Proto-Uralic/E: Difference between revisions

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*e_a → Finnic ''*e_ä'', Samic ''*ea_é'', Mordvinic ''*i'', Permic ''*oo'', Mansi ''*ä'', Khanty ''*e'' (/''*ö'' next to a velar), Samoyedic ''*i''
==Std. PU *e_ə==
For *e_i, see comparision over at [[Proto-Uralic/new|*ê]].
 
Finnic ''*e_i'', Permic ''*oo'', Khanty ''*e''
{| cellpadding="0"|
{| cellpadding="0"|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme !! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! Mordv. !! Mari !! [[Permic]] !! Hung. !! Mansi !! Khanty !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Lexeme !! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *e_a
! colspan="10" | *ê_ə (S. ''*ɤ_ɤ'', Mo. ''*e'', Ms. ''*i'', Smy ''*e'' → Ng. /ɨ/, ''*i'' elsewhere)
| Old cases mostly open syllables
|-
|-
| "to liv"
| "to fear"
| *elä- || *ealé- || - || *əəle- || *ool- || eel- || *jäl- || *jeɬ- || *ilä-
| *pel-kä- || *pɤlɤ- || *peĺə- || - || *pool- || fee/iil- || *pil- || *peL- || *pej-
| Is ObU *j- original?
|-
| "blood"
| *veri || *vɤrɤ || *veŕ || ''*wü̆r'' <!--Hi @ ~ Me ü-->|| '''*vir''' || veer || *wiɣər || *wer || -
|-
| "water"
| *veci || - || *veď || ''*wü̆t'' || *voo<!--Komi *oo# > a--> || '''viiz'''<br/>~ '''vize-''' || *wit || - || *wet
| ← IE?!
|-
| "to go"
| *mene- || *mɤnɤ- || - || style="color:red"| '''*mije-''' || ''*munɨ-'' || ''mën-'' || *min- || *men- || *men-
| Ma. cf. Kar. '''mäne-'''
|-
| "to do"
| *teke- || *tɤkɤ- || Er. ťeje- || - || - || ''tëv-'' || *tij- || *tej- || -
| ← IE. Mk. '''ťijə-'''. Source for OU??
|-
| "lip"
| - || ''*pɤŋsɤm'' || - || - || - || - || CMs<br/>*piťem || *peLem || '''*päptän'''
| -ms- ?
|-
| "to take"
| *vee- || ''*vīkɤ-'' <!--*i/uxi > *í/úki is regular-->|| ''*vijə-'' || - || '''*vajɨ-''' || vë-, '''vi-''' || *wiɣ-/'''*wäj-''' || *we- || '''*ü-'''
| *ex > *ix in S/Mo?? H "take"/""carry"
|-
| "night"
| '''*öö''' || ''*ījɤ'' || ''*vej'' || - || *ooj || ee/iij || *jiɣ || *jej || -
| *ewjə, > FMo *üjə? Cf. *kowsə > Ms *kaɣt; *jäwjə > Kh *jeej
|-
| "owl"
| style="color:red"| '''*hüüp-''' || *ɤpɤkē || - || - || - || - || *jipəɣ || *jepəɣ || -
| Onomatopoetics in F.? Compatible with WU *je → *ji
|-
| "warm"
| E. eh'''a''' || NS <font color=red>'''áccagas''' || *ežə- || - || - || - || *iš- || - || -
|-
|-
| "to collect"
| "bee"
| *kerä- || - || - || - || *koor- || keer- || - || - || -
| *mehi- || - || *mekš || '''*mükš''' || *mooš || meex || - || - || -
| ← preII
|-
|-
| "skillful"
| "honey"
| *seppä || *čeappé || - || - || - || seep || - || - || -
| *meci || - || meď || ''*müj'' || *moo<!--Komi *oo# > a--> || meez || - || - || -
| ← preII. Ma. cf. Kh. *määɣ
|-
|-
| "ear"
| "skin"
| - || *pealjé || piĺe || *pəəlš || '''*peĺ''' || '''fül''' || *päĺ || *peɬ || -
| *keri || *kɤrɤ || keŕ || ''*kü̆r'' || *koor || kee/iirëg || '''*keer''' || '''*käär''' || -
| ObU *kEr. Cf. IE *(s)ker-
|-
|-
| "big, uncle"
| "skin"
| *enä || *eané || ińe || - || '''*uuna''' || - || *jänə || *enə || *inä
| *keci || *kɤtɤ || keď || - || - || - || - || - || *ket
| Cf. prev; also *käðʲə → P. *kiĺ, Ms. *kääĺən
|-
|-
| "back"
| "to must"
| *selkä || '''*čélké''' || - || *šəəle || - || - || - || - || -
| - || *kɤlkɤ- || keĺge- || Me. küle- ~<br/>Hi. '''kele-''' || *kool- || kell- || - || - || -
| Cf. IE. Check if not *i?
|-
|-
| "to shake"
| "to shake"
| - || - || - || style="color:red"| ''*rə/üze-'' || - || rësk || *räsɣ- || *reńť- || -
| - || - || - || style="color:red"| ''*rü̆ze-'' || U '''dźećɨra-''' || rësk || *risɣ- ~<br/>N '''rasɣ-''' || *reńć- || -
| better *e-ä?
|-
| "young tree, twig"
| - || - || - || '''*nörɣə''' || '''*ńɤr''' || ''ńiir'' || *ńir || *nér || -
| Smy. #nËrkə "willow" may not belong - or is this *ë?
|-
| "exchange"
| *vero || - || veŕe-nc || '''*werć-''' || U. vur || - || - || '''*weer''' || -
|-
| "run; go"
| - || ''*vēkɤ-'' || - || - || *vooɨ- || - || - || - || -
| *wexə-
|-
| "handle"
| - || *nɤvtɤ || - || - || ''*nud'' || - || - || - || -
| *-ŋt-. Check if not *i
|-
| "middle"
| *keski || *kɤskɤ || keska || - || *koos || - || - || - || -
|-
| "throat"
| NF *kero ~<br/>EVo *kõri || *kɤrɤs || - || - || *goor || - || - || - || -
| Cf. Ir. *gara "throat"; Toch kor < *gʷerw-
|-
| "elder"
| - || - || *čev-- || - || U. šu ~<br/>K. <span style="color:red">žo</span> || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to wash"
| *pese- || *pɤsɤ- || pezo- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE
|-
| "to stretch"
| *venü- || *vɤnɤ- || veńeme- || - || - || - || - || - || ''*wenä''<br/>"rope"
|-
| "boat"
| *veneh || *vɤnɤs || veńeš || - || - || - || - || - || -
| cf. "to stretch"
|-
| "to be in time"
| *ehti- || *ɤstɤ- || - || *ĭšte- || K. '''eštɨ-''' || - || - || - || -
| K. ← F?
|-
| "leaf"
| *lehti || *lɤstɤ || - || *lĭštäš || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE
|-
| "work"
| *töö || - || ťev || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *tewə; cf. *tekə-
|-
| "lime, bast"
| *lehmus || - || ĺevos || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "dove"
| F metti-- ~<br/>E <span style="color:red">meikas</span> || - || *mečə || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "pestle"
| *petkel || - || peťkeĺ || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "feather"
| *hewhen || *sɤvsɤm || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| NB difthong! Newer loan? -n ~ -m doesn't match
|-
| "to tear"
| *repe- || *rɤpɤ- || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "next"
| *enti || *ɤvtɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *-ŋt-
|-
| "berry"
| - || - || - || - || *mooĺɨ || mëɟɟ || - || *-məĹ || -
| preP → Ma *mooðə?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *e_ə (S. ''*ē_ɤ'', Mo. ''*i'', Smy. ''*i'' (some from *ä?)
| all old cases long or difthongal?
|-
| "to cook"
| - || - || *pijə- || - || K. pu- || (föö-) || '''*pääj-''' || - || *pi-
| *pexə-; cf. *pEsa- !
|-
| "matter"
| - || *sējɤ || sij || *šü || *śiś <!--U. śis ~ K. siś-->|| ''eev'' || style="color:red"| ''*säj'' || *ɬöj || *tiəj
|-
| "to sell"
| ''*möö-'' || *mēkɤ- || *mijə- || - || (*med) || - || *miɣ- || *me- || *mi-
| *mexə. P. "loan" may be ← II *mīžda
|-
| "to boil"
| *kee-, *kei- || *kī- || - || *küa- || - || köve- || - || - || -
<!--|-
| "to find"
| *lewtä- || - || - || - || - || leel || - || - || -
| Plain *e? Cf. "to hit" -->
|-
| "meat"
| - || - || *sivəĺ || ''*šĭl'' || *siĺ || - || - || - || -
| *sewə-lɜ?
|-
| "round"
| *kehkerä || - || style="color:red"| *kičkərə || ''*kĭškär'' || - || - || - || - ||
|compound *keččä-kerä??
|-
| "brother"
| *velji || *vēljɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Short! ← IE?
|-
| "clear"
| *selke- || *čēlkɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Liv. <font color="red">sieldɤ</font>. Cf. F. *selvä "ibid."
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *E_ə (as per *e_ə but Ms *ee, Kh *ii)
| generally coda glides, but note *Eði, *kEri
|-
| "mushroom"
| *seeni || '''*čānā''' || - || *šeen || U. śeńki|| - || style="color:green"| *šeenəɣ || '''*säänəɣ''' || -
| *śE(x)nə? Maybe better *ä? H. seen ~ sene- "coal, fire"
|-
| "to eat"
| ''*söö-'' || - || ''*śevə-'' || - || ''*śooj'' || ëv- || *tee-,<br/>'''*tääj-''' || *ɬii₂- || ''*ti-mä''
| Smy. "tooth". U. *oo₂ → i between palatals? Sibilant & medial mismatch!
|-
| "soul, breath, steam"
| *lewlü || *lēvlɤ || - || - || *lool || lee/iilëk<br/>~ lëlk- || '''#li/el''' || *ɬii₁L || -
| Wrt. S, cf. difthong
|-
| "soul"
| ''*iccek'' || ''*jēčɤ'' || *eś || *ĭške || K '''aćim''' || iis || '''*jis''' || *ii₁s || -
| *jEćə, F. *je → *i? Kh *je → *ii??
|-
| "night"
| - || - || - || '''*jü̆t''' || - || - || *(j)eet || '''*äät''', *ii₂tən || S #(ń)ütə
| Kh *ii₂ / #_ ? Cf. F. *ilta?!
|-
| "front"
| *eti || - || - || - || - || elöö || *eel || *ii₂L || ''*e/ir-''
| Kh *ii₂ / #_ ? Smy. "row"
|-
| "rope"
| - || - || ''*piks'' || - || - || fiu || - || *pii₁ɣəL || -
|-
| "smoke; fog"
| - || - || - || - || '''*čɨŋ''' || - ||style="color:green"| *šeeŋkʷ- || - ||
| Kh <span style="color:red">*čii₁ɣ "fog"</span> rather ~ S *cēkɤ (StUE4)
|-
| "(to) swear"
| *irvɜ- || *ɤrvɤ-<br/>"be happy" || - || - || *joo₂r-- || ''öröm''<br/>'joy' || *jeer- || - || -
| *jerwɜ-, F.& S. *je- → *(j)i-
|-
|-
| "blade"
| "edge"
| *terä || *tearé || - || ''*tə/ür'' || - || töör || - || - || -
| - || - || - || - || - || see/iil || *seel || *sii₁L || -
|-
|-
| "pine"
| "short; to cut"
| *petäkä || *peacé || piče || style="color:red"| ''*pə/ünće'' || *poožɯm || - || - || - || -
| - || - || - || - || - || rövid || - || Trj riiɣ- || -
|}
 
==Std. PU *e_ä==
Finnic *e_ä, Samic *ea_ē, Mordvinic *i_ɜ, Permic *oo, Samoyedic *e (not **i!)
{| cellpadding="0"|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme !! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *e_ä type 1: Ms *ä, Kh *e/*öɣ (in PMs CVCV stems?)
|-
|-
| "uncle"
| "ear"
| style="color:red"| *setä || style="color:red"| *čeacé || čiče || ''*čə/üčö''?<!--Hi. ə--> || *čoož || - || *šäša || - || '''*čêčä'''
| - || *pealjē || *piľə || ''*pĭləš'' || '''*peľ''' || '''fül''' || *päľ || *peL || -
| Sibilant assimilation west of F/S? K. also ćož
|-
|-
| "uncle"
| "uncle"
| - || *eaké || - || || || || *äkii || '''*iikii''' || Ne. ''ńeekka''?
| style="color:red"| *setä || style="color:red"| *čeacē || Er. čiče || ''*čü̆čə'' || *čoož || - || CMs *šäša || - || *čečä
| Sibilant assimilation east of F/S? K. also ćož
|-
|-
| "to love"
| "knife"
| - || *eaccé || - || - || - || - || - || *ješəɣ || -
| - || - || - || ''*kü̆źə'' || - || keeš || CMs *käšäj || '''*kööčəɣ''' || -
| Weak.
| or *kičɜ with H irreg.
|-
| "hook"
| - || SS ńieccie || - || - || - || - || *ńäš(ə?) || N *ńešə || -
| *ńeččä
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *e_ä type 2: similar except Ms *i (in PMs CVC stems?)
| more common than "regular" *ê_ä
|-
|-
| "ring"
| "ring"
| '''*kehä''' || *késɤ || style="color:red"| ('''či''') || *keče || *kɯč || keeɟ || style="color:green"| '''*kiš''' || *köč ||
| *kehä || '''*kēsɤ''' || style="color:red"| ('''či''') || '''*keče''' || '''*kɨč''' || style="color:red"| keeɟ || Tv '''küš''' ~<br/>CMs *kiš || *köč ||
| East *ê, West mostly *ä. Mo. "sun" may not belong
| *keččä. S, Ma *ä? Mo. "sun" may not belong
|-
|-
| "neck"
| "neck"
| *sepä || *čeapé || śive || '''*šüj''' || '''*śil''' || - || style="color:green"| '''*šip''' || '''*sääpəɬ''' || -
| *sepä || *čeapē || *śivɜ || ''*šüj'' || '''*śil''' || - || style="color:green"| CMs *šip || '''*sääpəL''' || -
| Ma. *-epV > *-ĭw > *-ü ??
|-
| "nest"
| *pesä || *peasē || *pizə || ''*pĭžäš'' || *pooz ||style="color:red"| fee/iisek || *pit || *peL || *petä
|-
| "catfish,<br/>burbot"
| '''*säkä''' || - || *śijɜ || ''*ši'' || - || - || style="color:green"| *šiɣ  || *seɣ  || -
| Ma. CV ⇒ *i
|-
| "to serch"
| - || - || - || ''*kĭčälä-'' || *kooč-k/j- || ? ''kereš-'' || *kinš- || *kenč- || -
| MaP *keččə- ~ OU *kenčə-?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | indistinct between *e₁_ä and *e₂_ä
|-
| "4"
| *neljä || *nealjē || *ńiľɜ || ''*nĭl'' || *ńooľ || nee/iiɟ || ''*ńilɜ'' ~<br/>''*n/ńäl-'' || *ńeLää || -
| Ms *ä in n/ńälmən "40" (*nelə-jä vs. *nelə-mon "40"?)
|-
| "to liv"
| *elä- || *ealē- || - || '''*ĭle-''' || *ool- || eel- || ''*jäl-'' || *jeL- || *elä-
| OUg both "visit", "recover". Ms > *i- > *jä-? Mo. '''*era-'''?
|-
| "big, uncle"
| *enä || *eanē || *ińɜ || - || '''*uuna''' || - || ''*jänəɣ'' || *enə || *enä
| Ms > *i > *jä-?
|-
| "uncle; father"
| - || *eakē || - || - || - || - || ''*jäɣ''<br/>CMs *äki || *jeɣ<br/>'''*ii₁kii''' || En ďiśi < *ekä
| StUE4. Ms > *i- > *jä-? Ne. ''ńeekka''?
|-
| "pine"
| *petäkä || *peacē || *pičə || style="color:red"| ''*pü̆nće'' || *poožɨm || - || - || - || *petä<br/>(> Ng.)
|-
| "to beg"
| *kerjät- || - || - || - || *koor- || keer- || - || - || -
| ~ F. *kerät- "to collect"
|-
|-
| "skillful"
| *seppä || *čeappē || - || - || - || seep || - || - || -
|-
| "dog"
| *penVj || ''*peanɤk'' || *pińə || ''*pij'' ~ '''*pŭni''' || *poon(ɨ)<!---ɯ in U.--> || (fene) || - || - || -
| Ma. *ɪ/əj > *ij? H. "wild" may not belong
|-
| "ring"
| *keccV || - || - || - || - || - || - || *kösə || -
| Cf. *kecrä
|-
| "brook"
| - || - || - || - || *šoo₁r || eer || - || - || -
|-
| "to get free"
| - || *meanō- || '''mäńe-''' || || K. '''mɨn-''' || ''ment-'' || - || - || Ne. mina-
| *mänə-w-? Also cf. *menə-
<!--|-
| "field"
| "field"
| *kenttä || - || - || - || '''*gid''' || - || - || - || -
| *kenttä || - || - || - || '''*gid''' || - || - || - || -
| Rather F. ← S. *kēntē-->
|-
|-
| "summer"
| "a fish"
| *kesä || *keasé || kiza || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *keso || L. kääčuk || - || - || K. '''gɨć''' || keseg || '''*kääsəŋ''' || '''*kosə''' || -
| ← IE?
| or F. < ''kesä''
|-
| "ring"
| *kesrä || *kearsé || style="color:red"| Er. *ščeŕe<br/>~ Mk. kšťiŕ || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE
|-
|-
| "fox"
| "white"
| *repä || *rép- || ŕiveś || '''*rəwəž''' || *ruć(i) || '''ravas''' || || ||
| - || *čeaskātɤ-<br/>*čeaskɤtē || - || - || K. <span style="color:red">ćoćkɤm</span> || - || - || - || -
| *sk ~ *ćk?
|-
|-
| "to hit"
| "to scrape"
| *peksä- || - || pikse- || - || '''*pös-''' || - || - || - || *pitV-
| - || *neaskē- || - || ''*nü̆žä-'' || - || - || - || - || -
| 2ndary length in F. ''pieksä-''
|-
|-
| ""
| ""
Line 77: Line 337:
| ""
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *ê_a & such (FSM per ''*ü'', Ma. ''*ü''?, Ms ''*i''; see also [[Proto-Uralic/Ü|*ü_a]])
|-
| "heart"
| *sütäm || *čɤðēm || *śeďəŋ || *šüm || U. śulem<br/>~ K. śɤlɤm || siiv(e-) || style="color:green"| *šim || *sem || '''*säjə'''
| perhaps *śewd₁äm?
|-
| "brother-in-law"
| *kütü || - || - || - || - || - || CMs *kil || '''*küüLi ?''' || -
| or ~ *kälü?
|-
| "to plow"
| *küntä- || - || - || *künče- || - || - || - || - || -
| F. could be a later derivation from *künčə
|-
| "tail"
| '''*häntä''' || S. câcka ~<br/>P. '''ciskes''' || - || - || - || - || *šiš || *čenč ~<br/>V. '''čönč''' || -
|-
|-
| ""
| ""
Line 98: Line 376:
| ""
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *E_a (Ms. ''*ee'', Kh. ''*ää'')
|-
| "to hit"
| *peksä- || - || *piksə- || - || '''*pös-''' || - || - || *pääɣəL- || *petV-
| 2ndary length in Fi. ''pieksä-''
|-
| "2"
| (''*kakti'') || (''*kōktē'') || (''kavta'') || (''kok'') || '''*kɨkt''' || keet || ''*kit'' || *käät || *ketä
| Ms. *i before a cluster? Kh also '''*kii₁tənti''' "both". FV *kakta
|-
| "price"
| - || - || - || - || *doon || - || CMs ''*tin'' || *tään,<br/>'''*tii₁n''' || -
| (no evidence for a cluster)
|-
| "duck"
| - || - || - || - || *goordaa || - || *kirtəɣ || N. kaartaŋ || -
| Ms. *i before a cluster?
|-
| "to dodge"
| - || '''*kɤrvē-''' || - || - || - || kerül- || E ker ~<br/>N ''kir-'' || *käärəɣ- || -
|
|-
| "to cook"
| - || '''*pɤsē-''' || - || - || *pɤɤž- || - || *peet- || *pääL- || -
| P also cf. F paah-ta- / OU *ponča-? Cf. *pexi-
|-
| "to separate"
| - || *peacē-<br/>(S only) || - || - || - || fesl- || *peešt- || V pääčii- ~<br/>Vj '''pečää--''' ||
|-
| "(to) thin"
| - || *keancē || - || - || - || keškëń || - || *käänć- || -
| Ms. *kAAnś- ← Kh.
|-
| "to miss"
| - || *meantē- || - || - || - || - || - || Vj. '''miintəɣtə-''' || -
| Or *men-tä-?? Cf. F. mene-ttä-
|-
| "to bind"
| - || - || - || - || - || ńeek- || *neeɣ- || "Kr" ''neewəj-'' || -
| Cf. Mong. *neke- "to weave"?
|-
| "room"
| - || - || - || - || - || teer (tere-) || - || E. täär,<br/> '''tiir''' || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | similar except Kh. *(j)ii₂- (initially?)
|-
|-
| ""
| "weather"
| || || || || || || || ||
| ''*ilma'' || ''*ɤlmē'' || - || - || U. '''in''' ~ K. jen || - || *jeeləm || ''*(j)ii₂Ləm'' || -
| FS *je > *(j)i?
|-
| "to press"
| - || - || *ičə-<br/>"knead" || *jĭše- || '''*ɨčkɨ-''' || - || - || W ''*iiš-'' || -
|-
| "to carve"
| - || - || *inzəďə- || - || - || - || *jeen(s)- || ''*(j)ii₂nL-'' || -
|-
| "clear day"
| - || *jealɤkkɤs || - || - || - || - || - || E ''*jiiL'' || '''*jälä'''
|-
| "(to) love"
| - || *eaccē- || - || - || - || - || - || ''*(j)ii₂čəɣ'' || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | IE loans etc.
|-
| "year"
| ''*ikä''<br/>"age" || ''*jɤkē'' || *ij(ə) || *i || - || style="color:brown"| eev || - || - || -
| ← IE *jegʷaa, FS *je > *ji? PreH *ewə rather than *eɣə? S *ɤkē "age" ← F.
|-
| "fox"
| *repä || *rēp- || Er. ŕiveś || ''*rĭwəž'' || '''*ruć(i)''' || '''ravas''' || || ||
| ← II, Ma. thru Hu. separately?
|-
| "blade, edge"
| *terä || *tearē || - || ''*tü̆r'' ||style="color:green"| *door || '''töör''' || - || - || -
| Cf. II *dʰārā. Also Ud. '''ter''' ~ '''tir''' "ax"
|-
| "tip"
| '''*kasa''' || *keačē || || || - || style="color:red"| hëɟ || - || - || -
| ← IE *h₂aḱ-. Probably *a, S. > *ea / _Ć? Distinct from F. "pile" (← Gmc)
|-
| "to be born"
| *süntü- || - || - || - || K. sod- || †edl- || - || - || -
| ← preIr *dzen- + *tä-
|-
| "side, rib"
| - || style="color:red"| *earttē || *irdɜ || '''*örðəž''' || style="color:green"| *oord- || - || - || - || -
| ← II *erdʰa-
|-
| "summer"
| *kesä || *keasē || *kizə || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE *h₁es-en/r-?
|-
| "human"
| *inhimi- || - || *inžə(j) || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE *ǵnh₁-V-, with *je > F. ji?
|-
| "alder"
| *leppä || *leapē || '''*ľepɜ''' || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← B; Mo. separately
|-
| "times"
| *'''kërta''' || *keartē || *kird'''a''' || Hi. -kerðə || || || || ||
| ← B. *kertā / II *kṛt-, later than Mo. -a > -ə?
|-
| "all, whole"
| - || - || *veśəj || - || '''*vååć''' || †ösve || - || - || '''#wAnsA'''
| at least Mo Hu ← II *wićwa-. U. also viś, vɨć
|-
| "man"
| - || - || *mirďɜ || - || *moort || - || - || - || -
| ← II *mṛt-
|-
|-
| ""
| "ring"
| || || || || || || || ||
| *kecrä || *kearsē || style="color:red"| Er. *ščeŕe<br/>~ Mk. kšťiŕ || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← preII *kētstra?
|-
|-
| ""
| "corn"
| || || || || || || || ||
| ''*jüvä'' || - || '''juv''' || - || U. ju ~ K. jɨki || - || - || - || -
| ← IE *jewa/*jowa (Avestan ''yava'' etc.), F *je > *ji?
|-
|-
| ""
| "grouse"
| || || || || || || || ||
| *tetri || - || - || - || *tooɜr<!-- K _tar_--> || - || - || - || -
| ← B. *tetVrV
|-
|-
| ""
| "far; woods"
| || || || || || || || ||
| *meccä || *meaččē || - || - || - || (<span style="color:red">''messe''</span>) || - || - || -
| ← B *medja-, H perhaps unrelated
|-
|-
| ""
| "ghost"
| || || || || || || || ||
| - || style="color:red"| ''*šeartɤ'' || - || *šĭrt || U. šurd- || ördög || - || - || -
| ~ Russian ''čert'', Iranian?
|-
|-
| ""
| "chin"
| || || || || || || || ||
| - || - || - || - || '''*aŋ''' || - || *eeɣən,<br/>Ko. '''iɣən''' || *ääɣəɳ || '''*aŋå'''
| ← Turk. *ēŋ, Smy via Oghur? (Chuv: ana). OU #eeɣän better ~ *jekən(ə)
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | Substrate loans (Mari ''*i''; note phonotax)
! colspan="10" | Substrate loans? (Mari ''*i''; note phonotax)
|-
|-
| "wheat"
| "wheat"
| *vehnä || - || viš || *wište || - || - || - || - || -
| *vehnä || - || *viš(ɜ) ||style="color:red"| *wiśte || - || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "cow ~ horse"
| "cow; horse"
| *lehmä || - || ĺišmä || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *lehmä || - || *ľišmə || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "rope"
| "rope"
| - || *reašmé || riśme || - || - || - || - || - || -
| - || *reašmē || *ŕiśmə || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Cf. B. *rišima "thred" (→ F. *rihma)
| Cf. II *raćmV; B. *rišima "thred" (→ F. *rihma)
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | Junk
! colspan="10" | TBS 1: Widespread
|-
| "us"
| *mek || || || || || || || ||
|-
| "you"
| *tek || #tīj || *ťiń || '''*tää''' || '''*ti''' || ti || - || - || '''#täŋ'''
|-
| "bundle; to plait"
| *kerä || - || *kiŕɜ || - || - || - || *keer- || *kiir- ||
| OU swapped with *kärə- 'to wrap'.
|-
|-
| "to prick"
| "to prick"
| - || *peaðé- || style="color:red"| Er. pele- || - || - || - || *piil- || *peeɬ- || -
| - || *peaðē- || style="color:red"| *päľə- || - || - || - || *peel- || *peeL- || -
| No regularity really
| No regularity really. E/ä? l/ð?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | TBS 2: FP/West only
|-
| "oar"
| '''*mëla''' || *mealē || *miľə || - || K. '''maľ'''? || - || - || - || -
| Looks newer per F. -a
|-
| "back"
| *selkä ~<br/>'''*sälkä''' || '''*čēlkē''' || - || '''*šĭle''' || - || - || - || - || -
| …*säälkä ??
|-
| "spring, summer"
| *kevät || - || - || '''*keŋəž''' ||style="color:brown"| *goož(em) || - || - || - || -
| P. metathesis or *ŋ-loss? Or ~ Kh *kaač "warm"
|-
| "dust; ash"
| F. pelmV- || - || - || - || U. peńm- ~<br/>K. pɤjim || - || - || - || -
| F → P? NB *ľ
|-
| "bare; good; clean"
| F. pelkkä || - || - || '''*pelkə''' || K. '''peľk''' || - || - || - || -
| Semantics bad. NB *ľ
|-
| "road"
| *tee || - || - || - || K '''tuj''',<br/>Jz '''tʉj''' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "ear of grain"
| '''*tähkä''' || - ||style="color:red"| *ťikšɜ || *tü̆ška || *too₂šk<br/>"beard" || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to feed"
| - || - || *ťiŕ'''a'''- || - || K. '''tɤrśɨ-''' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "drape"
| '''*vërho''' || - || '''#orčta''' || - || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | TBS 3: East only
|-
| "to narro"
| - || - || - || - || - || mere- || CMs *mär- || *mer- || -
| Check Kh, O /ä/
|-
| "to darken"
| - || - || - || - || - || šetët || *šät-- || W četimə- ||
|-
| "to sink"
| - || - || - || - || - || †šeped- ||style="color:green"| šeep- || - || -
|-
| "root"
| - || - || - || - || - || ɟökeer || T jükäär ~<br>*jeekʷar || - || -
| better *ü??
|-
| "kidney; penis" (?!)
| - || - || - || - || - || veše || *wäćəɣ || - || -
| bad; medial mismatch
|-
| "limb"
| - || - || - || - || - || iiz || - || *jöt || -
| alt etym for H: *jäsə-
|-
|-
| "warm"
| "(to) work"
| - || - || - || - || *rög || reeg, rög || *räɣ || *reɣ || -
| - || - || - || - || - || müü(ve-) || - || - || *mäj-
|-
|-
| "face"
| "face"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || - || *weenč || Sk. wandV
| - || - || - || - || - || - || - || *weenč || Sk. wandV
|-
|-
| "thin"
| "to dress"
| - || - || - || - || *vek- || veek- || - || - || -
| - || - || - || - || - || mez(í)telen || *mäš- || - || -
| ES *mācVkV 'coat' probs not here
|-
| "deep"
| - || - || - || - || - || mee/il || *mil || *me₁L || -
|-
| "to tear"
| - || - || - || - || - || mëńül-/ít- || *mänəmt- || WKh *meenəm-,<br/>*men-čii- || -
| better *i?
|-
| "to press"
| - || - || - || - || - || mered- || *mär- || *merəm || -
|-
| "to laugh"
| - || - || - || - || - || †mevet- || *mäwint-,<br/>*mäwäl- || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | TBS 4: Ma~P, P~H
|-
| "color; dawn"
| - || - || - || *rü̆m(b)älɣə || *romɨt || - || - || - || -
|-
| "good"
| - || - || - || Hi. rəž || U. dźeć || - || - || - || -
| perhaps *riććä?
|-
| "moss"
| - || - || - || '''*reɣeńćə''' || *roojɨ || - || - || - || -
|-
| "alder"
| - || - || - || *lööl || *lool || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to measure"
| - || - || - || - || U. mertal- ~<br/>K. *moortal- || mee/iir- || - || - || -
|-
| "breast"
| - || - || - || #mer- || *moores || - || - || - || -
|-
| "wool ~ ram"
| - || - || -  || mi/ež || K. mež || - || - || - || -
|-
| "thick; more"
| - || - || - || - || *too₁p(ɨt) ||style="color:red"| '''több''' || - || - || -
| H. haplology *töpöbb > több?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | TBS 5
|-
| "light"
| *kep-edä || *keappē || - || - || U. '''kapći''' || keveeš || - || - || '''*käjpɜ'''
|-
| "warm"
| - || - || - || - || *rög || reeg, rög || *riɣ ~<br>N reeɣ || *reɣ || -
| *-ŋ- ~ *-ɣ-?
|-
| "grey"
| - || - || - || - ||style="color:green"| '''*dźåår''' || sir,<br/>sürke || CMs *šir || - || -
| Cf. Mong. *sira "yellow"?!
|-
| "wet"
| - || - || - || - || ''*uuľ'' || - || CMs *iľ || - || -
| Ma. iľe ← U. Or Ms other (cf. StarLing)
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| "perch"
| - || - || - || - || *joo(kɨ)š || - || - || *jööɣ || Ne. ńiix-
|-
| "to dance"
| - || - || - || - || U ektɨ- ~<br/>K jɤktɨ- || - || style="color:red"| *jeekʷ- || '''*jœœk-''' || -
|-
| "to err"
| - || - || - || - || - || teeved- || CMs *tip- || *tep- || -
|-
| "deer"
| F. teva || - || - || - || - || teheen || - || - || #täə
|-
| "full, to fill"
| - || - || - || '''*temə''',<br/>'''*teme-''',<br/>'''*tema-''' || - || †tëm, temet- || - || - || -
|-
| "to stick in"
| NF *työ-ntä- || - || - || - ||style="color:brown"| *too₂j- || töv-- || '''*täɣ-''' ||style="color:red"| *töökən- || -
| Medials messy, F. cf. "work"
|-
| "breath; heat"
| *heŋki || - || - || - || - || - || - || *čeŋk || -
| Ms <span style="color:red">'''#sääNk'''</span> "hot weather" doesn't fit, U. '''džog''' < *r-.
|-
| "to run; to hurry"
| - || - || Er. čije- || - || - || šiet- || - || - || -
|-
| "to refine; flour"
| *lese- || - || - || - || - || list || - || - || -
|-
| "to sow"
| - || - || *viďə- || *wüðe- || - || ve(e)t- || - || - || -
|-
| "grouse"
| <span style="color:red">*mecco</span>,<br/>'''*mëttVs''' || T. <span style="color:red">piecce</span> || - || - || - || - || *mänšəm || - || -
| Bad. F better ← *meccä 'forest'
|-
| "we"
| *me(k) || *mī || *miń || *me || *mi || mi || *mäŋ<br/>du. meeN || meŋ<br/>du. miin || '''*mä-'''
|-
| "to tear"
| *repi- || *rɤpɤ- || - || - || - || *reped- || *reep- || - || -
| *p / *pp?
|-
| "to flap"
| *räppä- || - || - || - || - || *rëpít-/ül- || *reep-<br/>"shake" || Vj reepää-<br/>~ N raaw-<br/>"blink" || -
|-
| "to glue"
| - || - || - || - || - || '''ragad-''' || - || '''*rööŋk-''' || -
| better *ä or smth
|-
| "to step; wade"
| - || - || - || - || - || '''ruug-''' || - || '''*röŋkää-''' || -
|-
| "to be"
| *lee- || *lea- || (*ľävks<br/>"young") || *liä- || *loo- || *lë- || - || - || -
| *lejə-?
|-
| "hard wood (for skis)"
| '''*lülü''' || - || - || - || K. lol || - || - || *ɬeL || -
| *e-ü > F *ü-ü??
|-
| "soft"
| CF *leina || - || - || - || K lɤń || - || *liń || style="color:green"| *ɭeeń || -
|-
| "under"
| - || - || - || Hi. lə- || - || lë || - || - || -
| or *li
|-
| "very"
| - || - || - || *lĭŋ || - || -leg || - || - || -
|-
| "butterfly"
| E '''*liippo-''' || W *lɤplV- || - || *lĭpə || - || lepke || *läpäk || style="color:green"| *ɭepAntaaj ||
|-
| "leaf"
| *lepeh || - || - || - || - || leveel ||style="color:red"| '''*luupta''' || style="color:green"| '''*ɭɯɯpət''' || -
|-
| "dense; narrow"
| - || - || - || - || U. ľukɨt || - || N. ľakʷ || *ɬ´ök || -
| NB *ľ-
|-
| "cradle; to lull"
| Fi liesku || - || - || *lüške || U. lećkal- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "lime; bast"
| '''*lëhmus''' || - || *ľevəš ||style="color:red"| *nĭmeštə || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to shine"
| E *čilketta- || - || *ćiľďər- || '''ćo/ɤlɣɤža-''' || U ćiľ/lal- ~<br/>K. dźuljal- || ''čillog-'' || CMs '''*śulɣ-''' || N *ćuulpəɣ- ||
| better something like *o
|-
| "small bird"
| E čiučoi || - || - || - || - || - || *ćäŋći || *će₂ćkə || #sinsakV
| probs onomatopoetic
|-
| "finger / knuckle"
| - || - || - || - || U. ćińɨ<br/>~ K. ćuń || čüd, čüg || - || '''*ćoŋən''' || -
|-
| "roe"
| - || - || - || #mürtńə || - || - || *määrnä || *määrən || -
| probably ≠ F-S #mätäHnä
|-
| "wing, upper arm"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || *märkä || *me₁rəŋk || Ne. ''maŕ''(jebsu)
| perhaps *i (Smy *ə̈?)
|-
| "midge"
| - || SS namek  || - || - || U. nɨmɨ ~<br/>K. *noom || - || - || - || (*ńImärəj)
| Smy. deriv. from *ńimə- 'to suck'? (+ #woj 'animal' ??)
|-
| "path"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || - || *ńiiL ~<br/>S ńiiɣət ~<br/>ńääɣət || Ne. ńeda,<br/>Km. <span style="color:red">nərmi</span>
| Bad
|-
| "calf"
| - || *ńāplō || - || - || - || - || - || - || Ne. ńāplūj
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | Rejectable
|-
| "to rub antlers against a tree"
| - || *čɤlɤ- || - || - || - || - || - || - || Ne. śelə-
| Ne. better ← *sälä- < *śälä- 'to rub' (AASmy2)
|-
| "mild; warm"
| Fi lenseä || - || - || - || - || - || - || Vj '''<span style="color:green">ɭɯɯsək</span>''' ||
| Bad. Fi better = leppeä × penseä
|-
| "to cut"
| *lëikka- || - || - || - || - || leek || - || - || Ne. ľekā-
| Bad; F ← Gmc
|-
| "to find"
| *lewtä- || - || - || - || - || lel- || - || - || -
| rather F ← Gmc
 
|}
|}

Latest revision as of 09:58, 3 March 2018

Std. PU *e_ə

Finnic *e_i, Permic *oo, Khanty *e

Lexeme Finnic Samic Mordv. Mari Permic Hung. Mansi Khanty Samoy. Comments
*ê_ə (S. *ɤ_ɤ, Mo. *e, Ms. *i, Smy *e → Ng. /ɨ/, *i elsewhere) Old cases mostly open syllables
"to fear" *pel-kä- *pɤlɤ- *peĺə- - *pool- fee/iil- *pil- *peL- *pej-
"blood" *veri *vɤrɤ *veŕ *wü̆r *vir veer *wiɣər *wer -
"water" *veci - *veď *wü̆t *voo viiz
~ vize-		 *wit - *wet ← IE?!
"to go" *mene- *mɤnɤ- - *mije- *munɨ- mën- *min- *men- *men- Ma. cf. Kar. mäne-
"to do" *teke- *tɤkɤ- Er. ťeje- - - tëv- *tij- *tej- - ← IE. Mk. ťijə-. Source for OU??
"lip" - *pɤŋsɤm - - - - CMs
*piťem		 *peLem *päptän -ms- ?
"to take" *vee- *vīkɤ- *vijə- - *vajɨ- vë-, vi- *wiɣ-/*wäj- *we- *ü- *ex > *ix in S/Mo?? H "take"/""carry"
"night" *öö *ījɤ *vej - *ooj ee/iij *jiɣ *jej - *ewjə, > FMo *üjə? Cf. *kowsə > Ms *kaɣt; *jäwjə > Kh *jeej
"owl" *hüüp- *ɤpɤkē - - - - *jipəɣ *jepəɣ - Onomatopoetics in F.? Compatible with WU *je → *ji
"warm" E. eha NS áccagas *ežə- - - - *iš- - -
"bee" *mehi- - *mekš *mükš *mooš meex - - - ← preII
"honey" *meci - meď *müj *moo meez - - - ← preII. Ma. cf. Kh. *määɣ
"skin" *keri *kɤrɤ keŕ *kü̆r *koor kee/iirëg *keer *käär - ObU *kEr. Cf. IE *(s)ker-
"skin" *keci *kɤtɤ keď - - - - - *ket Cf. prev; also *käðʲə → P. *kiĺ, Ms. *kääĺən
"to must" - *kɤlkɤ- keĺge- Me. küle- ~
Hi. kele-		 *kool- kell- - - - Cf. IE. Check if not *i?
"to shake" - - - *rü̆ze- U dźećɨra- rësk *risɣ- ~
N rasɣ-		 *reńć- - better *e-ä?
"young tree, twig" - - - *nörɣə *ńɤr ńiir *ńir *nér - Smy. #nËrkə "willow" may not belong - or is this *ë?
"exchange" *vero - veŕe-nc *werć- U. vur - - *weer -
"run; go" - *vēkɤ- - - *vooɨ- - - - - *wexə-
"handle" - *nɤvtɤ - - *nud - - - - *-ŋt-. Check if not *i
"middle" *keski *kɤskɤ keska - *koos - - - -
"throat" NF *kero ~
EVo *kõri		 *kɤrɤs - - *goor - - - - Cf. Ir. *gara "throat"; Toch kor < *gʷerw-
"elder" - - *čev-- - U. šu ~
K. žo		 - - - - -
"to wash" *pese- *pɤsɤ- pezo- - - - - - - ← IE
"to stretch" *venü- *vɤnɤ- veńeme- - - - - - *wenä
"rope"
"boat" *veneh *vɤnɤs veńeš - - - - - - cf. "to stretch"
"to be in time" *ehti- *ɤstɤ- - *ĭšte- K. eštɨ- - - - - K. ← F?
"leaf" *lehti *lɤstɤ - *lĭštäš - - - - - ← IE
"work" *töö - ťev - - - - - - *tewə; cf. *tekə-
"lime, bast" *lehmus - ĺevos - - - - - -
"dove" F metti-- ~
E meikas		 - *mečə - - - - - -
"pestle" *petkel - peťkeĺ - - - - - -
"feather" *hewhen *sɤvsɤm - - - - - - - NB difthong! Newer loan? -n ~ -m doesn't match
"to tear" *repe- *rɤpɤ- - - - - - - -
"next" *enti *ɤvtɤ - - - - - - - *-ŋt-
"berry" - - - - *mooĺɨ mëɟɟ - *-məĹ - preP → Ma *mooðə?
*e_ə (S. *ē_ɤ, Mo. *i, Smy. *i (some from *ä?) all old cases long or difthongal?
"to cook" - - *pijə- - K. pu- (föö-) *pääj- - *pi- *pexə-; cf. *pEsa- !
"matter" - *sējɤ sij *šü *śiś eev *säj *ɬöj *tiəj
"to sell" *möö- *mēkɤ- *mijə- - (*med) - *miɣ- *me- *mi- *mexə. P. "loan" may be ← II *mīžda
"to boil" *kee-, *kei- *kī- - *küa- - köve- - - -
"meat" - - *sivəĺ *šĭl *siĺ - - - - *sewə-lɜ?
"round" *kehkerä - *kičkərə *kĭškär - - - - compound *keččä-kerä??
"brother" *velji *vēljɤ - - - - - - - Short! ← IE?
"clear" *selke- *čēlkɤ - - - - - - - Liv. sieldɤ. Cf. F. *selvä "ibid."
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*E_ə (as per *e_ə but Ms *ee, Kh *ii) generally coda glides, but note *Eði, *kEri
"mushroom" *seeni *čānā - *šeen U. śeńki - *šeenəɣ *säänəɣ - *śE(x)nə? Maybe better *ä? H. seen ~ sene- "coal, fire"
"to eat" *söö- - *śevə- - *śooj ëv- *tee-,
*tääj-		 *ɬii₂- *ti-mä Smy. "tooth". U. *oo₂ → i between palatals? Sibilant & medial mismatch!
"soul, breath, steam" *lewlü *lēvlɤ - - *lool lee/iilëk
~ lëlk-		 #li/el *ɬii₁L - Wrt. S, cf. difthong
"soul" *iccek *jēčɤ *eś *ĭške K aćim iis *jis *ii₁s - *jEćə, F. *je → *i? Kh *je → *ii??
"night" - - - *jü̆t - - *(j)eet *äät, *ii₂tən S #(ń)ütə Kh *ii₂ / #_ ? Cf. F. *ilta?!
"front" *eti - - - - elöö *eel *ii₂L *e/ir- Kh *ii₂ / #_ ? Smy. "row"
"rope" - - *piks - - fiu - *pii₁ɣəL -
"smoke; fog" - - - - *čɨŋ - *šeeŋkʷ- - Kh *čii₁ɣ "fog" rather ~ S *cēkɤ (StUE4)
"(to) swear" *irvɜ- *ɤrvɤ-
"be happy"		 - - *joo₂r-- öröm
'joy'		 *jeer- - - *jerwɜ-, F.& S. *je- → *(j)i-
"edge" - - - - - see/iil *seel *sii₁L -
"short; to cut" - - - - - rövid - Trj riiɣ- -

Std. PU *e_ä

Finnic *e_ä, Samic *ea_ē, Mordvinic *i_ɜ, Permic *oo, Samoyedic *e (not **i!)

Lexeme Finnic Samic Mordv. Mari Permic Hung. Mansi Khanty Samoy. Comments
*e_ä type 1: Ms *ä, Kh *e/*öɣ (in PMs CVCV stems?)
"ear" - *pealjē *piľə *pĭləš *peľ fül *päľ *peL -
"uncle" *setä *čeacē Er. čiče *čü̆čə *čoož - CMs *šäša - *čečä Sibilant assimilation east of F/S? K. also ćož
"knife" - - - *kü̆źə - keeš CMs *käšäj *kööčəɣ - or *kičɜ with H irreg.
"hook" - SS ńieccie - - - - *ńäš(ə?) N *ńešə - *ńeččä
*e_ä type 2: similar except Ms *i (in PMs CVC stems?) more common than "regular" *ê_ä
"ring" *kehä *kēsɤ (či) *keče *kɨč keeɟ Tv küš ~
CMs *kiš		 *köč *keččä. S, Ma *ä? Mo. "sun" may not belong
"neck" *sepä *čeapē *śivɜ *šüj *śil - CMs *šip *sääpəL - Ma. *-epV > *-ĭw > *-ü ??
"nest" *pesä *peasē *pizə *pĭžäš *pooz fee/iisek *pit *peL *petä
"catfish,
burbot" 		*säkä - *śijɜ *ši - - *šiɣ *seɣ - Ma. CV ⇒ *i
"to serch" - - - *kĭčälä- *kooč-k/j- ? kereš- *kinš- *kenč- - MaP *keččə- ~ OU *kenčə-?
indistinct between *e₁_ä and *e₂_ä
"4" *neljä *nealjē *ńiľɜ *nĭl *ńooľ nee/iiɟ *ńilɜ ~
*n/ńäl-		 *ńeLää - Ms *ä in n/ńälmən "40" (*nelə-jä vs. *nelə-mon "40"?)
"to liv" *elä- *ealē- - *ĭle- *ool- eel- *jäl- *jeL- *elä- OUg both "visit", "recover". Ms > *i- > *jä-? Mo. *era-?
"big, uncle" *enä *eanē *ińɜ - *uuna - *jänəɣ *enə *enä Ms > *i > *jä-?
"uncle; father" - *eakē - - - - *jäɣ
CMs *äki		 *jeɣ
*ii₁kii		 En ďiśi < *ekä StUE4. Ms > *i- > *jä-? Ne. ńeekka?
"pine" *petäkä *peacē *pičə *pü̆nće *poožɨm - - - *petä
(> Ng.)
"to beg" *kerjät- - - - *koor- keer- - - - ~ F. *kerät- "to collect"
"skillful" *seppä *čeappē - - - seep - - -
"dog" *penVj *peanɤk *pińə *pij ~ *pŭni *poon(ɨ) (fene) - - - Ma. *ɪ/əj > *ij? H. "wild" may not belong
"ring" *keccV - - - - - - *kösə - Cf. *kecrä
"brook" - - - - *šoo₁r eer - - -
"to get free" - *meanō- mäńe- K. mɨn- ment- - - Ne. mina- *mänə-w-? Also cf. *menə-
"a fish" *keso L. kääčuk - - K. gɨć keseg *kääsəŋ *kosə - or F. < kesä
"white" - *čeaskātɤ-
*čeaskɤtē		 - - K. ćoćkɤm - - - - *sk ~ *ćk?
"to scrape" - *neaskē- - *nü̆žä- - - - - -
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*ê_a & such (FSM per *ü, Ma. *ü?, Ms *i; see also *ü_a)
"heart" *sütäm *čɤðēm *śeďəŋ *šüm U. śulem
~ K. śɤlɤm		 siiv(e-) *šim *sem *säjə perhaps *śewd₁äm?
"brother-in-law" *kütü - - - - - CMs *kil *küüLi ? - or ~ *kälü?
"to plow" *küntä- - - *künče- - - - - - F. could be a later derivation from *künčə
"tail" *häntä S. câcka ~
P. ciskes		 - - - - *šiš *čenč ~
V. čönč		 -
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*E_a (Ms. *ee, Kh. *ää)
"to hit" *peksä- - *piksə- - *pös- - - *pääɣəL- *petV- 2ndary length in Fi. pieksä-
"2" (*kakti) (*kōktē) (kavta) (kok) *kɨkt keet *kit *käät *ketä Ms. *i before a cluster? Kh also *kii₁tənti "both". FV *kakta
"price" - - - - *doon - CMs *tin *tään,
*tii₁n		 - (no evidence for a cluster)
"duck" - - - - *goordaa - *kirtəɣ N. kaartaŋ - Ms. *i before a cluster?
"to dodge" - *kɤrvē- - - - kerül- E ker ~
N kir-		 *käärəɣ- -
"to cook" - *pɤsē- - - *pɤɤž- - *peet- *pääL- - P also cf. F paah-ta- / OU *ponča-? Cf. *pexi-
"to separate" - *peacē-
(S only)		 - - - fesl- *peešt- V pääčii- ~
Vj pečää--
"(to) thin" - *keancē - - - keškëń - *käänć- - Ms. *kAAnś- ← Kh.
"to miss" - *meantē- - - - - - Vj. miintəɣtə- - Or *men-tä-?? Cf. F. mene-ttä-
"to bind" - - - - - ńeek- *neeɣ- "Kr" neewəj- - Cf. Mong. *neke- "to weave"?
"room" - - - - - teer (tere-) - E. täär,
tiir		 -
similar except Kh. *(j)ii₂- (initially?)
"weather" *ilma *ɤlmē - - U. in ~ K. jen - *jeeləm *(j)ii₂Ləm - FS *je > *(j)i?
"to press" - - *ičə-
"knead"		 *jĭše- *ɨčkɨ- - - W *iiš- -
"to carve" - - *inzəďə- - - - *jeen(s)- *(j)ii₂nL- -
"clear day" - *jealɤkkɤs - - - - - E *jiiL *jälä
"(to) love" - *eaccē- - - - - - *(j)ii₂čəɣ -
IE loans etc.
"year" *ikä
"age"		 *jɤkē *ij(ə) *i - eev - - - ← IE *jegʷaa, FS *je > *ji? PreH *ewə rather than *eɣə? S *ɤkē "age" ← F.
"fox" *repä *rēp- Er. ŕiveś *rĭwəž *ruć(i) ravas ← II, Ma. thru Hu. separately?
"blade, edge" *terä *tearē - *tü̆r *door töör - - - Cf. II *dʰārā. Also Ud. ter ~ tir "ax"
"tip" *kasa *keačē - hëɟ - - - ← IE *h₂aḱ-. Probably *a, S. > *ea / _Ć? Distinct from F. "pile" (← Gmc)
"to be born" *süntü- - - - K. sod- †edl- - - - ← preIr *dzen- + *tä-
"side, rib" - *earttē *irdɜ *örðəž *oord- - - - - ← II *erdʰa-
"summer" *kesä *keasē *kizə - - - - - - ← IE *h₁es-en/r-?
"human" *inhimi- - *inžə(j) - - - - - - ← IE *ǵnh₁-V-, with *je > F. ji?
"alder" *leppä *leapē *ľepɜ - - - - - - ← B; Mo. separately
"times" *kërta *keartē *kirda Hi. -kerðə ← B. *kertā / II *kṛt-, later than Mo. -a > -ə?
"all, whole" - - *veśəj - *vååć †ösve - - #wAnsA at least Mo Hu ← II *wićwa-. U. also viś, vɨć
"man" - - *mirďɜ - *moort - - - - ← II *mṛt-
"ring" *kecrä *kearsē Er. *ščeŕe
~ Mk. kšťiŕ		 - - - - - - ← preII *kētstra?
"corn" *jüvä - juv - U. ju ~ K. jɨki - - - - ← IE *jewa/*jowa (Avestan yava etc.), F *je > *ji?
"grouse" *tetri - - - *tooɜr - - - - ← B. *tetVrV
"far; woods" *meccä *meaččē - - - (messe) - - - ← B *medja-, H perhaps unrelated
"ghost" - *šeartɤ - *šĭrt U. šurd- ördög - - - ~ Russian čert, Iranian?
"chin" - - - - *aŋ - *eeɣən,
Ko. iɣən		 *ääɣəɳ *aŋå ← Turk. *ēŋ, Smy via Oghur? (Chuv: ana). OU #eeɣän better ~ *jekən(ə)
Substrate loans? (Mari *i; note phonotax)
"wheat" *vehnä - *viš(ɜ) *wiśte - - - - -
"cow; horse" *lehmä - *ľišmə - - - - - -
"rope" - *reašmē *ŕiśmə - - - - - - Cf. II *raćmV; B. *rišima "thred" (→ F. *rihma)
TBS 1: Widespread
"us" *mek
"you" *tek #tīj *ťiń *tää *ti ti - - #täŋ
"bundle; to plait" *kerä - *kiŕɜ - - - *keer- *kiir- OU swapped with *kärə- 'to wrap'.
"to prick" - *peaðē- *päľə- - - - *peel- *peeL- - No regularity really. E/ä? l/ð?
TBS 2: FP/West only
"oar" *mëla *mealē *miľə - K. maľ? - - - - Looks newer per F. -a
"back" *selkä ~
*sälkä		 *čēlkē - *šĭle - - - - - …*säälkä ??
"spring, summer" *kevät - - *keŋəž *goož(em) - - - - P. metathesis or *ŋ-loss? Or ~ Kh *kaač "warm"
"dust; ash" F. pelmV- - - - U. peńm- ~
K. pɤjim		 - - - - F → P? NB *ľ
"bare; good; clean" F. pelkkä - - *pelkə K. peľk - - - - Semantics bad. NB *ľ
"road" *tee - - - K tuj,
Jz tʉj		 - - - -
"ear of grain" *tähkä - *ťikšɜ *tü̆ška *too₂šk
"beard"		 - - - -
"to feed" - - *ťiŕa- - K. tɤrśɨ- - - - -
"drape" *vërho - #orčta - - - - - -
TBS 3: East only
"to narro" - - - - - mere- CMs *mär- *mer- - Check Kh, O /ä/
"to darken" - - - - - šetët *šät-- W četimə-
"to sink" - - - - - †šeped- šeep- - -
"root" - - - - - ɟökeer T jükäär ~
*jeekʷar		 - - better *ü??
"kidney; penis" (?!) - - - - - veše *wäćəɣ - - bad; medial mismatch
"limb" - - - - - iiz - *jöt - alt etym for H: *jäsə-
"(to) work" - - - - - müü(ve-) - - *mäj-
"face" - - - - - - - *weenč Sk. wandV
"to dress" - - - - - mez(í)telen *mäš- - - ES *mācVkV 'coat' probs not here
"deep" - - - - - mee/il *mil *me₁L -
"to tear" - - - - - mëńül-/ít- *mänəmt- WKh *meenəm-,
*men-čii-		 - better *i?
"to press" - - - - - mered- *mär- *merəm -
"to laugh" - - - - - †mevet- *mäwint-,
*mäwäl-		 - -
TBS 4: Ma~P, P~H
"color; dawn" - - - *rü̆m(b)älɣə *romɨt - - - -
"good" - - - Hi. rəž U. dźeć - - - - perhaps *riććä?
"moss" - - - *reɣeńćə *roojɨ - - - -
"alder" - - - *lööl *lool - - - -
"to measure" - - - - U. mertal- ~
K. *moortal-		 mee/iir- - - -
"breast" - - - #mer- *moores - - - -
"wool ~ ram" - - - mi/ež K. mež - - - -
"thick; more" - - - - *too₁p(ɨt) több - - - H. haplology *töpöbb > több?
TBS 5
"light" *kep-edä *keappē - - U. kapći keveeš - - *käjpɜ
"warm" - - - - *rög reeg, rög *riɣ ~
N reeɣ		 *reɣ - *-ŋ- ~ *-ɣ-?
"grey" - - - - *dźåår sir,
sürke		 CMs *šir - - Cf. Mong. *sira "yellow"?!
"wet" - - - - *uuľ - CMs *iľ - - Ma. iľe ← U. Or Ms other (cf. StarLing)
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"perch" - - - - *joo(kɨ)š - - *jööɣ Ne. ńiix-
"to dance" - - - - U ektɨ- ~
K jɤktɨ-		 - *jeekʷ- *jœœk- -
"to err" - - - - - teeved- CMs *tip- *tep- -
"deer" F. teva - - - - teheen - - #täə
"full, to fill" - - - *temə,
*teme-,
*tema-		 - †tëm, temet- - - -
"to stick in" NF *työ-ntä- - - - *too₂j- töv-- *täɣ- *töökən- - Medials messy, F. cf. "work"
"breath; heat" *heŋki - - - - - - *čeŋk - Ms #sääNk "hot weather" doesn't fit, U. džog < *r-.
"to run; to hurry" - - Er. čije- - - šiet- - - -
"to refine; flour" *lese- - - - - list - - -
"to sow" - - *viďə- *wüðe- - ve(e)t- - - -
"grouse" *mecco,
*mëttVs		 T. piecce - - - - *mänšəm - - Bad. F better ← *meccä 'forest'
"we" *me(k) *mī *miń *me *mi mi *mäŋ
du. meeN		 meŋ
du. miin		 *mä-
"to tear" *repi- *rɤpɤ- - - - *reped- *reep- - - *p / *pp?
"to flap" *räppä- - - - - *rëpít-/ül- *reep-
"shake"		 Vj reepää-
~ N raaw-
"blink"		 -
"to glue" - - - - - ragad- - *rööŋk- - better *ä or smth
"to step; wade" - - - - - ruug- - *röŋkää- -
"to be" *lee- *lea- (*ľävks
"young")		 *liä- *loo- *lë- - - - *lejə-?
"hard wood (for skis)" *lülü - - - K. lol - - *ɬeL - *e-ü > F *ü-ü??
"soft" CF *leina - - - K lɤń - *liń *ɭeeń -
"under" - - - Hi. lə- - lë - - - or *li
"very" - - - *lĭŋ - -leg - - -
"butterfly" E *liippo- W *lɤplV- - *lĭpə - lepke *läpäk *ɭepAntaaj
"leaf" *lepeh - - - - leveel *luupta *ɭɯɯpət -
"dense; narrow" - - - - U. ľukɨt - N. ľakʷ *ɬ´ök - NB *ľ-
"cradle; to lull" Fi liesku - - *lüške U. lećkal- - - - -
"lime; bast" *lëhmus - *ľevəš *nĭmeštə - - - - -
"to shine" E *čilketta- - *ćiľďər- ćo/ɤlɣɤža- U ćiľ/lal- ~
K. dźuljal-		 čillog- CMs *śulɣ- N *ćuulpəɣ- better something like *o
"small bird" E čiučoi - - - - - *ćäŋći *će₂ćkə #sinsakV probs onomatopoetic
"finger / knuckle" - - - - U. ćińɨ
~ K. ćuń		 čüd, čüg - *ćoŋən -
"roe" - - - #mürtńə - - *määrnä *määrən - probably ≠ F-S #mätäHnä
"wing, upper arm" - - - - - - *märkä *me₁rəŋk Ne. maŕ(jebsu) perhaps *i (Smy *ə̈?)
"midge" - SS namek - - U. nɨmɨ ~
K. *noom		 - - - (*ńImärəj) Smy. deriv. from *ńimə- 'to suck'? (+ #woj 'animal' ??)
"path" - - - - - - - *ńiiL ~
S ńiiɣət ~
ńääɣət		 Ne. ńeda,
Km. nərmi 		Bad
"calf" - *ńāplō - - - - - - Ne. ńāplūj
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Rejectable
"to rub antlers against a tree" - *čɤlɤ- - - - - - - Ne. śelə- Ne. better ← *sälä- < *śälä- 'to rub' (AASmy2)
"mild; warm" Fi lenseä - - - - - - Vj ɭɯɯsək Bad. Fi better = leppeä × penseä
"to cut" *lëikka- - - - - leek - - Ne. ľekā- Bad; F ← Gmc
"to find" *lewtä- - - - - lel- - - - rather F ← Gmc
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