Liu: Difference between revisions

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The syllable structure is (C)(C)(C)V(V/{{IPA|ː}})(C)(C). Liu has phonemic vowel and consonant length constrast. Stress is random.
== Grammars ==
=== Nouns ===
Liu has three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter. Masculine nouns usually end with -e or -o, and feminines with -a. Neuter nouns have no particular ending.
There are four kinds of number: singular, plural, pair and uncountable. The pair, which is not the same as dual, is used about things that consists of two parts (like scissors, pants) or usually appear in pairs (such as gloves, eyes, twins). The singular number has zero marking, while the others are formed by adding suffixes as shown below.
In the following tables, the column "Replace with..." shows which suffix is added, depending on what letter(s) the word ends with, as indicated on the column "If word ends with..." If the suffix is preceded by a -, it means that it completely replaces the end of the word specified under "If word ends with..." If it is precided by a + on the other hand, it means that the suffix does not replace the end of the word, but is just added on after it. V stands for any vowel and C for any consonant. The symbols 0, ♂ and ♀ specify words that have the neuter, masculine resp. feminine gender.
{| border=1 style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align: left; background: white; border: 1pt solid #000000;"
|+ colspan=17 style="text-align:center; background: white;"| Forming the plural
|- style="vertical-align: center; width: 25px; font-size: 100%; height: 2em; border: 1pt solid #000000"
! If word ends with...
! Replace with...
|-
| -a || -i
|-
| -e || -i
|-
| -á,é,i,ó,ú || -í
|-
|valign="top" | -í
| 0 -íu <br>♂ -ío <br>♀ -ía
|-
| -o || -oi
|-
| -u || -ui
|-
|valign="top" | -C
| 0 +i <br>♂ +o <br>♀ +a
|-
| -(V)VV || -aia
|}
==== Cases ====
Liu has five cases, of which only the accusative is inflectional.<br>
<br>
'''Nominative'''<br>
The nominative has zero marking, and it is used for the agent and causer semantic roles.<br>
<br>
'''Accusative'''<br>
The accusative stands for the semantic roles of patient, range and result. When it comes to range and result, if the noun is derived from the verb (or vice versa), the sentence is more preferrably expressed intransitively, instead of having to repeat the same word root, as in the English sentence "They <u>sang</u> a <u>song</u>". The accusative case is expressed with different suffixes, depending on the gender and number of the noun.
{| border=1 style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align: left; background: white; border: 1pt solid #000000;"
|+ colspan=17 style="text-align:center; background: white;"| Forming the accusative case
|- style="vertical-align: center; width: 25px; font-size: 100%; height: 2em; border: 1pt solid #000000"
! If word ends with...
! Replace with...
|-
| 0 sg. -u,ui* || -ú
|-
| 0 sg. -(V)(V)V || -u
|-
| 0 sg. -C || +u
|-
| 0 pl. -i,oi || -ui
|-
| 0 pl. -íu || -iu
|-
| 0 pl. -aia || -uai
|-
| ♂ sg. -(V)(V)o || -uo
|-
| ♂ sg. -(V)(V)V || -ue
|-
| ♂ sg. -C || +ue
|-
| ♂ pl. -i || -iu
|-
| ♂ pl. -ío || -iou
|-
| ♂ pl. -oi || -ou
|-
| ♂ pl. -ui || -ue
|-
| ♂ pl. -aia || -uie
|-
| ♀ sg. -(V)(V)V || -ua
|-
| ♀ sg. -C || +ua
|-
| ♀ pl. -a || -au
|-
| ♀ pl. -ía || -iau
|-
| ♀ pl. -oi || -ou
|-
| ♀ pl. -ui || -ua
|-
| ♀ pl. -aia || -uia
|}
<span style="color:Red">'''Pair and uncountable missing!!! Also, examples needed!!!'''</span><br>
<nowiki>*</nowiki>On this table, long vowels are treated the same as short ones. For example, neuter singular nouns ending with -ú will get the same suffix as neuter singular nouns ending with -u.<br>
<br>
'''Dative'''<br>
The dative is used for the dative and beneficiary semantic roles. It is usually expressed with the preposition ''des'' (meaning "for"), but it can also be expressed by the preposition ''pseu'' (approximately meaning "instead of"). <span style="color:Red">'''Two examples missing!!!'''</span><br>
<br>
'''Genitive'''<br>
The genitive is expressed as "''possessed thing'' PREP ''possessor''". <span style="color:Red">'''Proper terms needed!!!'''</span> There are three different preposition that are used depending on the gender of the possessor. For masculines ''do'' is used, <span style="color:Red">'''The rest of the genitive prepositions needs to be filled in!!! Also, examples needed!!!'''</span><br>
<br>
'''Instrumental'''
The instrumental, obviously, stands for the sematic role of instrument. It is expressed with the preposition ''con''. <span style="color:Red">'''Example missing!!!'''</span>
=== Pronouns ===
Amongst the personal pronouns, the neuter gender is used about people of unknown gender, or in the case plural personal pronouns, about mixed groups.
{| border=1 style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align: left; background: white; border: 1pt solid #000000;"
|+ colspan=17 style="text-align:center; background: white;"| Pronouns
|- style="vertical-align: center; width: 25px; font-size: 100%; height: 2em; border: 1pt solid #000000"
! Type of pronoun
! 1<sup>st</sup> person
! 2<sup>nd</sup> person
! 3<sup>rd</sup> person
! Interrogative
|-
! Personal pronouns, singular
| ♂ í (I)<br>♀ il (I)|| ♂ deu (you)<br>♀ lú (you) || 0 <span style="color:Red">'''Pronoun missing!!!'''</span> (he/she)<br>♂ ene (he)<br>♀ sá (she) || quo (who)
|-
! Personal pronouns, plural
| 0 inesse (we)<br>♂ íne (we)<br>♀ íla (we) || 0 vesse (you)<br>♂ deute (you)<br>♀ lúla (you) || 0 ènèsse (they)<br>♂ enê (they)<br>♀ sála (they) || qio (who)
|-
! Personal pronouns, reflexive
| ♂ íni (myself/ourselves) <br>♀ ílas (myself/ourselves) || ♂ dima (yourself/yourselves)<br>♀ líma (yourself/yourselves) || 0 ènèssas (himself/herself/themselves)<br>♂ enês (himself/herself/themselves)<br>♀ sálas (himself/herself/themselves) || quos (who ... himself/herself/themselves)
|-
! Location
| aqa (here) || líme (there) || ''same as 2<sup>nd</sup> person'' || qed (where)
|-
! Temporal
| an (now/then)<sup>1</sup> || en (then)<sup>2</sup> || ''same as 2<sup>nd</sup> person'' || qin (when)
|-
! Impersonal pronouns, singular
| 0 anda (this)<br>♂ aro (this)<br>♀ ilma (this) || 0 esses (that)<br>♂ deule (that)<br>♀ liqo (that) || ''same as 2<sup>nd</sup> person'' || qava (what)
|-
! Impersonal pronouns, plural
| 0 andi (these)<br>♂ aroli (these)<br>♀ ilmi (these) || 0 esse (those)<br>♂ deuli (those)<br>♀ liqoli (those) || ''same as 2<sup>nd</sup> person'' || qavi (which)
|-
! Impersonal pronouns, pair
| 0 andi (these)<br>♂ ari (these)<br>♀ ilmi (these) || 0 essesi (those)<br>♂ deuli (those)<br>♀ liqi (those) || ''same as 2<sup>nd</sup> person'' || ''same as plural''
|-
! Impersonal pronouns, uncountable
| adassa (this) || issi (this) || ''same as 2<sup>nd</sup> person'' || qissi (which)
|-
! Determiner, singular
| 0 anor (this)<br>♂ ahon (this)<br>♀ ihon (this) || 0 esnor (that)<br>♂ deuson (that)<br>♀ lison (that) || ''same as 2<sup>nd</sup> person'' || qesnor (which)
|-
! Determiner, plural
| 0 anori (these)<br>♂ ahoni (these)<br>♀ ihoni (these) || 0 esnori (those)<br>♂ deusoni (those)<br>♀ lisoni (those) || ''same as 2<sup>nd</sup> person'' || qesnori (which)
|-
! Determiner, pair
| 0 anori (these)<br>♂ ahi (these)<br>♀ ihoni (these) || 0 esnori (those)<br>♂ deusoni (those)<br>♀ lini (those) || ''same as 2<sup>nd</sup> person'' || qesnori (which)
|-
! Determiner, uncountable
| anossa (this) || inissi (that) || ''same as 2<sup>nd</sup> person'' || qenissi (which)
|-
! Manner
| inissivi (this way) || visili (that way) || ''same as 2<sup>nd</sup> person'' || dimi (which way)
|-
! Reason
| asto (this is why) || esto (that is why) || ''same as 2<sup>nd</sup> person'' || qo (why)
|}
<sup>1</sup>This word is used about an event mentioned by the speaker.<br>
<sup>2</sup>This word is used about an event mentioned by the 2<sup>nd</sup> or 3<sup>rd</sup> person.
{| border=1 style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align: left; background: white; border: 1pt solid #000000;"
|+ colspan=17 style="text-align:center; background: white;"| Quantifiers
|- style="vertical-align: center; width: 25px; font-size: 100%; height: 2em; border: 1pt solid #000000"
! Type of quantifier
! Inclusive
! Exclusive
! Universal
! Negative
|-
! Personal pronoun, singular
| cuoiduin <br>(anyone) || parduin <br>(someone) || - || induin <br>(no one)
|-
! Personal pronoun, plural
| cuoiduini <br>(anyone) || parduini <br>(some people) || panduin <br>(everyone) || induini <br>(no one)
|-
! Determiner, singular
| cuoi <br>(any) || para <br>(some) || omnos <br>(every) || inno <br>(no)
|-
! Determiner, plural
| cuoi <br>(any) || pari <br>(some) || omnosi <br>(all) || inni <br>(no)
|-
! Determiner, pair
| ci <br>(any pair of) || pri <br>(some pair of) || omi <br>(every/all) || inni <br>(no)
|-
! Determiner, uncountable
| cuoisi <br>(any) || parasi <br>(some) || omnosi <br>(all) || insi <br>(no)
|-
! Inanimate, singular
| cuoicuail <br>(anything) || parcuail <br>(something) || - || incuail <br>(nothing)
|-
! Inanimate, plural
| cuoicuaili <br>(any things) || parcuaili <br>(some things) || omnicuail <br>(everything) || incuaili <br>(nothing)
|-
! Inanimate, pair
| cuoici <br>(any) || parci <br>(some) || ambo <br>(each pair) || inci <br>(none)
|-
! Inanimate, uncountable
| cuoisi <br>(any) || parsi <br>(some) || omnisi <br>(everything) || insi <br>(nothing)
|-
! Location
| cuoiloca <br>(anywhere) || parloca <br>(somewhere) || omniloca <br>(everywhere) || inloca <br>(nowhere)
|-
! Temporal
| cuoimentè <br>(anytime) || parmentè <br>(sometime) || panmentè <br>(every time) || inmentè <br>(never)
|-
! Manner
| cuoili <br>(anyway/anyhow) || parali <br>(someway/somehow) || omnili <br>(every way) || inili <br>(no way)
|-
! Reason
| cuoisto <br>(anywhy/by any reason) || parsto <br>(somewhy/for some reason) || - || insto <br>(for no reason)
|}
=== Articles ===
Liu has definite articles, but no indefinite ones.
{| border=1 style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align: left; background: white; border: 1pt solid #000000;"
|+ colspan=17 style="text-align:center; background: white;"| Definite articles
|- style="vertical-align: center; width: 25px; font-size: 100%; height: 2em; border: 1pt solid #000000"
! Number
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Singular
| da || la || ia
|-
! Plural
| de || le || ie
|-
! Pair
| dei || lei || ei
|-
! Uncountable
| ud || ul || ui
|}
=== Adverbs ===
Adverbs of manner usually end with –i, -li or –vi. Comparison is done by adding a suffix as below.
{| border=1 style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align: left; background: white; border: 1pt solid #000000;"
|+ colspan=17 style="text-align:center; background: white;"| Adverb comparison
|- style="vertical-align: center; width: 25px; font-size: 100%; height: 2em; border: 1pt solid #000000"
! &ensp;
! Add...
|-
! Positive
| -
|-
! Comparative
| -er
|-
! Superlative
| -st
|}
[[Category: Conlangs]]

Latest revision as of 12:33, 17 July 2011

This article is a work in progress.
The contents may be tentative, incomplete, inaccurate, in need of elaboration, subject to later revision, or just plain sketchy.

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Liu
Liu
Spoken in:
Conworld:
Total speakers:
Genealogical classification:
Liu
Basic word order:
Morphological type:
Morphosyntactic alignment: nominative-accusative
Writing system:
Created by:
Qwynegold


Phonology and phonotactics


Consonants
Bilabial Labiod. Dental Alveolar Post-alv. Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasals m n
Plosives p b t d k g
Affricates, clusters and other ts ks kʷ
Fricatives f v s h
Approximants ɹ
Lateral Approximant l


Vowels
Front Near-front Central Near-back Back
High i u
High-mid e o
Mid
Low-mid
Low a

The syllable structure is (C)(C)(C)V(V/ː)(C)(C). Liu has phonemic vowel and consonant length constrast. Stress is random.

Grammars

Nouns

Liu has three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter. Masculine nouns usually end with -e or -o, and feminines with -a. Neuter nouns have no particular ending.

There are four kinds of number: singular, plural, pair and uncountable. The pair, which is not the same as dual, is used about things that consists of two parts (like scissors, pants) or usually appear in pairs (such as gloves, eyes, twins). The singular number has zero marking, while the others are formed by adding suffixes as shown below.

In the following tables, the column "Replace with..." shows which suffix is added, depending on what letter(s) the word ends with, as indicated on the column "If word ends with..." If the suffix is preceded by a -, it means that it completely replaces the end of the word specified under "If word ends with..." If it is precided by a + on the other hand, it means that the suffix does not replace the end of the word, but is just added on after it. V stands for any vowel and C for any consonant. The symbols 0, ♂ and ♀ specify words that have the neuter, masculine resp. feminine gender.

Forming the plural
If word ends with... Replace with...
-a -i
-e -i
-á,é,i,ó,ú -í
-í 0 -íu
♂ -ío
♀ -ía
-o -oi
-u -ui
-C 0 +i
♂ +o
♀ +a
-(V)VV -aia

Cases

Liu has five cases, of which only the accusative is inflectional.

Nominative
The nominative has zero marking, and it is used for the agent and causer semantic roles.

Accusative
The accusative stands for the semantic roles of patient, range and result. When it comes to range and result, if the noun is derived from the verb (or vice versa), the sentence is more preferrably expressed intransitively, instead of having to repeat the same word root, as in the English sentence "They sang a song". The accusative case is expressed with different suffixes, depending on the gender and number of the noun.

Forming the accusative case
If word ends with... Replace with...
0 sg. -u,ui* -ú
0 sg. -(V)(V)V -u
0 sg. -C +u
0 pl. -i,oi -ui
0 pl. -íu -iu
0 pl. -aia -uai
♂ sg. -(V)(V)o -uo
♂ sg. -(V)(V)V -ue
♂ sg. -C +ue
♂ pl. -i -iu
♂ pl. -ío -iou
♂ pl. -oi -ou
♂ pl. -ui -ue
♂ pl. -aia -uie
♀ sg. -(V)(V)V -ua
♀ sg. -C +ua
♀ pl. -a -au
♀ pl. -ía -iau
♀ pl. -oi -ou
♀ pl. -ui -ua
♀ pl. -aia -uia

Pair and uncountable missing!!! Also, examples needed!!!
*On this table, long vowels are treated the same as short ones. For example, neuter singular nouns ending with -ú will get the same suffix as neuter singular nouns ending with -u.

Dative
The dative is used for the dative and beneficiary semantic roles. It is usually expressed with the preposition des (meaning "for"), but it can also be expressed by the preposition pseu (approximately meaning "instead of"). Two examples missing!!!

Genitive
The genitive is expressed as "possessed thing PREP possessor". Proper terms needed!!! There are three different preposition that are used depending on the gender of the possessor. For masculines do is used, The rest of the genitive prepositions needs to be filled in!!! Also, examples needed!!!

Instrumental The instrumental, obviously, stands for the sematic role of instrument. It is expressed with the preposition con. Example missing!!!

Pronouns

Amongst the personal pronouns, the neuter gender is used about people of unknown gender, or in the case plural personal pronouns, about mixed groups.

Pronouns
Type of pronoun 1st person 2nd person 3rd person Interrogative
Personal pronouns, singular ♂ í (I)
♀ il (I)		 ♂ deu (you)
♀ lú (you)		 0 Pronoun missing!!! (he/she)
♂ ene (he)
♀ sá (she)		 quo (who)
Personal pronouns, plural 0 inesse (we)
♂ íne (we)
♀ íla (we)		 0 vesse (you)
♂ deute (you)
♀ lúla (you)		 0 ènèsse (they)
♂ enê (they)
♀ sála (they)		 qio (who)
Personal pronouns, reflexive ♂ íni (myself/ourselves)
♀ ílas (myself/ourselves)		 ♂ dima (yourself/yourselves)
♀ líma (yourself/yourselves)		 0 ènèssas (himself/herself/themselves)
♂ enês (himself/herself/themselves)
♀ sálas (himself/herself/themselves)		 quos (who ... himself/herself/themselves)
Location aqa (here) líme (there) same as 2nd person qed (where)
Temporal an (now/then)1 en (then)2 same as 2nd person qin (when)
Impersonal pronouns, singular 0 anda (this)
♂ aro (this)
♀ ilma (this)		 0 esses (that)
♂ deule (that)
♀ liqo (that)		 same as 2nd person qava (what)
Impersonal pronouns, plural 0 andi (these)
♂ aroli (these)
♀ ilmi (these)		 0 esse (those)
♂ deuli (those)
♀ liqoli (those)		 same as 2nd person qavi (which)
Impersonal pronouns, pair 0 andi (these)
♂ ari (these)
♀ ilmi (these)		 0 essesi (those)
♂ deuli (those)
♀ liqi (those)		 same as 2nd person same as plural
Impersonal pronouns, uncountable adassa (this) issi (this) same as 2nd person qissi (which)
Determiner, singular 0 anor (this)
♂ ahon (this)
♀ ihon (this)		 0 esnor (that)
♂ deuson (that)
♀ lison (that)		 same as 2nd person qesnor (which)
Determiner, plural 0 anori (these)
♂ ahoni (these)
♀ ihoni (these)		 0 esnori (those)
♂ deusoni (those)
♀ lisoni (those)		 same as 2nd person qesnori (which)
Determiner, pair 0 anori (these)
♂ ahi (these)
♀ ihoni (these)		 0 esnori (those)
♂ deusoni (those)
♀ lini (those)		 same as 2nd person qesnori (which)
Determiner, uncountable anossa (this) inissi (that) same as 2nd person qenissi (which)
Manner inissivi (this way) visili (that way) same as 2nd person dimi (which way)
Reason asto (this is why) esto (that is why) same as 2nd person qo (why)

1This word is used about an event mentioned by the speaker.
2This word is used about an event mentioned by the 2nd or 3rd person.

Quantifiers
Type of quantifier Inclusive Exclusive Universal Negative
Personal pronoun, singular cuoiduin
(anyone)		 parduin
(someone)		 - induin
(no one)
Personal pronoun, plural cuoiduini
(anyone)		 parduini
(some people)		 panduin
(everyone)		 induini
(no one)
Determiner, singular cuoi
(any)		 para
(some)		 omnos
(every)		 inno
(no)
Determiner, plural cuoi
(any)		 pari
(some)		 omnosi
(all)		 inni
(no)
Determiner, pair ci
(any pair of)		 pri
(some pair of)		 omi
(every/all)		 inni
(no)
Determiner, uncountable cuoisi
(any)		 parasi
(some)		 omnosi
(all)		 insi
(no)
Inanimate, singular cuoicuail
(anything)		 parcuail
(something)		 - incuail
(nothing)
Inanimate, plural cuoicuaili
(any things)		 parcuaili
(some things)		 omnicuail
(everything)		 incuaili
(nothing)
Inanimate, pair cuoici
(any)		 parci
(some)		 ambo
(each pair)		 inci
(none)
Inanimate, uncountable cuoisi
(any)		 parsi
(some)		 omnisi
(everything)		 insi
(nothing)
Location cuoiloca
(anywhere)		 parloca
(somewhere)		 omniloca
(everywhere)		 inloca
(nowhere)
Temporal cuoimentè
(anytime)		 parmentè
(sometime)		 panmentè
(every time)		 inmentè
(never)
Manner cuoili
(anyway/anyhow)		 parali
(someway/somehow)		 omnili
(every way)		 inili
(no way)
Reason cuoisto
(anywhy/by any reason)		 parsto
(somewhy/for some reason)		 - insto
(for no reason)

Articles

Liu has definite articles, but no indefinite ones.

Definite articles
Number Masculine Feminine Neuter
Singular da la ia
Plural de le ie
Pair dei lei ei
Uncountable ud ul ui

Adverbs

Adverbs of manner usually end with –i, -li or –vi. Comparison is done by adding a suffix as below.

Adverb comparison
  Add...
Positive -
Comparative -er
Superlative -st
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