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*'''Kala''' is meant to be a simple and euphonic personal conlang.
{{Kala 2}}


*Many lexical entries are inspired and/or influenced by any number of natlangs
{{wip}}


== Phonology ==
<big>'''THIS SECTION IS CURRENTLY BEING UPDATED TO REFLECT A NEW GRAMMAR.'''</big>


=== consonants ===
The Kala conlang...


*Plosives
* [[Kala/calendar|calendar]]
* [[Kala/chat|conversations]]
* [[Kala/etymology|etymology]]
** [[Kala/roots|roots]]
* [[Kala/lexicon|lexicon]]
** [[Kala/affixes|affixes]]
** [[Kala/lexicon/theme|thematic lexicon]]
* [[Kala/particles|particles]]
* [[Kala/phrases|phrases]]
* [[Kala/affixes|word formation]]
* [[Kala/writing|writing]]


:'''p''' - [p~b] | '''t''' - [t~d] | '''k''' - [k~g] | ''' ' ''' - [?]


*Nasals


:'''m''' - [m] | '''n''' - [n] | '''ny''' - [J]


*Fricatives


:'''s''' - [s~S] | '''ts''' - [ts~tS] | '''h''' - [h~h\]
[[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:Conscripts]][[Category:Kala]]
 
*Approximants
 
:'''u''' - [u] | '''y''' - [j]
 
*Laterals
 
:'''l''' - [l] | '''tl''' - [tK]
 
=== vowels ===
 
* '''a''' - /a~a:/ | '''e''' - /e~e:/ | '''i''' - /i~i:/ | '''o''' - /o~o:/ | '''u''' - /u~u:/
 
==== diphthongs ====
 
* '''ua''' - /wa:/ | '''ue''' - /we:/
 
=== phonotactics ===
 
*'''Kala''' allows only a single consonant at the start or end of a syllable, and up to two consonants word medially across a syllable boundary.
:The '''la''' syllable is the only restricted syllable; it cannot begin a word.
 
==== syllable structure ====
 
* (C)V(k, l, m, n, t)
 
==== syllable stress ====
 
*'''Kala''' stress is  penultimate; that is, the next-to-last syllable of the word is stressed.
 
== Grammar ==
 
=== degree ===
 
* The diminutive is formed with '''-l''', and the augmentative with '''-t'''.
:Example : '''ina''' - food, meal | '''inal''' - snack, morsel | '''inat''' - feast, banquet
:Example : '''tsaka''' - house, home, dwelling | '''tsakal''' - shack, hut, cabin | '''tsakat''' - palace, mansion
* These are also used to differentiate hue, or shade.
:Example : '''yanal''' - light yellow, '''kuyat''' - dark green
 
=== plurals ===
 
* To make a noun plural, add '''-m''' to the end, or '''-im''' for words ending in a consonant.
:Example :  '''kono''' - stone | '''konom''' - stones
:Example :  '''sukal''' - piglet | '''sukalim''' - piglets
 
*Adjectives do not change when they are plural. However, when an adjective is used in place of a noun, it can be pluralized.
:Example : '''nyeli''' - pink | '''nyelim''' - (the) pink (ones)
 
=== gender ===
 
*In general, nouns do not indicate their gender. To distinguish the sexes, one can use the adjectival endings '''-ta''' and '''-na'''.
:Example : '''nikata''' "a male dog", '''nikana''' "a female dog".
 
=== articles ===
 
*There is only one article in '''Kala''', '''ke'''. It is used primarily as a "noun marker".
*It is ambi-definite, meaning it can be either definite or indefinite. The distinction is made through context.
:Example : '''kama''' "village", '''ke kama''' "the/a village", '''ke kamam''' "the villages"
:Example : '''inal''' "snack", '''ke inal''' "the/a snack", '''ke inalim''' "the snacks"
 
=== pronouns ===
 
==== personal pronouns ====
 
{| class="wikitable" border=1
|-
! !! ''Singular'' !! ''Plural''
|-
! ''1<sup>st</sup>''
|| na || nam
|-
! ''2<sup>nd</sup>''
|| ta || tam
|-
! ''3<sup>rd</sup>''
|| ha || kam
|-
|}
 
==== possessive pronouns ====
 
{| class="wikitable" border=1
|-
! !! ''Singular'' !! ''Plural''
|-
! ''1<sup>st</sup>''
|| nayo || namyo
|-
! ''2<sup>nd</sup>''
|| tayo || tamyo
|-
! ''3<sup>rd</sup>''
|| hayo || kamyo
|-
|}
 
==== reflexive pronouns ====
 
{| class="wikitable" border=1
|-
! !! ''Singular'' !! ''Plural''
|-
! ''1<sup>st</sup>''
|| na'i || nami
|-
! ''2<sup>nd</sup>''
|| ta'i || tami
|-
! ''3<sup>rd</sup>''
|| ha'i || kami
|-
|}
 
==== Subj-Obj construction ====
 
{| class="wikitable" border=1
|+ '''SUBJ-OBJ''' ''construction''
! !! ''1<sup>st</sup> sing'' !! ''2<sup>nd</sup> sing'' !! ''3<sup>rd</sup> sing'' !! ''1<sup>st</sup> plu'' !! ''2<sup>nd</sup> plu'' !! ''3<sup>rd</sup> plu''
|- align=center
! ''1<sup>st</sup> sing''
|| '''-''' || na'eta || na'eha || '''-''' || na'etam || na'ekam
|- align=center
! ''2<sup>nd</sup> sing''
|| ta'ena || '''-''' || ta'eha || ta'enam || '''-''' || ta'ekam
|- align=center
! ''3<sup>rd</sup> sing''
|| ha'ena || ha'eta || '''-''' || ha'enam || ha'etam || ha'ekam
|- align=center
! ''1<sup>st</sup> plu''
|| '''-''' || nameta || nameha || '''-''' || nametam || namekam
|- align=center
! ''2<sup>nd</sup> plu''
|| tamena || '''-''' || tameha || tamenam || '''-''' || tamekam
|- align=center
! ''3<sup>rd</sup> plu''
|| kamena || kameta || kameha || kamenam || kametam || '''-'''
|-
|}
 
== Lexicon ==
 
=== numbers ===
 
* zero / nothing / 0 - '''e'o'''
* one / 1 - '''na'o'''
* two / 2 - '''ta'o'''
* three / 3 - '''ha'o'''
* four / 4 - '''ma'o'''
* five / 5 - '''ya'o'''
* six / 6 - '''tsa'o'''
* seven / 7 - '''ka'o'''
* eight / 8 - '''pa'o'''
* nine / 9 - '''sa'o'''
* ten / 10 - '''ue'o'''
* hundred / 100 - '''nye'o'''
* thousand / 1000 - '''tle'o'''
 
==== higher numbers ====
 
* eleven / 11 - '''uena'o'''
 
* twenty / 20 - '''taue'o'''
 
* one hundred one / 107 - '''nyeka'o'''
 
* three hundred twenty five / 326 - '''hanyetauetsa'o''' (''long form'') | '''hatatsa'o''' (''short form'')
 
* six thousand and twenty / 6020 - '''tsatletaue'o'''
 
==== ordinals, fractions etc. ====
 
* '''ki'''- - ordinal/multiple prefix
:Example : '''kisa'o''' - ninth, or nine times
:Example : '''kiyanyepa'o''' - 508<sup>th</sup>, or 508 times
 
* '''i'''- - fractional prefix
:Example : '''isa'o''' - a ninth
:Example : '''iha'o pa'o''' - three eighths, ⅜
 
=== family ===
 
* family / kin - '''tlika'''
* parent - '''onata'''
* grandparent - '''onataha'''
* spouse - '''tlanata'''
* sibling - '''uanata'''
* child - '''inata'''
* father / uncle - '''ota'''
* mother / aunt - '''ona'''
* husband - '''tla'ota'''
* wife - '''tla'ona'''
* grandfather - '''otaha'''
* grandmother - '''onaha'''
* brother / cousin - '''otaua'''
* sister / cousin - '''onaua'''
* boy / son - '''ota'i'''
* girl / daughter - '''ona'i'''
* man / masculine / male - '''tlaka'''
* woman / feminine / female - '''naka'''
 
=== colors ===
 
* red - '''ketla'''
* orange - '''tliyo'''
* yellow - '''yana'''
* green - '''kuya'''
* blue - '''tsuku'''
* indigo, violet, purple - '''tlaku'''
* white, pale - '''nyahi'''
* black, dark - '''oya'''
* clear - '''yehi'''
 
== General Lexica ==
 
*The majority of lexical units in '''Kala''' can have multiple roles.
*Most have a primary role, such as verb, noun or adjective, but almost all can serve in at least two roles.
*Because of this, this list is sorted alphabetically and not by part of speech or category.
 
{{Template:Kala}}
 
=== a ===
 
* '''a''' - to be, exist | yes
* '''ahi''' - potato
* '''ala''' - to be born | to birth
* '''ama''' - time, year, season
* '''ani''' - wish, hope | to aspire
* '''aposi''' - outhouse, toilette
* '''ato''' - body, anatomy | corpse
* '''ato'a''' - torso | chest, belly
* '''aya''' - beauty | to be beautiful
 
=== e ===
 
=== h ===
 
* '''hani''' - land | a country or region
* '''hika''' - to stop, halt | wait
* '''hina''' - near, close, here
 
=== i ===
 
* '''ila''' - bird, avian | to fly, glide
* '''ina''' - food, sustenance | to eat, consume
* '''itsa''' - love, affection | to love, care for
 
=== k ===
 
* '''kala''' - to speak, talk, say | language, dialect
* '''kama''' - village, town, city
* '''kana''' - to lead, command | chief, leader
* '''kata''' - nature, universe | essence
* '''kaua''' - coffee
* '''ketla''' - red | blood | to bleed
* '''kipa''' - tooth | to bite, chew
* '''kita''' - to greet, welcome | hello, hi
* '''ko''' - person | agentive
* '''kono''' - gray | stone, rock
* '''ko'o''' - number, amount, quantity | to count
* '''kulu''' - all, every, each
* '''kuna''' - to expel | to excrete, shit, defecate
* '''kuya''' - green | grass, foliage
 
=== l ===
 
=== m ===
 
* '''ma''' - and, also, as well | plus | more
* '''mala''' - bad, unfavorable, negative
* '''mata''' - to kill, murder
* '''matla''' - stew, casserole, goulash
* '''maya''' - water, fluid | wet
* '''metla''' - to whistle | sound of wind | flute
* '''mo''' - to locate, place | locative | location [where]
 
=== n ===
 
* '''naha''' - river, stream | lake, pond
* '''naho''' - to regulate | rule | grammar
* '''nika''' - dog, canine
 
=== ny ===
 
* '''nyahi''' - white | snow | to snow
* '''nyeli''' - pink
 
=== o ===
 
* '''omo''' - to exchange, trade | commerce, business
 
=== p ===
 
=== s ===
 
=== t ===
 
=== tl ===
 
* '''tlela''' - to wash, bathe | clean, pure
 
=== ts ===
 
=== u ===
 
=== y ===
 
* '''ya'asa''' - wind, breeze | air
* '''yaka''' - arm, leg | appendage
* '''yama''' - mountain, hill | pile, mound
* '''yato''' - finger | hand
* '''yesa''' - be quiet, tranquil | peaceful
 
== Examples ==
 
* '''mo ta yala ka'''
:''place/locale 2sg go/walk/travel INT-part''
::Where are you going?
 
* '''nam tsala inaye'''
:''1pl sauce/paste eat-PAST''
::We ate the sauce.
 
* '''ko tayo onatam ka'''
:''person 2sg-POSS parent-PL INT-part''
::Who are your parents?
 
=== Article 1, UDHR ===
 
 
::All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
 
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Latest revision as of 10:58, 7 December 2021


THIS SECTION IS CURRENTLY BEING UPDATED TO REFLECT A NEW GRAMMAR.

The Kala conlang...