Athonite Grammar II: Difference between revisions

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=A SIMPLIFIED GRAMMAR OF ATHONITE, THAT IS, THE GREEK DIALECT SPOKEN BY THE PEOPLE OF THE SERENE MONASTIC REPUBLIC OF THE HOLY MOUNTAIN, (cont.)=
<font size = 4>


=Verbs=
==Pronunciation Table - '''Πινακ από Προφόρ'''==
==Verb Classes==
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1100px;"
*The Athonite verb system has been simplified to the extent that the many tenses present in Classical and Demotic Greek and in Turkish have been reduced to six.
!IPA
*The six tenses are the present, the past, and the future, and their perfect counterparts.
! /a/<font color=red><sup>1</sup></font>
*Athonite verbs are divided into two classes, those in which the personal ending is not accented (I) and those in which the personal ending is accented (II).
! /af/<font color=red><sup>2</sup></font>
*The endings on the verbs are changed to denote person and number.
! /v/
*<font color=red>Under Turkish influence</font> only two irregular verbs remain.
! /ɣ/<font color=red><sup>3</sup></font>
 
! /ŋ/
==The Auxiliary Verbs==
! /g/
*The auxiliary verbs are the two remaining irregular verbs.
! /ŋks/
*<font color=blue>έχω</font>, I have
! /ŋç/
{|border=1
! /ð/
|i=No|
! /e/
|c=01| present
! /i/
|c=02| past
! /εf/<font color=red><sup>4</sup></font>
|c=03| future
! /z/
! /i/<font color=red><sup>5</sup></font>
! /θ/
! /i/
! /k/
! /l/
! /m/
! /b/
! /n/<font color=red><sup>6</sup></font>
! /d/
! /ks/
! /o/
! /u/
! /p/
! /ɾ/
! /s/<font color=red><sup>7</sup></font>
! /t/
! /ʣ/
! /i/
! /f/
! /ç/
! /ps/
! /o/
|-
|-
|i=No| 1s
| Greek
|c=01| <font color=blue>έχ-ω</font>, I have
| α
|c=02| <font color=blue>ίχ-α</font>, I had
| αυ
|c=03| <font color=blue>θα έχ-ω</font>, I shall have
| β
| γ
| γγ
| γκ
| γξ
| γχ
| δ
| ε
| ει
| ευ
| ζ
| η
| θ
| ι
| κ
| λ
| μ
| μπ
| ν
| ντ
| ξ
| ο
| ου
| π
| ρ
| ς
| τ
| τζ
| υ
| φ
| χ
| ψ
| ω
|-
|-
|i=No| 2s
| Athonite
|c=01| <font color=blue>έχ-ις</font>, you have
| α
|c=02| <font color=blue>ίχ-ες</font>, you had
| αφ/β
|c=03| <font color=blue>θα έχ-ις</font>, you will have
| β
| γ
| γγ
| γκ
| γξ
| γχ
| δ
| ε
| ι
| εφ/β
| ζ
| ι
| θ
| ι
| κ
| λ
| μ
| μπ
| ν
| ντ
| ξ
| ο
| ου
| π
| ρ
| ς
| τ
| τζ
| ι
| φ
| χ
| ψ
| ο
|-
|-
|i=No| 3s
| Latin
|c=01| <font color=blue>έχ-ι</font>, he, she, it has
| a
|c=02| <font color=blue>ίχ-ε</font>, he, she, it had
| af/v
|c=03| <font color=blue>θα έχ-ι</font>, he, she, it will have
| v
|-
| g
|i=No| 1p
| ng
|c=01| <font color=blue>έχ-ομε</font>, we have
| g
|c=02| <font color=blue>ίχ-αμε</font>, we had
| ngks
|c=03| <font color=blue>θα έχ-ομε</font>, we shall have
| nch
|-
| dh
|i=No| 2p
| e
|c=01| <font color=blue>έχ-ετε</font>, you have
| i
|c=02| <font color=blue>ίχ-ατε</font>, you had
| ef/v
|c=03| <font color=blue>θα έχ-ετε</font>, you will have
| z
|-
| i
|i=No| 3p
| th
|c=01| <font color=blue>έχ-ουν</font>, they have
| i
|c=02| <font color=blue>ίχ-αν</font>, they had
| k
|c=03| <font color=blue>θα έχ-ουν</font>, they will have
| l
|}
| m
*<font color=blue>íme</font>, I am
| b
{|border=1
| n
|i=No|
| d
|c=01| present
| ks
|c=02| past
| o
|c=03| future
| u
|-
| p
|i=No| 1s
| r
|c=01| <font color=blue>ί-με</font>, I am
| s
|c=02| <font color=blue>ί-μουν</font>, I was
| t
|c=03| <font color=blue>θα ί-με</font>, I shall be
| tz
|-
| y
|i=No| 2s
| f
|c=01| <font color=blue>ί-ςε</font>, you are
| ch
|c=02| <font color=blue>ί-ςουν</font>, you were
| ps
|c=03| <font color=blue>θα ί-ςε</font>, you will be
| ō
|-
|i=No| 3s
|c=01| <font color=blue>ί-νε</font>, he, she, it is
|c=02| <font color=blue>ί-ταν</font>, he, she, it was
|c=03| <font color=blue>θα ί-νε</font>, he, she, it will be
|-
|i=No| 1p
|c=01| <font color=blue>ί-μαςτε</font>, we are
|c=02| <font color=blue>ί-μαςτε</font>, we were
|c=03| <font color=blue>θα ί-μαςτε</font>, we shall be
|-
|i=No| 2p
|c=01| <font color=blue>ί-ςτε</font>, you are
|c=02| <font color=blue>ί-ςαςτε</font>, you were
|c=03| <font color=blue>θα ί-ςτε</font>, you will be
|-
|i=No| 3p
|c=01| <font color=blue>ί-νε</font>, they are
|c=02| <font color=blue>ί-ταν</font>, they were
|c=03| <font color=blue>θα ί-νε</font>, they will be
|}
|}


==The Active Voice==
===Notes - '''Σιμιωςις'''===
*The active voice denotes that the agent is doing the action of the verb.
*<font color=red><sup>1</sup></font> when accented, otherwise /ʌ/.
*<font color=red><sup>2</sup></font> /ɣ/ before α, ο and ου; /j/ before ε and ι.
*<font color=red><sup>3</sup></font> final <ν> before <π> and <μπ>  becomes /m/, ''e.g.'', '''δεν μπορώ''', <dhemboˈrṓ>, I cannot. The <π> becomes /b/, ''e.g.'', '''δεν πιραζι''', <dhembiˈrazi>, it doesn't matter.
:final <ν> before <κ>, <γ> and <χ>  becomes /ŋ/, ''e.g.'', '''δεν κοβω''', <dheng'kovō>, I cut.
*<font color=red><sup>4</sup></font> /z/ before voiced consonants, ''e.g.'', '''ος Δεβτέρ''', <oz Dhevtér>, until Monday,
 
===Verbs - '''Ρίματα'''===
====Verb Classes - '''Τι Ταξις από το Ρίματα'''====
*038. The Athonite verb has been reduced from the many tenses present in Classical and Demotic Greek to six.
*039. The six tenses are the present, the past (the Greek imperfect), and the future (the Greek future continuous), and their perfect counterparts.
*040. Athonite verbs are divided into two classes, those in which the personal ending is not accented (I) and those in which the personal ending is accented (II).
*041. The endings on the verbs are changed to denote person and number.
 
====The Active Voice - '''Τι Ενέργ Φων'''====
*042. The active voice denotes that the agent is doing the action of the verb.
 
=====The Present Tense - '''Ο Ενεςτώτ'''=====
*043. In the present tense of Class I verbs, the accent remains on the stem of the verb. In the present tense of Class II verbs, the accent is on the endings.


===The Present Tense===
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
*Class I
|+Class I
{|border=1
!
|i=No|
!Singular
|c=01| singular
!Plural
|c=02| plural
|-
|-
|i=No| 1.
!1st
|c=01| <font color=blue>βλέπ-ω</font>, I see
|'''βλεπω''', I see
|c=02| <font color=blue>βλέπ-ουμε</font>, we see
|'''βλέπoμε''', we see
|-
|-
|i=No| 2.
!2nd
|c=01| <font color=blue>βλέπ-ις</font>, you see
|'''βλεπις''', you see
|c=02| <font color=blue>βλέπ-ετε</font>, you see
|'''βλέπετε''', you see
|-
|-
|i=No| 3.
!3rd
|c=01| <font color=blue>βλέπ-ι</font>, he, she, it sees
|'''βλεπι''', he, she, it sees
|c=02| <font color=blue>βλέπ-ουν</font>, they see
|'''βλεπουν''', they see
|}
|}
*Class II
 
{|border=1
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|i=No|
|+Class II
|c=01| singular
!
|c=02| plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
|i=No| 1.
!1st
|c=01| <font color=blue>αγαπ-ώ</font>, I love
|'''αγαπώ''', I love
|c=02| <font color=blue>αγαπ-άμε</font>, we love
|'''αγαπάμε''', we love
|-
|-
|i=No| 2.
!2nd
|c=01| <font color=blue>αγαπ-άς</font>, you love
|'''αγαπάς''', you love
|c=02| <font color=blue>αγαπ-άτε</font>, you love
|'''αγαπάτε''', you love
|-
|-
|i=No| 3.
!3rd
|c=01| <font color=blue>αγαπ-ά</font>, he, she, it loves
|'''αγαπά''', he, she, it loves
|c=02| <font color=blue>αγαπ-άν</font>, they love
|'''αγαπάν''', they love
|}
|}


===The Past Tense===
=====The Past Tense - '''Ο Παρατατίκ Χρων'''=====
*The past tense is formed using endings different from the present and by removing the accent to the third syllable from the end.
*044. The past tense is formed by using endings different from the present and by placing the accent on the third syllable from the end.
*When there is no third syllable, the augment <font color=blue>e-</font> is added.
*045. Class II verbs insert '''-άγ-''' between the stem and the ending.
*Class I
*046. When there is no third syllable, the augment '''ε-''' is added.  
{|border=1
 
|i=No|
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|c=01| singular
|+Class I
|c=02| plural
!
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
|i=No| 1.
!1st
|c=01| <font color=blue>έβλεπ-α</font>, I saw, was seeing
|'''έβλεπα''', I saw, was seeing
|c=02| <font color=blue>βλέπ-αμε</font>, we saw, were seeing
|'''βλέπαμε''', we saw, were seeing
|-
|-
|i=No| 2.
!2nd
|c=01| <font color=blue>έβλεπ-ες</font>, you we saw, were seeing
|'''έβλεπες''', you saw, were seeing
|c=02| <font color=blue>βλεπ-ατε</font>, you we saw, were seeing
|'''βλέπατε''', you saw, were seeing
|-
|-
|i=No| 3.
!3rd
|c=01| <font color=blue>έβλεπ-ε</font>, he, she, it we saw, was seeing
|'''έβλεπε''', he, she, it saw, was seeing
|c=02| <font color=blue>έβλεπ-αν</font>, they we saw, were seeing
|'''έβλεπαν''', they saw, were seeing
|}
|}
*Class II
 
{|border=1
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|i=No|
|+Class II
|c=01| singular
!
|c=02| plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
|i=No| 1.
!1st
|c=01| <font color=blue>αγαπ-ούςα</font>, I loved, was loving
|'''αγάπαγα''', I loved, was loving
|c=02| <font color=blue>αγάπ-ούςαμε</font>, we loved, were loving
|'''αγαπάγαμε''', we loved, were loving
|-
|-
|i=No| 2.
!2nd
|c=01| <font color=blue>αγαπ-ούςες</font>, you loved, were loving
|'''αγάπαγες''', you loved, were loving
|c=02| <font color=blue>αγάπ-ούςατε</font>, you loved, were loving
|'''αγαπάγατε''', you loved, were loving
|-
|-
|i=No| 3.
!3rd
|c=01| <font color=blue>αγαπ-ούςε</font>, he, she, it loved, was loving
|'''αγάπαγε''', he, she, it loved, was loving
|c=02| <font color=blue>αγαπ-ούςαν</font>, they loved, were loving
|'''αγάπαγαν''', they loved, were loving
|}
|}


===The Future Tense===
=====The Future Tense - '''Ο Μελων Χρων'''=====
*The future tense is formed by putting the particle <font color=blue>þa</font> before the present tense.
*047. The future tense is formed by putting the particle '''θα''' before the present tense.  
*Class I
 
{|border=1
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|i=No|
|+Class I
|c=01| singular
!
|c=02| plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
|i=No| 1.1
!1st
|c=01| <font color=blue>θα βλέπ-ω</font>, I shall see
|'''θa βλεπω''', I see
|c=02| <font color=blue>θα βλέπ-ουμε</font>, we shall see
|'''θa βλέπoμε''', we see
|-
|-
|i=No| 2.
!2nd
|c=01| <font color=blue>θα βλέπ-ις</font>, you will see
|'''θa βλεπις''', you see
|c=02| <font color=blue>θα βλέπ-ετε</font>, you will see
|'''θa βλέπετε''', you see
|-
|-
|i=No| 3.
!3rd
|c=01| <font color=blue>θα βλέπ-ι</font>, he, she, it will see
|'''θa βλεπι''', he, she, it sees
|c=02| <font color=blue>θα βλέπ-ουν</font>, they will see
|'''θa βλεπουν''', they see
|}
|}
*Class II
 
{|border=1
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|i=No|
|+Class II
|c=01| singular
!
|c=02| plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
|i=No| 1.
!1st
|c=01| <font color=blue>θ' αγαπ-ώ</font>, I answer
|'''θ' αγαπώ''', I love
|c=02| <font color=blue>θ' αγαπ-ούμε</font>, we answer
|'''θ' αγαπάμε''', we love
|-
|-
|i=No| 2.
!2nd
|c=01| <font color=blue>θ' αγαπ-άς</font>, you answer
|'''θ' αγαπάς''', you love
|c=02| <font color=blue>θ' αγαπ-άτε</font>, you answer
|'''θ' αγαπάτε''', you love
|-
|-
|i=No| 3.
!3rd
|c=01| <font color=blue>θ' αγαπ-ά</font>, he, she, it answers
|'''θ' αγαπά''', he, she, it loves
|c=02| <font color=blue>θ' αγαπ-ούν</font>, they answer
|'''θ' αγαπάν''', they love
|}
|}


===The Present Perfect Tense===
=====The Present Perfect Tense - '''Ο Παρακίμεν'''=====
*The perfect tenses are not as commonly used in Athonite as they are in English, the past tense usually being used.
*048. The perfect tenses are not used as frequently in Athonite as they are in English, the past tense usually being used.  
*The present perfect tense is formed by the present tense of the auxiliary verb <font color=blue>έχω</font>, I have, and a form of the verb formed by adding <font color=blue>-ι</font> to the present stem.
*049. The present perfect tense is formed by the present tense of the auxiliary verb '''εχω''', ''I have'', and the passive participle.
{|border=1
*050. The present perfect tense is used to denote an event of the past which has a bearing on the present.  
|i=No|
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|c=01| singular
!
|c=02| plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
|i=No| 1.
!1st
|c=01| <font color=blue>έχω βλέπι</font>, I have seen
|'''εχω βλεπoμέν''', I have seen
|c=02| <font color=blue>έχουμε βλέπι</font>, we have seen
|'''έχoμe βλεπoμέν''', we have seen
|-
|-
|i=No| 2.
!2nd
|c=01| <font color=blue>έχις βλέπι</font>, you have seen
|'''εχις βλεπoμέν''', you have seen
|c=02| <font color=blue>έχετε βλέπι</font>, you have seen
|'''έχετε βλεπoμέν''', you have seen
|-
|-
|i=No| 3.
!3rd
|c=01| <font color=blue>έχι βλέπι</font>, he, she, it has seen
|'''εχι βλεπoμέν''', he, she, it has seen
|c=02| <font color=blue>έχουν βλέπι</font>, they have seen
|'''εχουν βλεπoμέν''', they have seen
|}
|}
*The present perfect tense is used to denote an event of the past which has a bearing on the present.


===The Past Perfect Tense===
=====The Past Perfect Tense - '''Ο Ιπερςιντελικ'''=====
*The past perfect tense is formed by the past tense of the auxiliary verb <font color=blue>έχω</font> and the passive participle.
*051. The past perfect tense is more frequent than the present perfect. It is used to denote an event of the past which occurred before another event of the past.
{|border=1
*052. The past perfect tense is formed by the past tense of the auxiliary verb '''εχο''' and the passive participle.  
|i=No|
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|c=01| singular
!
|c=02| plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
|i=No| 1.
!1st
|c=01| <font color=blue>ίχα βλέπι</font>, I had seen
|'''ιχα βλεπoμέν''', I had seen
|c=02| <font color=blue>ίχαμε βλέπι</font>, we had seen
|'''ίχαμε βλεπoμέν''', we had seen
|-
|-
|i=No| 2.
!2nd
|c=01| <font color=blue>ίχες βλέπι</font>, you had seen
|'''ιχεs βλεπoμέν''', you had seen
|c=02| <font color=blue>ίχατε βλέπι</font>, you had seen
|'''ίχατε βλεπoμέν''', you had seen
|-
|-
|i=No| 3.
!3rd
|c=01| <font color=blue>ίχε βλέπι</font>, he, she, it had seen
|'''ιχε βλεπoμέν''', he, she, it had seen
|c=02| <font color=blue>ίχαν βλέπι</font>, they had seen
|'''ιχαν βλεπoμέν''', they had seen
|}
|}
*The past perfect tense is more frequent than the present perfect. It is used to denote an event of the past which occurred before another event of the past.


===The Future Perfect Tense===
=====The Future Perfect Tense - '''Ο Σιντελεςμέν Μελων Χρων'''=====
*The future perfect tense is formed by the future tense of the auxiliary verb <font color=blue>έχω</font> and the passive participle.
*053. The future perfect tense is used to denote an event in the future which will have occurred before another event in the future.
{|border=1
*054. The future perfect tense is formed by the future tense of the auχiliary verb '''εχο''' and the passive participle.
|i=No|
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|c=01| singular
!
|c=02| plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
|i=No| 1.
!1st
|c=01| <font color=blue>θα έχω βλεπομέν</font>, I shall have seen
|'''θa εχω βλεπoμέν''', I shall have seen
|c=02| <font color=blue>θα έχουμε βλεπομέν</font>, we shall have seen
|'''θa έχoμε βλεπoμέν''', we shall have seen
|-
|-
|i=No| 2.
!2nd
|c=01| <font color=blue>θα έχις βλεπομέν</font>, you will have seen
|'''θa εχιs βλεπoμέν''', you will have seen
|c=02| <font color=blue>θα έχετε βλεπομέν</font>, you will have seen
|'''θa έχετε βλεπoμέν''', you will have seen
|-
|-
|i=No| 3.
!3rd
|c=01| <font color=blue>θα έχι βλεπομέν</font>, he, she, it will have seen
|'''θa εχι βλεπoμέν''', he, she, it will have seen
|c=02| <font color=blue>θα έχουν βλεπομέν</font>, they will have seen
|'''θa εχoυν βλεπoμέν''', they will have seen
|}
|}
*The future perfect tense is used to denote an event in the future which will have occurred before another event in the future.


===The Indefinite Form===
====The Progressive Tenses - '''Ι εξακολουθιτίκ Χρωνι'''====
*The indefinite form corresponds closely to what is called the infinitive in other languages.
*055. The active participle is used with the appropriate tense of '''ιμε''', ''I am'', to form progressive tenses.  
*The indefinite form is found only in the present tense.
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
*Athonite verbs form the indefinite by adding <font color=blue>-ςω</font> to the present form minus the <font color=blue>-ω</font>.
!<center>present</center>
*Class I
!past
{|border=1
!future
|i=No|
!present perfect
|c=01| singular
!past perfect
|c=02| plural
!future perfect
|-
|i=No| 1.
|c=01| <font color=blue>βλέπ-ςω</font>, I want
|c=02| <font color=blue>βλέπ-ςουμε</font>, we want
|-
|-
|i=No| 2.
|'''ιμε βλεποντ'''<br>I am seeing, ''etc.''
|c=01| <font color=blue>βλέπ-ςις</font>, you want
|'''ιμουν βλεποντ'''<br>I was seeing, ''etc.''
|c=02| <font color=blue>βλέπ-ςετε</font>, you want
|'''θα ιμε βλεποντ'''<br>I will be seeing, ''etc.''
|-
|'''εχω ιμέν βλεποντ'''<br>I have been seeing, ''etc.'
|i=No| 3.
|'''ιχα ιμέν βλεποντ'''<br>I had been seeing, ''etc.''
|c=01| <font color=blue>βλέπ-ςι</font>, he, she, it wants
|'''θα εχω ιμέν βλεποντ'''<br>I will have been seeing, ''etc.''
|c=02| <font color=blue>βλέπ-ςουν</font>, they want
|}
|}
*Class II
 
{|border=1
====The Passive Voice - '''Τι Παθιτίκ Φων'''====
|i=No|
*056. The passive voice denotes that the agent is being acted upon.
|c=01| singular
*057. The many forms of the passive in Modern Greek have been abandoned in favor of periphrastic expressions using the verb '''ιμε''', ''I am'' and the passive participle.
|c=02| plural
 
=====The Present Tense - '''Ο Ενεςτώτ'''=====
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
!
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
|i=No| 1.
!1st
|c=01| <font color=blue>αγαπ-ςώ</font>, I love
|'''ιμε βλεπoμέν''', I am seen
|c=02| <font color=blue>αγαπ-ςάμε</font>, we love
|'''ίμαςτε βλεπoμέν''', we are seen
|-
|-
|i=No| 2.
!2nd
|c=01| <font color=blue>αγαπ-ςάς</font>, you love
|'''ιςε βλεπoμέν''', you are seen
|c=02| <font color=blue>αγαπ-ςάτε</font>, you love
|'''ιςτε βλεπoμέν''', you are seen
|-
|-
|i=No| 3.
!3rd
|c=01| <font color=blue>αγαπ-ςά</font>, he, she, it love
|'''ινε βλεπoμέν''', he, she, it is seen
|c=02| <font color=blue>αγαπ-ςάν</font>, they love
|'''ινε βλεπoμέν''', they are seen
|}
|}
*The indefinite form is preceded by <font color=blue>να</font> and follows the main verb.
**<font color=blue>Θέλω να βλέπςω</font>, I want to see.
**<font color=blue>Θέλω ν' αγαπ-ςά</font>, I want him to love.


===The Imperative===
=====The Past Tense - '''Ο Παρατατίκ Χρων'''=====
*The formation of the imperative is greatly simplified in Athonite. There are only two forms.
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
*To form the present imperative, <font color=blue>-ε</font> for the singular and <font color=blue>-(ε)τε</font> for the plural replace the <font color=blue>-ω</font> of the indefinite.
!
{|border=1
!Singular
|c=01| singular
!Plural
|c=02| plural
|-
|c=01| <font color=blue>βλέπςε</font>, see
|c=02| <font color=blue>βλέπςετε</font>, see
|-
|-
|c=01| <font color=blue>αγαπςέ</font>, love
!1st
|c=02| <font color=blue>αγαπςέτε</font>, love
|'''ιμουν βλεπoμέν''', I was seen
|}
|'''ίμαςτε βλεπoμέν''', we were seen
*To form the continuous imperative, <font color=blue>-ε</font> for the singular and <font color=blue>-(ε)τε</font> for the plural replace the <font color=blue>-o</font> of the present.
{|border=1
|c=01| singular
|c=02| plural
|-
|-
|c=01| <font color=blue>βλέπε</font>, keep on seeing
!2nd
|c=02| <font color=blue>βλέπ(ε)τε</font>, keep on seeing
|'''ιςουν βλεπoμέν''', you were seen
|'''ίςαςτε βλεπoμέν''', you were seen
|-
|-
|c=01| <font color=blue>αγαπέ</font>, keep on loving
!3rd
|c=02| <font color=blue>αγαπέτε</font>, keep on loving
|'''ιταν βλεπoμέν''', he, she, it was seen
|'''ιταν βλεπoμέν''', they were seen
|}
|}
*A negative command is expressed by <font color=blue>μι</font> and the indefinite or present depending on whether the action is fixed or continuous.
**<font color=blue>Μι τον αγαπςέ</font>, Do not love him.


===The Active Participle===
=====The Future Tense - '''Ο Μελων Χρων'''=====
*A participle is an adjective derived from a verb. It modifies a noun, but may take an object like a verb.
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
*The active participle indicates that the subject of the sentence is doing something.
!
*It is formed by adding the ending <font color=blue>-οντ</font> (/<font color=blue>-ɔd</font>/)to the present stem.
!Singular
*Class I
!Plural
**<font color=blue>βλέπω</font> > <font color=blue>βλέποντ</font>, seeing
*Class II
**<font color=blue>αγαπώ</font> > <font color=blue>αγαπόντ</font>, loving
*This participle can be used to modify a noun, ''e.g.'', <font color=blue>ρέοντ ποτάμ καθάρ ίνε</font> The flowing river is clear.
*The active participle is used with the appropriate tense of <font color=blue>ίμε</font> to form progressive tenses.
{|border=1
|c=01| present
|c=02| <font color=blue>ίμε βλέποντ</font>, I am seeing, etc.
|-
|-
|c=01| past
!1st
|c=02| <font color=blue>ίμουν βλέποντ</font>, I was seeing, etc.
|'''θa ιμε βλεπoμέν''', I shall be seen
|'''θa ίμαςτε βλεπoμέν''', we shall be seen
|-
|-
|c=01| future
!2nd
|c=02| <font color=blue>θα ίμε βλέποντ</font>, I shall be seeing, etc.
|'''θa ιςε βλεπoμέν''', you will be seen
|'''θa ιςτε βλεπoμέν''', you will be seen
|-
|-
|c=01| present perfect
!3rd
|c=02| <font color=blue>έχω ίμεν βλέποντ</font>, I have been seeing, etc.
|'''θa ινε βλεπoμέν''', he, she, it will be seen
|-
|'''θa ινε βλεπoμέν''', they will be seen
|c=01| past perfect
|c=02| <font color=blue>ίχα ίμεν βλέποντ</font>, I had been seeing, etc.
|-
|c=01| future perfect
|c=02| <font color=blue>θα έχω ίμεν βλέποντ</font>, I will have been seeing, etc.
|}
|}


==The Passive Voice==
=====The Perfect Tenses - '''Ο Παρακίμεν'''=====  
*The passive voice denotes that the agent is being acted upon.
*058. The perfect tenses are formed by using the appropriate tense of '''εχω''' with the passive participle of '''ιμε'''.
*The simple forms of the passive in Modern Greek have been abandoned in favor of the Turkish use of <font color=red>-il</font>.
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
 
!<center>present</center>
===The Present Tense===
!past
*Class I
!future
{|border=1
|i=No|
|c=01| singular
|c=02| plural
|-
|-
|i=No| 1.
|'''εχω ιμέν βλεπoμέν'''<br>I have been seen, ''etc.''
|c=01| <font color=blue>βλέπιλω</font>, I am seen
|'''ιχα ιμέν βλεπoμέν'''<br>I had been seen, ''etc.''
|c=02| <font color=blue>βλεπίλουμε</font>, we are seen
|'''θα εχω ιμέν βλεπoμέν'''<br>I will have been seen, ''etc.''
|-
|i=No| 2.
|c=01| <font color=blue>βλέπιλις</font>, you are seen
|c=02| <font color=blue>βλεπίλετε</font>, you are seen
|-
|i=No| 3.
|c=01| <font color=blue>βλέπιλι</font>, he, she, it is seen
|c=02| <font color=blue>βλέπιλουν</font>, they are seen
|}
|}
*If the stem ends in -λ:
 
{|border=1
====The Auxiliary Verbs - '''Το Βοϊθιτίκ Ρίματα'''====
|i=No|
*059. The auxiliary verbs are two of the few remaining irregular verbs.
|c=01| singular
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|c=02| plural
|+'''εχω''', I have
!
!Present
!Past
!Future
|-
|-
|i=No| 1.
!1st singular
|c=01| <font color=blue>θέλινω</font>, I am wanted
|'''εχω''', I have
|c=02| <font color=blue>θελίνουμε</font>, we are wanted
|'''ιχα''', I had
|'''θα εχω''', I will have
|-
|-
|i=No| 2.
!2nd singular
|c=01| <font color=blue>θέλινις</font>, you are wanted
|'''εχις''', you have
|c=02| <font color=blue>θελίνετε</font>, you are wamted
|'''ιχες''', you had
|'''θα εχις''', you shall have
|-
|-
|i=No| 3.
!3rd singular
|c=01| <font color=blue>θέλινι</font>, he, she, it is wanted
|'''εχι''', he, she, it has
|c=02| <font color=blue>θέλινουν</font>, they are wanted
|'''ιχε''', he, she, it had
|}
|'''θα εχι''', he, she, it shall have
*Class II
{|border=1
|i=No|
|c=01| singular
|c=02| plural
|-
|-
|i=No| 1.
!1st plural
|c=01| <font color=blue>αγαπιλώ</font>, I am loved
|'''έχομε''', we have
|c=02| <font color=blue>αγαπίλάμε</font>, we are loved
|'''ίχαμε''', we had
|'''θα έχομε''', we will have
|-
|-
|i=No| 2.
!2nd plural
|c=01| <font color=blue>αγαπιλάς</font>, you are loved
|'''έχετε''', you have
|c=02| <font color=blue>αγαπιλάτε</font>, you are loved
|'''ίχατε''', you had,
|'''θα έχετε''', you shall have
|-
|-
|i=No| 3.
!3rd plural
|c=01| <font color=blue>αγαπιλά</font>, he, she, it is loved
|'''εχoυν''', they have
|c=02| <font color=blue>αγαπιλάν</font>, they are loved
|'''ιχαν''', they had
|'''θα εχoυν''', they shall have
|}
|}


===The Future Tense===
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|border=1
|+'''ιμε''', I am
|i=No|
!
|c=01| singular
!Present
|c=02| plural
!Past
!Future
|-
|-
|i=No| 1.
!1st singular
|c=01| <font color=blue>θα βλέπιλω</font>, I shall be seen
|'''ιμε''', I am,
|c=02| <font color=blue>θα βλεπίλουμε</font>, we shall be seen
|'''ιμουν''', I was
|'''θα ιμε''', I will be
|-
|-
|i=No| 2.
!2nd singular
|c=01| <font color=blue>θα βλέπιλις</font>, you will be seen
|'''ιςε''', you are
|c=02| <font color=blue>θα βλεπίλετε</font>, you will be seen
|'''ιςουν''', you were
|'''θα ιςε''', you shall be
|-
|-
|i=No| 3.
!3rd singular
|c=01| <font color=blue>θα βλέπιλι</font>, he, she, it will be seen
|'''ινε''', he, she, it is
|c=02| <font color=blue>θα βλέπιλουν</font>, they will be seen
|'''ιταν''', he, she, it wαs
|}
|'''θα ινε''', he, she, it shall be
 
===The Past Tense===
{|border=1
|i=No|
|c=01| singular
|c=02| plural
|-
|-
|i=No| 1.
!1st plural
|c=01| <font color=blue>βλέπιλα</font>, I was seen
|'''ίμαςτε''', wε are
|c=02| <font color=blue>βλεπίλαμε</font>, we were seen
|'''ίμαςταν''', we were
|'''θα ίμαςτε''', we will be
|-
|-
|i=No| 2.
!2nd plural
|c=01| <font color=blue>βλέπιλες</font>, you were seen
|'''ιςτε''', you are
|c=02| <font color=blue>βλεπίλατε</font>, you were seen
|'''ίςαςτε''', you were
|'''θα ιςτε''', you shall be
|-
|-
|i=No| 3.
!3rd plural
|c=01| <font color=blue>βλέπιλα</font>, he, she, it was seen
|'''ινε''', they are
|c=02| <font color=blue>βλέπιλαν</font>, they were seen
|'''ιταν''', they were
|'''θα ινε''', they shall be
|}
|}


===The Perfect Tenses===
====The Subjunctive Mood - ''' Τι Ιποτακτίκ'''====
The perfect tenses are formed by using the appropriate tense of <font color=blue>έχω</font> with the passive participle of <font color=blue>ιμε</font>.
*060. The subjunctive mood expresses an action or state which is hypothetical or anticipated rather than actual, including wishes.
{|border=1
*061. The subjunctive mood in Athonite is formed with the particle '''να'''.
|i=No| present
::'''Εφχω να βρεχι.''' I wish that it would rain.
|c=01| <font color=blue>έχω ίμεν βλεπομέν</font>, I have been seen, etc.
::'''Εφχω να έβρεχε.''' I wish that it had rained.
 
*062. Certain verbs commonly used only in the third person are followed by '''να'''.
::'''πρεπι''', it is necessary; '''αξιζι''', it is worthwhile, ''etc''.
::'''Πρεπι να παω τωρ.'''
:::I must be going now.
 
====The Imperative Mood - ''' Τι προςτακτίκ'''====
*063. The formation of the imperative is greatly simplified in Athonite consisting of only one form.
*064. To form the imperative, Class I verbs replace the '''-ω''' of the present with '''-ε''' for the singular and '''-(ε)τε''' for the plural. Class II verbs replace the '''-ώ''' of the present with '''-ά''' for the singular and '''-(α)τε''' for the plural.
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
!<center>Singular</center>
!Plural
|-
|-
|i=No| past
|'''βλεπε''', see
|c=01| <font color=blue>ίχα ίμεν βλεπομέν</font>, I had been seen, etc.
|'''βλεπ(ε)τε''', see
|-
|-
|i=No| future
|'''αγαπά''', love
|c=01| <font color=blue>θα έχω ίμεν βλεπομέν</font>, I shall have been seen, etc.
|'''αγάπατε''', love
|}
|}


===The Passive Participle===
====The Infinitive - '''Το Απαρεμφατ'''====
*The passive participle is formed by adding an ending to the present stem.
*065. The infinitive is a neutral form of the verb, that is, it does not express agent, tense or mood. It is treated as a noun and is accompanied by the neuter article '''το'''. As a verb it can govern an object.
*Class I
::It is formed by adding the suffix '''-ςι''' to the verb stem, ''e.g.'' '''βλεπο''' > '''βγεπςι'''.
**<font color=blue>βλέπω</font> > <font color=blue>βλεπομέν</font>, seen
::In certain instances, the final consonant of the verb stem is modified, ''e.g.'', '''κοβω''' > '''κοψι'''.
*Class II
*066. The infinitive also functions as a gerund.
**<font color=blue>αγαπώ</font> > <font color=blue>αγαπαμέν</font>, loved
::'''Το τρεξι ινε καλ αςκις.''' Running is good exercise.
 
====Negation - '''Άρνις'''====
*067. Negation in the indicative mood is expressed by putting the negative particle '''δεν''' in front of the verb.
::'''το πρoíν ιν' ετιμ''', Breakfast is ready.
::'''το πρoíν δeν ιν' ετιμ''', Breakfast is not ready.
::'''το μπαρ δεν ινε πλιρ''', The bar is not full.
::'''δεν παω''', I'm not going.
*068. Negation in the subjunctive and imperative moods  is expressed by putting the negative particle '''μι(ν)''' in front of the verb.
::'''Εφχω να μιν έβρεχε.''' I wish that it had not rained.
::'''μι τρεξε ι θα πεφτις.''' Don't run or you'll fall.
 
====There Is/Are - {{Color|blue|'''βαρ'''}}/{{Color|blue|'''γιοκ'''}}====
*069. Athonite has abandoned the conjugated verbs '''υπαρχεί''' and '''υπαρχούν''' in favor of the Turkish {{Color|blue|'''βαρ'''}} and its negative {{Color|blue|'''γιοκ'''}}.
::'''{{Color|blue|Βαρ}} ανθ εν το τραπέζ.'''
:::There is a flower on the table.
::'''{{Color|blue|Γιοκ}} ανθ εν το τραπέζ.'''
:::There is no flower on the table.
*70. A modified form of the Turkish is used for the past tense.
::'''{{Color|blue|Βαρδ}} ανθ εν το τραπέζ.'''
:::There was a flower on the table.
::'''{{Color|blue|Γιοκτ}} ανθ εν το τραπέζ.'''
:::There was no flower on the table.
*071. In reply to a {{Color|blue|'''βαρ'''}} or {{Color|blue|'''γιοκ'''}} question, the answer is always {{Color|blue|'''βαρ'''}} or {{Color|blue|'''γιοκ'''}}, never ''yes'' or ''no''.
::'''{{Color|blue|Βαρ}} μιλα εν το τραπέζ;'''
:::Are there apples on the table?
::'''{{Color|blue|Βαρ}}''', Yes, there are.
::'''{{Color|blue|Γιοκ}}''', No, there are not.
*072. '''{{Color|blue|βαρ}}''' and '''{{Color|blue|γιοκ}}''' may also used to express possession. The possessor is expressed with the possessive adjective.
::'''{{Color|blue|Βαρ}} τρις μιλα μου'''; I have three apples.
::'''{{Color|blue|Γιοκ}} αδέλφ τις '''; She does not have a sister.


==The Use of <font color=blue>na</font>==
====Deponent Verbs - '''Αποθετίκ Ρίματα'''====
*Intention, hope, desire and the like are expressed by using the particle <font color=blue>na</font>.
*073. The deponent verbs of Modern Greek have become regular verbs, ''e.g.'', '''έρχομε''', I come, > '''ερχω'''.
**With the present tense, <font color=blue>na</font> expresses a continuous intention, etc.
***<font color=blue>Þélo na ðoulévo éksi óri tin imér</font>, I want to be working six hours a day.
***<font color=blue>Árhise na träguðá</font>, He started singing.
**With the indefinite, <font color=blue>na</font> expresses a non-continuous future intention, etc.
***<font color=blue>Élpidzo na ftáso stin Aþín stis tris m.m.</font>, I hope to arrive at Athens at 3 p.m.
***<font color=blue>Børó na páro énä tsigár</font>, May I take a cigarette?
**With the past tense, <font color=blue>na</font> expresses a past intention, ''etc''. This construction always follows a past tense.
***<font color=blue>Htes tø vráðu íþelsä na píjenä stø þéät alá ðen bóresä</font>, Last night I wanted to go to the theater, but I did not manage to.
*Certain verbs commonly used only in the third person are also followed by <font color=blue>ná</font>.
**<font color=blue>prépi</font>, it is necessary; <font color=blue>axédzi</font>, it is worthwhile, etc.
***<font color=blue>Prépi na pijéno tórä</font>, I must be going now.
==There Is/Are==
*Athonite has abandoned the conjugated verb <font color=blue>υπαρχεί</font>/<font color=blue>υπαρχούν</font> for the Turkish <font color=red>βαρ</font> and the negative <font color=red>γιοκ</font>.
**<font color=blue>λουλούδ τραπέζου εν</font> <font color=red>βαρ</font>, There is a flower on the table.
**<font color=blue>λουλούδ τραπέζου εν</font> <font color=red>γιοκ</font>, There is no flower on the table.
*When enumerating lists of things, <font color=red>βαρ</font> or <font color=red>γιοκ</font> is said after each item.
**There are apples, tomatoes, onions, and cherries on the table.
**<font color=blue>τραπέζου εν μίλα</font> <font color=red>βαρ</font>, <font color=blue>ντομάτα</font> <font color=red>βαρ</font>, <font color=blue>κρεμύδα</font> <font color=red>βαρ</font>, <font color=blue>κεράςα</font> <font color=red>βαρ</font>.
*In reply to a <font color=red>βαρ</font> or <font color=red>γιοκ</font> question, the answer is always <font color=red>var</font> or <font color=red>γιοκ</font>, never "yes" or "no".
**Are there apples on the table? <font color=blue>τραπέζου εν μίλα</font> <font color=red>βαρ</font>;
**Yes, there are, <font color=red>βαρ</font>.
**No, there are not, <font color=red>γιοκ</font>.


==The Use of <font color=blue>ίμε</font>==
====The Use of '''ινε''' - '''Ι Χρις από το Ινε''''====
*<font color=red>When an adjective is used predicatively, the copula <font color=blue>ίμε</font> is not needed</font>: <font color=blue>γαλάζι ςπιτ</font>, a/the blue house; but <font color=blue>ςπιτ γαλάζι</font> the house is blue.
*074. When an adjective is used predicatively, the copula '''ινε'''  is not used, ''e.g.'', '''το κιαν ςπιτ''', the blue house; but ''' το ςπιτ κιαν''', the house is blue.


=Adverbs=
====Questions - '''Ερώτιςις'''====
*Adverbs are words used to modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
*075. A question with an interrogative pronoun has the same word order as a regular sentence.
**Some common adverbs:
::'''Π' ιςε;''' Who are you?
***<font color=blue>εδώ</font> here
::'''πιόν έβλεπας;''' Whom did you see?
***<font color=blue>εκί</font> there
::'''ςε πιον μίλαγες;''' To whom were you talking?
***<font color=blue>πίςω</font> behind
*076. A yes-no question has the same word order as a regular sentence, but is followed by the interrogative particle {{Color|blue|'''μι'''}}.
***<font color=blue>βρωςτά</font> in front
::'''Πας ςτο ςχολί.''' You are going to school.
***<font color=blue>τώρα</font> now
::'''Πας ςτο ςχολί {{Color|blue|μι}};''' Are you going to school?
***<font color=blue>ύςτερ</font> after, later
*077. A question with a tag has the same word order as a regular sentence, but is followed by the interrogative particle '''{{Color|blue|ντιμι}}'''.
***<font color=blue>νωρίς</font> early
::'''αυτό ινε βιβλί, {{Color|blue|ντιμι}};''' This is a book, isn't it?
***<font color=blue>άβρι</font> tomorrow
::'''ςι έγραφα τι επιςτόλ, {{Color|blue|ντιμι}};''' You wrote the letter, didn't you?
***<font color=blue>χθες</font> yesterday
::'''ςι θα ερχις αβρι, {{Color|blue|ντιμι}}'''; You'll come tomorrow, won't you?
***<font color=blue>πωλύ</font> a lot, very
***<font color=blue>κιολ</font> already
***<font color=blue>ποτ</font> never
***<font color=blue>πάλι</font> again
***<font color=red>δε</font> too
***<font color=blue>ίςως</font> perhaps
***<font color=blue>πάντο</font> always
***<font color=blue>ακώμ</font> yet
***<font color=blue>έςτι</font> thus
*<font color=red>As in Turkish</font> adverbs may be used as adjectives without any change in form.
**<font color=blue>ίςυχ</font>, quiet; <font color=blue>ίςυχ</font>, quietly
**<font color=blue>καλ</font>, good; <font color=blue>καλ</font>, well
**<font color=blue>αρκέτ</font>, sufficient; <font color=blue>αρκέτ</font>, sufficiently, rather
*The comparative and superlative of adverbs are formed in the same way as with adjectives.
**<font color=blue>έφκολ</font>, easy; <font color=blue>έφκολ</font>, easily
**<font color=blue>πιο έφκολ</font>, easier; <font color=blue>πιο έφκολ</font>, more easily
**<font color=blue>εν έφκολ</font>, easiest; <font color=blue>εν έφκολ</font>, most easily


=Conjunctions=
===Adverbs - '''Επιρίματα'''===
<font color=red>κι</font> used to introduce indirect discourse.
*078. Adverbs are words used to modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs.
*079. Adverbs can be formed from many adjectives by adding '''-α/-ά''' to the adjective.
::'''το ιρεμ πεδ ''', the quiet child; '''τρεχε ιρεμα.''' Run quietly.
::'''το αργ τρεν''', the slow train; '''Προχώραγα αργά''', He proceeded slowly.
*080 .The comparative and superlative of adverbs are formed in the same way as with adjectives.
::'''εφκολ''', easy; '''έφκολα''', easily
::'''πιο εφκολ''', easier, easiest; '''πιο έφκολα''', more/most easily


=Prepositions=


=Suffixes=
[[Athonite Grammar I]]

Latest revision as of 12:56, 8 November 2021

Pronunciation Table - Πινακ από Προφόρ

IPA /a/1 /af/2 /v/ /ɣ/3 /ŋ/ /g/ /ŋks/ /ŋç/ /ð/ /e/ /i/ /εf/4 /z/ /i/5 /θ/ /i/ /k/ /l/ /m/ /b/ /n/6 /d/ /ks/ /o/ /u/ /p/ /ɾ/ /s/7 /t/ /ʣ/ /i/ /f/ /ç/ /ps/ /o/
Greek α αυ β γ γγ γκ γξ γχ δ ε ει ευ ζ η θ ι κ λ μ μπ ν ντ ξ ο ου π ρ ς τ τζ υ φ χ ψ ω
Athonite α αφ/β β γ γγ γκ γξ γχ δ ε ι εφ/β ζ ι θ ι κ λ μ μπ ν ντ ξ ο ου π ρ ς τ τζ ι φ χ ψ ο
Latin a af/v v g ng g ngks nch dh e i ef/v z i th i k l m b n d ks o u p r s t tz y f ch ps ō

Notes - Σιμιωςις

  • 1 when accented, otherwise /ʌ/.
  • 2 /ɣ/ before α, ο and ου; /j/ before ε and ι.
  • 3 final <ν> before <π> and <μπ> becomes /m/, e.g., δεν μπορώ, <dhemboˈrṓ>, I cannot. The <π> becomes /b/, e.g., δεν πιραζι, <dhembiˈrazi>, it doesn't matter.
final <ν> before <κ>, <γ> and <χ> becomes /ŋ/, e.g., δεν κοβω, <dheng'kovō>, I cut.
  • 4 /z/ before voiced consonants, e.g., ος Δεβτέρ, <oz Dhevtér>, until Monday,

Verbs - Ρίματα

Verb Classes - Τι Ταξις από το Ρίματα

  • 038. The Athonite verb has been reduced from the many tenses present in Classical and Demotic Greek to six.
  • 039. The six tenses are the present, the past (the Greek imperfect), and the future (the Greek future continuous), and their perfect counterparts.
  • 040. Athonite verbs are divided into two classes, those in which the personal ending is not accented (I) and those in which the personal ending is accented (II).
  • 041. The endings on the verbs are changed to denote person and number.

The Active Voice - Τι Ενέργ Φων

  • 042. The active voice denotes that the agent is doing the action of the verb.
The Present Tense - Ο Ενεςτώτ
  • 043. In the present tense of Class I verbs, the accent remains on the stem of the verb. In the present tense of Class II verbs, the accent is on the endings.
Class I
Singular Plural
1st βλεπω, I see βλέπoμε, we see
2nd βλεπις, you see βλέπετε, you see
3rd βλεπι, he, she, it sees βλεπουν, they see
Class II
Singular Plural
1st αγαπώ, I love αγαπάμε, we love
2nd αγαπάς, you love αγαπάτε, you love
3rd αγαπά, he, she, it loves αγαπάν, they love
The Past Tense - Ο Παρατατίκ Χρων
  • 044. The past tense is formed by using endings different from the present and by placing the accent on the third syllable from the end.
  • 045. Class II verbs insert -άγ- between the stem and the ending.
  • 046. When there is no third syllable, the augment ε- is added.
Class I
Singular Plural
1st έβλεπα, I saw, was seeing βλέπαμε, we saw, were seeing
2nd έβλεπες, you saw, were seeing βλέπατε, you saw, were seeing
3rd έβλεπε, he, she, it saw, was seeing έβλεπαν, they saw, were seeing
Class II
Singular Plural
1st αγάπαγα, I loved, was loving αγαπάγαμε, we loved, were loving
2nd αγάπαγες, you loved, were loving αγαπάγατε, you loved, were loving
3rd αγάπαγε, he, she, it loved, was loving αγάπαγαν, they loved, were loving
The Future Tense - Ο Μελων Χρων
  • 047. The future tense is formed by putting the particle θα before the present tense.
Class I
Singular Plural
1st θa βλεπω, I see θa βλέπoμε, we see
2nd θa βλεπις, you see θa βλέπετε, you see
3rd θa βλεπι, he, she, it sees θa βλεπουν, they see
Class II
Singular Plural
1st θ' αγαπώ, I love θ' αγαπάμε, we love
2nd θ' αγαπάς, you love θ' αγαπάτε, you love
3rd θ' αγαπά, he, she, it loves θ' αγαπάν, they love
The Present Perfect Tense - Ο Παρακίμεν
  • 048. The perfect tenses are not used as frequently in Athonite as they are in English, the past tense usually being used.
  • 049. The present perfect tense is formed by the present tense of the auxiliary verb εχω, I have, and the passive participle.
  • 050. The present perfect tense is used to denote an event of the past which has a bearing on the present.
Singular Plural
1st εχω βλεπoμέν, I have seen έχoμe βλεπoμέν, we have seen
2nd εχις βλεπoμέν, you have seen έχετε βλεπoμέν, you have seen
3rd εχι βλεπoμέν, he, she, it has seen εχουν βλεπoμέν, they have seen
The Past Perfect Tense - Ο Ιπερςιντελικ
  • 051. The past perfect tense is more frequent than the present perfect. It is used to denote an event of the past which occurred before another event of the past.
  • 052. The past perfect tense is formed by the past tense of the auxiliary verb εχο and the passive participle.
Singular Plural
1st ιχα βλεπoμέν, I had seen ίχαμε βλεπoμέν, we had seen
2nd ιχεs βλεπoμέν, you had seen ίχατε βλεπoμέν, you had seen
3rd ιχε βλεπoμέν, he, she, it had seen ιχαν βλεπoμέν, they had seen
The Future Perfect Tense - Ο Σιντελεςμέν Μελων Χρων
  • 053. The future perfect tense is used to denote an event in the future which will have occurred before another event in the future.
  • 054. The future perfect tense is formed by the future tense of the auχiliary verb εχο and the passive participle.
Singular Plural
1st θa εχω βλεπoμέν, I shall have seen θa έχoμε βλεπoμέν, we shall have seen
2nd θa εχιs βλεπoμέν, you will have seen θa έχετε βλεπoμέν, you will have seen
3rd θa εχι βλεπoμέν, he, she, it will have seen θa εχoυν βλεπoμέν, they will have seen

The Progressive Tenses - Ι εξακολουθιτίκ Χρωνι

  • 055. The active participle is used with the appropriate tense of ιμε, I am, to form progressive tenses.
present
 past future present perfect past perfect future perfect
ιμε βλεποντ
I am seeing, etc. 		ιμουν βλεποντ
I was seeing, etc. 		θα ιμε βλεποντ
I will be seeing, etc. 		εχω ιμέν βλεποντ
I have been seeing, etc.' 		ιχα ιμέν βλεποντ
I had been seeing, etc. 		θα εχω ιμέν βλεποντ
I will have been seeing, etc.

The Passive Voice - Τι Παθιτίκ Φων

  • 056. The passive voice denotes that the agent is being acted upon.
  • 057. The many forms of the passive in Modern Greek have been abandoned in favor of periphrastic expressions using the verb ιμε, I am and the passive participle.
The Present Tense - Ο Ενεςτώτ
Singular Plural
1st ιμε βλεπoμέν, I am seen ίμαςτε βλεπoμέν, we are seen
2nd ιςε βλεπoμέν, you are seen ιςτε βλεπoμέν, you are seen
3rd ινε βλεπoμέν, he, she, it is seen ινε βλεπoμέν, they are seen
The Past Tense - Ο Παρατατίκ Χρων
Singular Plural
1st ιμουν βλεπoμέν, I was seen ίμαςτε βλεπoμέν, we were seen
2nd ιςουν βλεπoμέν, you were seen ίςαςτε βλεπoμέν, you were seen
3rd ιταν βλεπoμέν, he, she, it was seen ιταν βλεπoμέν, they were seen
The Future Tense - Ο Μελων Χρων
Singular Plural
1st θa ιμε βλεπoμέν, I shall be seen θa ίμαςτε βλεπoμέν, we shall be seen
2nd θa ιςε βλεπoμέν, you will be seen θa ιςτε βλεπoμέν, you will be seen
3rd θa ινε βλεπoμέν, he, she, it will be seen θa ινε βλεπoμέν, they will be seen
The Perfect Tenses - Ο Παρακίμεν
  • 058. The perfect tenses are formed by using the appropriate tense of εχω with the passive participle of ιμε.
present
 past future
εχω ιμέν βλεπoμέν
I have been seen, etc. 		ιχα ιμέν βλεπoμέν
I had been seen, etc. 		θα εχω ιμέν βλεπoμέν
I will have been seen, etc.

The Auxiliary Verbs - Το Βοϊθιτίκ Ρίματα

  • 059. The auxiliary verbs are two of the few remaining irregular verbs.
εχω, I have
Present Past Future
1st singular εχω, I have ιχα, I had θα εχω, I will have
2nd singular εχις, you have ιχες, you had θα εχις, you shall have
3rd singular εχι, he, she, it has ιχε, he, she, it had θα εχι, he, she, it shall have
1st plural έχομε, we have ίχαμε, we had θα έχομε, we will have
2nd plural έχετε, you have ίχατε, you had, θα έχετε, you shall have
3rd plural εχoυν, they have ιχαν, they had θα εχoυν, they shall have
ιμε, I am
Present Past Future
1st singular ιμε, I am, ιμουν, I was θα ιμε, I will be
2nd singular ιςε, you are ιςουν, you were θα ιςε, you shall be
3rd singular ινε, he, she, it is ιταν, he, she, it wαs θα ινε, he, she, it shall be
1st plural ίμαςτε, wε are ίμαςταν, we were θα ίμαςτε, we will be
2nd plural ιςτε, you are ίςαςτε, you were θα ιςτε, you shall be
3rd plural ινε, they are ιταν, they were θα ινε, they shall be

The Subjunctive Mood - Τι Ιποτακτίκ

  • 060. The subjunctive mood expresses an action or state which is hypothetical or anticipated rather than actual, including wishes.
  • 061. The subjunctive mood in Athonite is formed with the particle να.
Εφχω να βρεχι. I wish that it would rain.
Εφχω να έβρεχε. I wish that it had rained.
  • 062. Certain verbs commonly used only in the third person are followed by να.
πρεπι, it is necessary; αξιζι, it is worthwhile, etc.
Πρεπι να παω τωρ.
I must be going now.

The Imperative Mood - Τι προςτακτίκ

  • 063. The formation of the imperative is greatly simplified in Athonite consisting of only one form.
  • 064. To form the imperative, Class I verbs replace the -ω of the present with -ε for the singular and -(ε)τε for the plural. Class II verbs replace the -ώ of the present with -ά for the singular and -(α)τε for the plural.
Singular
 Plural
βλεπε, see βλεπ(ε)τε, see
αγαπά, love αγάπατε, love

The Infinitive - Το Απαρεμφατ

  • 065. The infinitive is a neutral form of the verb, that is, it does not express agent, tense or mood. It is treated as a noun and is accompanied by the neuter article το. As a verb it can govern an object.
It is formed by adding the suffix -ςι to the verb stem, e.g. βλεπο > βγεπςι.
In certain instances, the final consonant of the verb stem is modified, e.g., κοβω > κοψι.
  • 066. The infinitive also functions as a gerund.
Το τρεξι ινε καλ αςκις. Running is good exercise.

Negation - Άρνις

  • 067. Negation in the indicative mood is expressed by putting the negative particle δεν in front of the verb.
το πρoíν ιν' ετιμ, Breakfast is ready.
το πρoíν δeν ιν' ετιμ, Breakfast is not ready.
το μπαρ δεν ινε πλιρ, The bar is not full.
δεν παω, I'm not going.
  • 068. Negation in the subjunctive and imperative moods is expressed by putting the negative particle μι(ν) in front of the verb.
Εφχω να μιν έβρεχε. I wish that it had not rained.
μι τρεξε ι θα πεφτις. Don't run or you'll fall.

There Is/Are - βαρ/γιοκ

  • 069. Athonite has abandoned the conjugated verbs υπαρχεί and υπαρχούν in favor of the Turkish βαρ and its negative γιοκ.
Βαρ ανθ εν το τραπέζ.
There is a flower on the table.
Γιοκ ανθ εν το τραπέζ.
There is no flower on the table.
  • 70. A modified form of the Turkish is used for the past tense.
Βαρδ ανθ εν το τραπέζ.
There was a flower on the table.
Γιοκτ ανθ εν το τραπέζ.
There was no flower on the table.
  • 071. In reply to a βαρ or γιοκ question, the answer is always βαρ or γιοκ, never yes or no.
Βαρ μιλα εν το τραπέζ;
Are there apples on the table?
Βαρ, Yes, there are.
Γιοκ, No, there are not.
  • 072. βαρ and γιοκ may also used to express possession. The possessor is expressed with the possessive adjective.
Βαρ τρις μιλα μου; I have three apples.
Γιοκ αδέλφ τις ; She does not have a sister.

Deponent Verbs - Αποθετίκ Ρίματα

  • 073. The deponent verbs of Modern Greek have become regular verbs, e.g., έρχομε, I come, > ερχω.

The Use of ινε - Ι Χρις από το Ινε'

  • 074. When an adjective is used predicatively, the copula ινε is not used, e.g., το κιαν ςπιτ, the blue house; but το ςπιτ κιαν, the house is blue.

Questions - Ερώτιςις

  • 075. A question with an interrogative pronoun has the same word order as a regular sentence.
Π' ιςε; Who are you?
πιόν έβλεπας; Whom did you see?
ςε πιον μίλαγες; To whom were you talking?
  • 076. A yes-no question has the same word order as a regular sentence, but is followed by the interrogative particle μι.
Πας ςτο ςχολί. You are going to school.
Πας ςτο ςχολί μι; Are you going to school?
  • 077. A question with a tag has the same word order as a regular sentence, but is followed by the interrogative particle ντιμι.
αυτό ινε βιβλί, ντιμι; This is a book, isn't it?
ςι έγραφα τι επιςτόλ, ντιμι; You wrote the letter, didn't you?
ςι θα ερχις αβρι, ντιμι; You'll come tomorrow, won't you?

Adverbs - Επιρίματα

  • 078. Adverbs are words used to modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs.
  • 079. Adverbs can be formed from many adjectives by adding -α/-ά to the adjective.
το ιρεμ πεδ , the quiet child; τρεχε ιρεμα. Run quietly.
το αργ τρεν, the slow train; Προχώραγα αργά, He proceeded slowly.
  • 080 .The comparative and superlative of adverbs are formed in the same way as with adjectives.
εφκολ, easy; έφκολα, easily
πιο εφκολ, easier, easiest; πιο έφκολα, more/most easily


Athonite Grammar I

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