life, rivers, boats, and spacecraft. Inanimate nouns include everything else. Using inanimate markers with a person can be used to belittle or insult.


===Case Prefixes===
===Case Prefixes===


'''Nominative-Absolutive:''' Ø-<br>
'''Common:''' Subject or Direct Object<br>
'''Accusative-Ergative:''' ad-<br>
'''Genitive:''' Marks possession, participation, composition, origin, reference, and description.<br>
<br>
'''Dative:''' Marks the indirect object.<br>
::Marking is Split-Ergative, NOM-ACC is used when the subject is animate while ERG-ABS is used when the subject is inanimate and when the passive voice is used.<br>
'''Benifactive:''' Marks the beneficiary of an action.<br>
<br>
'''Locative:''' Marks location<br>
'''Genitive:''' èè-(Consonant Root)/èv-(Vowel Root)<br>
 
<br>
{|
::Marks possession, participation, composition, origin, reference, and description.<br>
|| ||Common||Genitive||Dative||Benifactive||Locative
<br>
|-
'''Dative:''' ta-(Consonant Root)/t-(Vowel Root)<br>
||Consonant-Stem Declension||Ø-||ee-||tI-||fwo-||n-
<br>
|-
::Marks the indirect object.<br>
||Vocalic-Stem Declension||Ø-||èv-||tw-||fw-||n-
<br>
|-
'''Benifactive:''' foo-(Consonant Root)/for-(Vowel Root)<br>
||W-Stem Declension||Ø-||èv-||t-||f-||n-
<br>
|-
::Marks the beneficiary of an action.<br>
||Y-Stem Declension||Ø-||èv-||tw-||fw-||n-
<br>
|-
'''Locative:''' 'n-<br>
|}
<br>
::Marks location<br>
<br>


===Number & Definiteness===
===Number & Definiteness===
Singular Definite: -Ø<br>
{|
Singular Indefinite: -sm-<br>
|| ||Unmarked||Definite||Indefinite
Dual Definite: -tü-
|-
Dual Indefinite: -snü-
||Singular ||-Ø-||-Ed-||-sm-
Plural Definite: -mei-<br>
|-
Plural definite: -smei-
||Plural ||-mye-||-Enye-||-smye-
<br>
|-
|}
 
Mass nouns are always marked as Singular Indefinite.


===Adjective Morphology===
===Adjective Morphology===


Comparative: -mo-<br>
Comparative: -moo-(Consonant Root)/-mor-(Vowel Root)<br>
Superlative: -mös-<br>
Superlative: -mös-<br>
==Pronouns==
===Nominantive===
{|
|| ||1st||2nd||3rd||Impersonal
|-
||Singular ||aa||yü||hi ye||wèn
|-
||Plural ||wi||yoo||dee||sèm||
|-
|}
===Accusative===
{|
|| ||1st||2nd||3rd||Impersonal
|-
||Singular ||mi||yü||ho ye||wèn
|-
||Plural ||us||yoo||dem||sèm
|-
|}
===Genitive===
{|
|| ||1st||2nd||3rd||Impersonal
|-
||Singular ||eemi||eeyü||eeho èvye||eewèn
|-
||Plural ||èvus||eeyoo||eedem||eesèm
|-
|}
===Dative===
{|
|| ||1st||2nd||3rd||Impersonal
|-
||Singular ||tmi||cü||to ce||twèn
|-
||Plural ||tus||coo||tem||tsèm
|-
|}
===Benifactive===
{|
|| ||1st||2nd||3rd||Impersonal
|-
||Singular ||fmi||fwü||foo fwe||fwèn
|-
||Plural ||fus||fwoo||fwem||fsèm||
|-
|}
===Locative===
{|
|| ||1st||2nd||3rd||Impersonal
|-
||Singular ||ni||nyü||nho nye||nwèn
|-
||Plural ||nus||nyoo||nem||nzèm
|-
|}
==Demonstratives==
Solaric has two sets of demonstratives. Locative demonstratives point out spaces or areas (physical or conceptual) in relationship to the speaker while objective demonstratives point out discrete (physical or conceptual) objects relative to the speaker. Demonstratives inflect for number and case.
===Locative===
{|
|| ||Common||Genitive||Dative||Benifactive||Locative
|-
||Proximal ||hii||èfii||cii||frii||nhii
|-
||Distal ||je||eeje||tejee||fjee||nyee
|-
|}
===Objective===
{|
|| ||Common||Genitive||Dative||Benifactive||Locative
|-
||Proximal Singular ||des||eedes||tedes||fdes||ndes
|-
||Proximal Plural ||diz||eediz||tediz||fdiz||ndiz
|-
||Distal Singular ||daa||eedaa||tedaa||fdaa||ndaa
|-
||Distal Plural ||döz||eedöz||tödöz||fdöz||ndöz
|-
|}


==Verb Morphology==
==Verb Morphology==


'''Preceding the Verb'''<br>
===Finite Verbs===
::Free Adverb<br>


'''Slot 1: Subject Agreement'''<br>
====Preceding the Verb====
::1SG: aa-<br>
:Free Adverb<br>
::2SG: yü-<br>
 
::3SG: hi- (Animate)/-ee- (Inanimate)<br>
====Slot 1: Subject Agreement====
::1PL: wi-<br>
{|
::2PL: yòò-<br>
|| ||1st||2nd||3rd||Impersonal
::3PL: dè-<br>
|-
||Singular ||aa-||yü-||hi- ye-||wEn-
|-
||Plural ||wi-||yoo-||dee-||sEm-||
|-
|}
 
====Slot 2: Interrogation====
:Animate Interrogative: -hü-<br>
:Inanimate Interrogative: -wee-<br>
 
====Slot 3: Tense and Evidentiality====
:Present and Past tenses distinguish in evidentiality between visual, non-visual, inferential, and unstated.<br>
{|
|| ||Present||Past||Future
|-
||Unstated ||-Ø-||-dye-||-nE-
|-
||Visual ||-si-||-sò-||
|-
||Non-Visual ||-hye-||-hod-||
|-
||Inferential ||-dyeg-||-doo-||
|-
|}
 
====Slot 4: Mood====
:Indicative: -Ø-<br>
::Used for factual statements<br>
<br>
<br>
'''Slot 2: Interrogation'''<br>
:Subjunctive: -shu-<br>
::Animate Interrogative: -hü-<br>
::Used for probability, possibility, or uncertainty.<br>
::Inanimate Interrogative: -wè'-<br>
<br>
<br>
'''Slot 3: Tense'''<br>
:Conditional: -ke-<br>
::Standard 3-tense distinction<br>
::Used for hypotheticals.<br>
<br>
<br>
::::Present: -Ø-<br>
:Obligative: -gòE-<br>
::::Past: -de-<br>
::Used for demands and statements of obligations.<br>
::::Future: -nè-<br>
<br>
<br>
'''Slot 4: Mood'''<br>
:Optative: -wòE-<br>
::Indicative: -Ø-<br>
::Used for statements of wishing, wanting, or desiring something to happen.<br>
::::Used for factual statements<br>
 
<br>
====Slot 5: Primary Aspect====
::Subjunctive: -shu-<br>
Verbs are either inherently active (are an action) or stative (are a state of being). Only active verbs can have habitual aspect.<br>
::::Used for probability, possibility, or uncertainty.<br>
{|
<br>
|| ||Imperfect||Perfect||Habitual
Conditional: -ke-<br>
|-
Used for hypotheticals.<br>
||Active ||-bi-||-ven-||-Ø-
|-
||Stative ||-Ø-||-v-||
|-
|}
The Habitual is used when the verb occurs on a regular basis. The Imperfect is used for unfolding actions while the Perfect is used for denoting completion.<br>
 
====Slot 6: Voice====
::Active Voice: -Ø-<br>
::Passive Voice: -gee<br>
:The passive voice demotes the Agent and makes the Patient the subject. the special case marker boi- is only used with the passive voice Agent.<br>
 
====Slot 7: Verbal Negation====
:Negative: -n<br>
 
====Slot 8: Secondary Aspect====
:Causative: -mayi-
:Inchoative: -shaa-
:Resumptive: -kepn-
 
====Slot 9:Adverbal prefix====
 
====Slot 10: Derivational Prefixes====
 
====Slot 11: Verb Root====
 
====Slot 12: Non-productive derivational suffixes derived from prepositions and adverbs used in English Phrasal Verbs.====
 
====Slot 13: Incorporated Direct Object====
:Only inanimate nouns lacking definiteness marking can be incorporated.
 
====Slot 14: Indirect Object Agreement====
{|
|| ||1st||2nd||3rd||Impersonal
|-
||Singular||-mi-||yü-||-ho- -Ø-||-wèn-
|-
||Plural ||-us-||-yoo-||-dem-||-sèm-
|-
|}
 
====Slot 15: Direct Object Agreement====
{|
|| ||1st||2nd||3rd||Impersonal
|-
||Singular ||-mi||-yü||-ho -ye||-wèn
|-
||Plural ||-us||-yoo||-dem||-sèm
|-
|}
 
===Non-finite verbs===
::Active Particle: -n-<br>
::Stative Participle: -d-/-Ed-()<br>
:The active participle is also used as a gerund and plays the role of an infinitive. They are inflected like nouns when used as a noun and like adjectives when they are used like adjectives.<br>
 
=Syntax=
 
The basic unmarked word order is:<br>
<br>
<br>
::Obligative: -goi-<br>
S-V-DO-IO-X<br>
::::Used for demands and statements of obligations.<br>
<br>
<br>
::Optative: -woi-<br>
Where S is the Object, V is the Verb, DO is the Direct Object, IO is the Direct Object, and X is a complement.<br>
::::Used for statements of wishing, wanting, or desiring something to happen.<br>
<br>
'''Slot 5: Aspect'''<br>
::Verbs are either inherently active (are an action) or stative (are a state of being). Only active verbs can have habitual aspect.<br>
<br>
::::Active Habitual: -Ø-<br>
::::Active Imperfect: -bi<br>
::::Active Perfect: -ven-<br>
::::Stative Imperfect: -Ø-<br>
::::Stative Perfect: -v-<br>
<br>
::The Habitual is used when the verb occurs on a regular basis. The Imperfect is used for unfolding actions while the Perfect is used for denoting completion.<br>
<br>
'''Slot 6: Voice'''<br>
::::Active Voice: -Ø-<br>
::::Passive Voice: -gèè<br>
<br>
::The passive voice demotes the Agent and makes the Patient the subject. the special case marker boi- is only used with the passive voice Agent.<br>
<br>
'''Slot 7: Verbal Negation'''<br>
::Negative: -n<br>
<br>
'''Slot 8:Adverbal prefix'''<br>
<br>
'''Slot 9: Derivational Prefixes'''<br>
<br>
'''Slot 10: Verb Root'''<br>
<br>
'''Slot 11: Non-productive derivational suffixes derived from prepositions and adverbs used in English Phrasal Verbs.'''<br>
<br>
'''Slot 12: Object Agreement'''<br>
::1SG: -mi<br>
::2SG: -yü<br>
::3SG: -em- (Animate)/-ee- (Inanimate)<br>
::1PL: -us<br>
::2PL: -yòò<br>
::3PL: -em<br>
 
====Non-finite verbs====
 
::::Active Particle: -n-<br>
::::Stative Participle: -d-/-ad-()<br>
<br>
<br>
::The active participle is also used as a gerund and plays the role of an infinitive. They are inflected like nouns when used as a noun and like adjectives when they are used like adjectives.<br>
The order of prepositional phrases follows the Place, Time, Manner pattern.

Latest revision as of 12:19, 29 March 2010


Solaric
Slayegmhyegn
Spoken in: North America c. AD 4000
Timeline/Universe: TaylorS's Eridanian Universe
Total speakers: Approx. 200 million
Genealogical classification: Indo-European
Germanic
West Germanic
Anglic
American
Solaric
Basic word order: SVO
Morphological type: Agglutinating, Polysynthetic
Morphosyntactic alignment: Nominative-Accusative
Created by:
Taylor Selseth 2010-

Solaric is an Anglic Language spoken predominantly in North America, centered along the middle and upper Mississippi River valley, the Ohio and Missouri River valleys, the American High Plains, the central Rockies, Pittsburgh, and the central Atlantic coast from Washington to New York. Solaric dialects are also spoken in many orbital colonies and on Luna.

Phonology

Syllable structure is (F|L|N)(C)(C)(F|L|N)(w|y)V(C)(C)

Every polysyllabic word is mildly stressed on the second syllable. There is a simple lexical tone system; a short vowel can have a rising, falling, or neutral tone; a long vowel or diphthong can have a rising-falling, falling-rising, or neutral tone.

Consonants

Labial Labio-Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosives, lenis p b t d ts ds ʧ j k g
Plosives, fortis pʰ p tʰ t tsʰ ts ʧʰ c kʰ k
Nasals, voiced m m n n
Nasals, unvoiced m̥ mh n̥ nh
Fricatives, unvoiced f f s s ʃ sh h h
Fricatives, voiced v v z z ʒ zh ɣ r
Laterals ɫ l ɬˠ lh
Trills r rr
Semivowels w w j y ɥ wy

Among plosives, only lenis plosives occur in the syllable coda. /r/ is realized as a flap intervocalically. /n/ assimilates to the point of articulation of a following consonant. /ɣ/ devoices when following a fortis stop. Voiced non-plosive consonants voice lenis plosives. fortis plosives de-voice voiced non-plosive consonants. lenis plosives are voiced intervocalically.

Vowels

Oral Short

Front Front Rounded Central Back
High i i y ü u u
Mid-High e e ø ö o o
Mid-Low ɛ è ɔ ò
Low a a

Oral Long

Front Front Rounded Central Back
High iː ii yː üü uːː uu
Mid eː ee oː oo
Low aː aa

Nasal

Front Front Rounded Central Back Diphthongs
Mid-High e eng ø öng o ong
Mid-Low ɛ èng ɔ òng
Low a ang

Vowel Harmony

Some affixes have a vowel that takes it's features from the first vowel of the root. there are 2 of such vowels, marked I and E.

I E
Front i e
Rounded y ø
Back u o

Morphology

Noun Phrase Morphology

Adjectives agree with their nouns in case and number. Case stacking occurs so that nouns in a non-core case modifying another noun agrees with that noun. Prepositions are also inflected for number and case agreement.

Basic Noun Phrase structure

QUANTIFIER NEG-CASE-NUMBER.DEFINITENESS-NOUN NUMBER-CASE-COMPARISON-ADJ

Gender

Solaric nouns fall into 2 genders: Animate and Inanimate. Animate nouns include people (including non-biological intelligences), animals, personifications, deities, planets with life, rivers, boats, and spacecraft. Inanimate nouns include everything else. Using inanimate markers with a person can be used to belittle or insult.

Case Prefixes

Common: Subject or Direct Object
Genitive: Marks possession, participation, composition, origin, reference, and description.
Dative: Marks the indirect object.
Benifactive: Marks the beneficiary of an action.
Locative: Marks location

Common Genitive Dative Benifactive Locative
Consonant-Stem Declension Ø- ee- tI- fwo- n-
Vocalic-Stem Declension Ø- èv- tw- fw- n-
W-Stem Declension Ø- èv- t- f- n-
Y-Stem Declension Ø- èv- tw- fw- n-

Number & Definiteness

Unmarked Definite Indefinite
Singular -Ø- -Ed- -sm-
Plural -mye- -Enye- -smye-

Mass nouns are always marked as Singular Indefinite.

Adjective Morphology

Comparative: -moo-(Consonant Root)/-mor-(Vowel Root)
Superlative: -mös-

Pronouns

Nominantive

1st 2nd 3rd Impersonal
Singular aa yü hi ye wèn
Plural wi yoo dee sèm

Accusative

1st 2nd 3rd Impersonal
Singular mi yü ho ye wèn
Plural us yoo dem sèm

Genitive

1st 2nd 3rd Impersonal
Singular eemi eeyü eeho èvye eewèn
Plural èvus eeyoo eedem eesèm

Dative

1st 2nd 3rd Impersonal
Singular tmi cü to ce twèn
Plural tus coo tem tsèm

Benifactive

1st 2nd 3rd Impersonal
Singular fmi fwü foo fwe fwèn
Plural fus fwoo fwem fsèm

Locative

1st 2nd 3rd Impersonal
Singular ni nyü nho nye nwèn
Plural nus nyoo nem nzèm

Demonstratives

Solaric has two sets of demonstratives. Locative demonstratives point out spaces or areas (physical or conceptual) in relationship to the speaker while objective demonstratives point out discrete (physical or conceptual) objects relative to the speaker. Demonstratives inflect for number and case.

Locative

Common Genitive Dative Benifactive Locative
Proximal hii èfii cii frii nhii
Distal je eeje tejee fjee nyee

Objective

Common Genitive Dative Benifactive Locative
Proximal Singular des eedes tedes fdes ndes
Proximal Plural diz eediz tediz fdiz ndiz
Distal Singular daa eedaa tedaa fdaa ndaa
Distal Plural döz eedöz tödöz fdöz ndöz

Verb Morphology

Finite Verbs

Preceding the Verb

Free Adverb

Slot 1: Subject Agreement

1st 2nd 3rd Impersonal
Singular aa- yü- hi- ye- wEn-
Plural wi- yoo- dee- sEm-

Slot 2: Interrogation

Animate Interrogative: -hü-
Inanimate Interrogative: -wee-

Slot 3: Tense and Evidentiality

Present and Past tenses distinguish in evidentiality between visual, non-visual, inferential, and unstated.
Present Past Future
Unstated -Ø- -dye- -nE-
Visual -si- -sò-
Non-Visual -hye- -hod-
Inferential -dyeg- -doo-

Slot 4: Mood

Indicative: -Ø-
Used for factual statements


Subjunctive: -shu-
Used for probability, possibility, or uncertainty.


Conditional: -ke-
Used for hypotheticals.


Obligative: -gòE-
Used for demands and statements of obligations.


Optative: -wòE-
Used for statements of wishing, wanting, or desiring something to happen.

Slot 5: Primary Aspect

Verbs are either inherently active (are an action) or stative (are a state of being). Only active verbs can have habitual aspect.

Imperfect Perfect Habitual
Active -bi- -ven- -Ø-
Stative -Ø- -v-

The Habitual is used when the verb occurs on a regular basis. The Imperfect is used for unfolding actions while the Perfect is used for denoting completion.

Slot 6: Voice

Active Voice: -Ø-
Passive Voice: -gee
The passive voice demotes the Agent and makes the Patient the subject. the special case marker boi- is only used with the passive voice Agent.

Slot 7: Verbal Negation

Negative: -n

Slot 8: Secondary Aspect

Causative: -mayi-
Inchoative: -shaa-
Resumptive: -kepn-

Slot 9:Adverbal prefix

Slot 10: Derivational Prefixes

Slot 11: Verb Root

Slot 12: Non-productive derivational suffixes derived from prepositions and adverbs used in English Phrasal Verbs.

Slot 13: Incorporated Direct Object

Only inanimate nouns lacking definiteness marking can be incorporated.

Slot 14: Indirect Object Agreement

1st 2nd 3rd Impersonal
Singular -mi- yü- -ho- -Ø- -wèn-
Plural -us- -yoo- -dem- -sèm-

Slot 15: Direct Object Agreement

1st 2nd 3rd Impersonal
Singular -mi -yü -ho -ye -wèn
Plural -us -yoo -dem -sèm

Non-finite verbs

Active Particle: -n-
Stative Participle: -d-/-Ed-()
The active participle is also used as a gerund and plays the role of an infinitive. They are inflected like nouns when used as a noun and like adjectives when they are used like adjectives.

Syntax

The basic unmarked word order is:

S-V-DO-IO-X

Where S is the Object, V is the Verb, DO is the Direct Object, IO is the Direct Object, and X is a complement.

The order of prepositional phrases follows the Place, Time, Manner pattern.

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